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Aim: We investigated the mechanism, whereby tumor necrosis factor‐like ligand 1A (TL1A) mediates the A1 differentiation of astrocytes in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Methods: The cognitive and behavioral abilities of mice were assessed by Morris water maze and open field tests, while the levels of key A1 and A2 astrocyte factors were detected by RT‐qPCR. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was used to examine the expression of GFAP, western blot was used to assay the levels of related proteins, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Results: The results showed that TL1A could promote the progression of cognitive dysfunction in mice. Astrocytes differentiated into A1 phenotype, while unobvious changes were noted in astrocyte A2 biomarkers. Knockout of NLRP3 or intervention with NLRP3 inhibitor could inhibit the effect of TL1A, improving the cognitive dysfunction and suppressing the A1 differentiation. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that TL1A plays an important role in POCD in mice, which promotes the A1 differentiation of astrocytes through NLRP3, thereby exacerbating the progression of cognitive dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]