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The Frontier Fields are a director's discretionary time campaign with HST and the Spitzer Space Telescope to see deeper into the universe than ever before. The Frontier Fields combine the power of HST and Spitzer with the natural gravitational telescopes of massive high-magnification clusters of galaxies to produce the deepest observations of clusters and their lensed galaxies ever obtained. Six clusters - Abell 2744, MACSJ0416.1-2403, MACSJ0717.5+3745, MACSJ1149.5+2223, Abell S1063, and Abell 370 - were selected based on their lensing strength, sky darkness, Galactic extinction, parallel field suitability, accessibility to ground-based facilities, HST, Spitzer and JWST observability, and pre-existing ancillary data. These clusters have been targeted by the HST ACS/WFC and WFC3/IR with coordinated parallels of adjacent blank fields for over 840 HST orbits. The Spitzer Space Telescope has dedicated > 1000 hours of director's discretionary time to obtain IRAC 3.6 and 4.5 micron imaging to ~26.5, 26.0 ABmag 5-sigma point-source depths in the six cluster and six parallel Frontier Fields. The Frontier Field parallel fields are the second-deepest observations thus far by HST with ~29th ABmag 5-sigma point source depths in seven optical - near-infrared bandpasses. Galaxies behind the Frontier Field cluster lenses experience typical magnification factors of a few, with small regions near the critical curves magnified by factors 10-100. Therefore, the Frontier Field cluster HST images achieve intrinsic depths of ~30-33 magnitudes over very small volumes. Early studies of the Frontier Fields have probed galaxies fainter than any seen before during the epoch of reionization 6 < z < 10, mapped out the cluster dark matter to unprecedented resolution, and followed lensed transient events.

We describe the near real-time transient-source discovery engine for the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF), currently in operations at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), Caltech. We coin this system the IPAC/iPTF Discovery Engine (or IDE). We review the algorithms used for PSF-matching, image subtraction, detection, photometry, and machine-learned (ML) vetting of extracted transient candidates. We also review the performance of our ML classifier. For a limiting signal-to-noise ratio of 4 in relatively unconfused regions, "bogus" candidates from processing artifacts and imperfect image subtractions outnumber real transients by ~ 10:1. This can be considerably higher for image data with inaccurate astrometric and/or PSF-matching solutions. Despite this occasionally high contamination rate, the ML classifier is able to identify real transients with an efficiency (or completeness) of ~ 97% for a maximum tolerable false-positive rate of 1% when classifying raw candidates. All subtraction-image metrics, source features, ML probability-based real-bogus scores, contextual metadata from other surveys, and possible associations with known Solar System objects are stored in a relational database for retrieval by the various science working groups. We review our efforts in mitigating false-positives and our experience in optimizing the overall system in response to the multitude of science projects underway with iPTF., 66 pages, 21 figures, 7 tables, accepted by PASP

We present optical spectroscopy of a sample of 77 luminous AGN and quasars selected on the basis of their mid-infrared colors. Our objects are selected from the Spitzer Extragalactic First Look Survey and SWIRE XMM-LSS fields, with a typical 24mu flux density of 5mJy. The median redshift is 0.6, with a range of ~0.05-4. Only 33% (25/77) of these objects are normal type-1 quasars, with no obscuration. 44% (34/77) are type-2 objects, with high-ionization, narrow emission lines, 14% (11/77) are dust-reddened type-1 quasars, showing broad lines but a dust-reddened or unusually weak quasar continuum. 9% (7/77) show no sign of an AGN in the optical spectrum, having either starburst spectra or spectra which could be of either starburst or LINER types. These latter objects are analogous to the X-ray detected population of AGN with weak or non-existent optical AGN emission (the ``XBONGs''). 21 of our objects from the SWIRE field fall within moderately-deep XMM exposures. All the unobscured quasars, and about half the obscured quasars are detected in these exposures. This sample, when taken together with other samples of Spitzer selected AGN and quasars, and results from X-ray studies, confirms that obscured AGN dominate the AGN and quasar number counts of all rapidly-accreting supermassive black hole systems, at least for z~

