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Spinescence refers to the presence of sharp appendages of various origins with ecological, evolutionary or biogeographic significance. This research was conducted to explore patterns and adaptive processes of thorns, spines and prickles in the Italian flora. We compiled an inventory of 401 spiny plants taking into account the following attributes: type of spinescence, family, biological form, chorotype, bioclimate and habitat. Then, we evaluated the incidence of plants with each attribute, the co-occurrence of various types of spinescence, the associations among spinescence types and biological forms and families, the structure of data across spinescence types, thermotypes and habitats. The spatial distributions and the adaptive processes of plants with various types of spinescence revealed that these patterns are driven by evolutionary, biogeographic and ecological factors, thus supporting the hypothesis that interactive processes of selective pressures and phylogenetic constraints have influenced the evolution of spinescences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When assessing the conservation status of narrow endemic plants, life history traits must be taken into account, since endemics combine small population ranges and sizes, and long persistence with limited reproductive and dispersal ability. In this paper, we present the global assessment of the conservation status of a narrow endemic plant from the Sardinian-Corsican biogeographic province, by applying IUCN criteria and categories, together with an evaluation of some reproductive traits. Centaurea horrida Badaro (Asteraceae) is an endemic species of northern Sardinia (Italy). It is protected by the Bern Convention (Appendix I) and listed as priority species by the “Habitat” Directive (92/43/EEC, Annex II). The species appears in the 1997 IUCN Red List as “Vulnerable” (VU). With the aim of evaluating the risk of extinction and of providing management tools for the network of protected areas in which this species is present, some reproductive traits have been evaluated, and the distribution, size and structure of its population have been measured according to IUCN 2006 Guidelines. Centaurea horrida is not able to self-pollinate and its effective seed dispersal ability is limited. Its extent of occurrence is 172.43 km2 and its area of occupancy is 108 km2. Population size has been estimated at 11,719 adult individuals. Significant differences in adult densities among sites have been highlighted. The structure of the population is dominated by adult individuals (on average 68%), while the proportion of seedlings is only 7% on average. Its habitat underwent an extinction rate of 18% in 50 years. On the basis of the data gathered, the status to be assigned to C. horrida is that of “Endangered” (EN). This first attempt to evaluate the conservation status of a narrow endemic plant from the Sardinian-Corsican biogeographic province allowed us to conclude that the management of rare species must be site-specific and that there is urgent need to acquire detailed data on endangered species, especially within biodiversity hotspots, and to continuously update Annex II of the EU Habitat Directive and the IUCN Red List. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This new species grows in the Pre-Pyrenees (Iberian Peninsula) and belongs to Centaurea section Lepteranthus. These populations have been reported twice till date and were identified once as C. emigrantis and once as C. pectinata. Morphological data reveal that these individuals should be described as a new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This new species grows in the Pre-Pyrenees (Iberian Peninsula) and belongs to Centaurea section Lepteranthus. These populations have been reported twice till date and were identified once as C. emigrantis and once as C. pectinata. Morphological data reveal that these individuals should be described as a new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]