We present deep u*-, and g-band images taken with the MegaCam on the 3.6 m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) to support the extragalactic component of the Spitzer First Look Survey (hereafter, FLS). In this paper we outline the observations, present source catalogs and characterize the completeness, reliability, astrometric accuracy and number counts of this dataset. In the central 1 deg2 region of the FLS, we reach depths of g~26.5 mag, and u*~26.2 mag (AB magnitude, 5$\sigma$ detection over a 3" aperture) with ~4 hours of exposure time for each filter. For the entire FLS region (~5 deg2 coverage), we obtained u*-band images to the shallower depth of u*=25.0--25.4 mag (5$\sigma$, 3" aperture). The average seeing of the observations is 0.85" for the central field, and ~1.00" for the other fields. Astrometric calibration of the fields yields an absolute astrometric accuracy of 0.15" when matched with the SDSS point sources between 18, Comment: 15 pages, 16 figures

Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) images of M81 show three distinct morphological constituents: a smooth distribution of evolved stars with bulge, disk, and spiral arm components; a clumpy distribution of dust emission tracing the spiral arms; and a pointlike nuclear source. The bulge stellar colors are consistent with M-type giants, and the disk colors are consistent with a slightly younger population. The dust emission generally follows the blue and ultraviolet emission, but there are large areas that have dust emission without ultraviolet and smaller areas with ultraviolet but little dust emission. The former are presumably caused by extinction, and the latter may be due to cavities in the gas and dust created by supernova explosions. The nucleus appears fainter at 8 μm than expected from ground-based 10 μm observations made 4 years ago.

We carried out direct measurement of the fraction of dusty sources in a sample of extremely red galaxies with (R - K_s) ≥ 5.3 mag and K_s < 20.2 mag, using 24 μm data from the Spitzer Space Telescope. Combining deep 24 μm Ks- and R-band data over an area of ~64 arcmin^2 in ELAIS N1 of the Spitzer First Look Survey (FLS), we find that 50% ± 6% of our extremely red object (ERO) sample have measurable 24 μm flux above the 3 σ flux limit of 40 μJy. This flux limit corresponds to a star formation rate (SFR) of 12 M_⊙ yr^(-1) at z ~ 1, much more sensitive than any previous long-wavelength measurement. The 24 μm-detected EROs have 24 μm/2.2 μm and 24 μm/0.7 μm flux ratios consistent with infrared luminous, dusty sources at z ≥ 1, and are an order of magnitude too red to be explained by an infrared quiescent spiral or a pure old stellar population at any redshift. Some of these 24 μm-detected EROs could be active galactic nuclei; however, the fraction among the whole ERO sample is probably small, 10%-20%, as suggested by deep X-ray observations as well as optical spectroscopy. Keck optical spectroscopy of a sample of similarly selected EROs in the FLS field suggests that most of the EROs in ELAIS N1 are probably at z ~ 1. The mean 24 μm flux (167 μJy) of the 24 μm-detected ERO sample roughly corresponds to the rest-frame 12 μm luminosity, νL_ν(12 μm), of 3 × 10^(10) L_⊙ at z ~ 1. Using the correlation between IRAS νL_ν(12 μm) and infrared luminosity LIR(8-1000 μm), we infer that the 〈L_(IR)〉 of the 24 μm-detected EROs is 3 × 10^(11) and 1 × 10^(12) L_⊙ at z = 1.0 and 1.5, respectively, similar to that of local luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs). The corresponding SFR would be roughly 50-170 M_⊙ yr^(-1). If the timescale of this starbursting phase is on the order of 10^8 yr as inferred for the local LIRGs and ULIRGs, the lower limit on the masses of these 24 μm-detected EROs is 5 × 10^9 to 2 × 10^(10) M_⊙. It is plausible that some of the starburst EROs are in the midst of a violent transformation to become massive early type galaxies at the epoch of z ~ 1-2.

We present the first results of the angular auto-correlation function of the galaxies detected by the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) instrument in the First Look Survey (FLS) of the Spitzer Space Telescope. We detect significant signals of galaxy clustering within the survey area. The angular auto-correlation function of the galaxies detected in each of the four IRAC instrument channels is consistent with a power-law form $w(\theta)=A\theta^{1-\gamma}$ out to $\theta = 0.2\arcdeg$, with the slope ranging from $\gamma = 1.5$ to 1.8. We estimate the correlation amplitudes $A$ to be $2.95 \times 10^{-3}$, $2.03 \times 10^{-3}$, $4.53 \times 10^{-3}$, and $2.34 \times 10^{-3}$ at $\theta=1\arcdeg$ for galaxies detected in the IRAC 3.6$\mu$m, 4.5$\mu$m, 5.8$\mu$m, and 8.0$\mu$m instrument channels, respectively. We compare our measurements at 3.6$\mu$m with the previous K-band measurements, and discuss the implications of these results.

(Abridged) We present R-band images covering more than 11 square degrees of sky obtained with the KPNO 4-m telescope in preparation for the Spitzer Space Telescope First Look Survey. The FLS was designed to characterize the mid-infrared sky at depths 2 orders of magnitude deeper than previous surveys. The extragalactic component is the first cosmological survey done with Spitzer. Two relatively large regions of the sky were observed: the main FLS extra galactic field (17h18m+59d30m) and ELAIS-N1 field (16h10m+54d30m). The overall quality of the images is high. The relative astrometric accuracy is better than 0.1'' and the typical seeing is 1.1''. Images are relatively deep since they reach a median 5-sigma depth limiting magnitude of R=25.5 (Vega). Catalogs have been extracted using SExtractor using thresholds in area and flux for which the number of false detections is below 1% at R=25. Only sources with S/N greater than 3 have been retained in the final catalogs. Comparing the galaxy number counts from our images with those of deeper R-band surveys, we estimate that our observations are 50% complete at R=24.5. These limits in depth are sufficient to identify a substantial fraction of the infrared sources which will be detected by Spitzer., Comment: 21 pages, 15 Postscript figures, uses aastex, AJ accepted. Images and catalogs at http://ssc.spitzer.caltech.edu/fls/extragal/noaor_data.html

We present a study of the evolution of the column density distribution, f(N,z), and total neutral hydrogen mass in high-column density quasar absorbers using candidates from a recent high-redshift survey for damped Lyman-alpha (DLA) and Lyman limit system (LLS) absorbers. The observed number of LLS (N(HI)> 1.6 * 10^{17} atom/cm^2) is used to constrain f(N,z) below the classical DLA Wolfe et al. (1986) definition of 2 * 10^{20} atom/cm^2. The joint LLS-DLA analysis shows unambiguously that f(N,z) deviates significantly from a single power law and that a Gamma-law distribution of the form f(N,z)=(f_*/N_*)(N/N_*)^{-Beta} exp(-N/N_*) provides a better description of the observations. These results are used to determine the amount of neutral gas contained in DLAs and in systems with lower column density. Whilst in the redshift range 2 to 3.5, ~90% of the neutral HI mass is in DLAs, we find that at z>3.5 this fraction drops to only 55% and that the remaining 'missing' mass fraction of the neutral gas lies in sub-DLAs with N(HI) 10^{19} - 2 * 10^{20} atom/cm^2. The characteristic column density, N_*, changes from 1.6 * 10^{21} atom/cm^2 at z 3.5, supporting a picture where at z>3.5, we are directly observing the formation of high column density neutral hydrogen DLA systems from lower column density units. Moreover since current metallicity studies of DLA systems focus on the higher column density systems they may be giving a biased or incomplete view of global galactic chemical evolution at z>3. After correcting the observed mass in HI for the ``missing'' neutral gas the comoving mass density now shows no evidence for a decrease above z=2. (abridged)

We have identified galaxies near two quasars which are at the redshift of damped Lyman-alpha (DLA) systems in the UV spectra of the quasars. Both galaxies are actively forming stars. One galaxy has a luminosity close to the break in the local galaxy luminosity function, L*, the other is significantly fainter than L* and appears to be interacting with a nearby companion. Despite the strong selection effects favoring spectroscopic identification of the most luminous DLA galaxies, many of the spectroscopically-identified DLA galaxies in the literature are sub-L*, suggesting that the majority of the DLA population is probably sub-L*, in contrast to MgII absorbers at similar redshifts whose mean luminosity is close to L*., Comment: 9 pages, to appear in AJ, November 2003 issue

We present luminosity functions derived from a spectroscopic survey of AGN selected from Spitzer Space Telescope imaging surveys. Selection in the mid-infrared is significantly less affected by dust obscuration. We can thus compare the luminosity functions of the obscured and unobscured AGN in a more reliable fashion than by using optical or X-ray data alone. We find that the AGN luminosity function can be well described by a broken power-law model in which the break luminosity decreases with redshift. At high redshifts ($z>1.6$), we find significantly more AGN at a given bolometric luminosity than found by either optical quasar surveys or hard X-ray surveys. The fraction of obscured AGN decreases rapidly with increasing AGN luminosity, but, at least at high redshifts, appears to remain at $\approx 50$\% even at bolometric luminosities $\sim 10^{14}L_{\odot}$. The data support a picture in which the obscured and unobscured populations evolve differently, with some evidence that high luminosity obscured quasars peak in space density at a higher redshift than their unobscured counterparts. The amount of accretion energy in the Universe estimated from this work suggests that AGN contribute about 12\% to the total radiation intensity of the Universe, and a high radiative accretion efficiency $\approx 0.18^{+0.12}_{-0.07}$ is required to match current estimates of the local mass density in black holes., 14 pages, accepted by ApJ

We present the first high-resolution (6.2 to 7.7 km s^(-1) FWHM) spectra of the APM BR J0307-4945 quasar at z_(em) = 4.73 obtained with UVES on the 8.2 m VLT Kueyen telescope. We focus our analysis on a damped Lyɑ (DLA) system at z_(abs) = 4.466 with a neutral hydrogen column density N(HI) = (4.68 ± 0.97) 10^(20) cm^(-2). It is the most distant DLA system known to the present date, observed when the age of the universe was only 1.3 Gyr. It shows complex low- and high-ionization line profiles spanning ≈240 and 300 km s^(-1) in velocity space respectively. We derive accurate abundances for N, O, Al, Si and Fe, and place a lower limit on C and an upper limit on Ni: [N/H] =-3.07 ± 0.15, [O/H] =-1.63 ± 0.19, [Al/H] =-1.79 ± 0.11, [Si/H] =-1.54 ± 0.11, [Fe/H] =-1.97 ± 0.19, [C/H] > -1.63 and [Ni/H] < -2.35. The derived high metallicity, ~1/90 solar, shows that this very young absorber (≤ 1.3 Gyr) has already experienced a significant metal enrichment. The [O/Si] ratio is nearly solar suggesting a limited amount of dust, the relative [Si, O/Fe] abundance ratios show a similar enhancement as observed in the Milky Way stars with comparable metallicities, and the [N/O] ratio is very low. All these results point to an enrichment pattern dominated by type II supernovae which suggests a Milky Way type evolutionary model.

We have carried out a high-resolution imaging search for the galaxy associated with the damped Lyman-alpha (DLA) absorber at z=1.859 toward the z_{em}=2.48 quasar QSO 1244+3443, using the HST and the NICMOS. Images were obtained in the broad filter F160W and the narrow filter F187N with camera 2 on NICMOS with the goal of detecting the rest-frame optical continuum and the H-alpha line emission from the DLA. After PSF subtraction, two weak features are seen at projected separations of 0.16-0.24" from the quasar. Parts of these features may be associated with the DLA absorber, although we cannot completely rule out that they could be artifacts of the point spread function (PSF). If associated with the DLA, the objects would be ~1-2 h_{70}^{-1} kpc in size with integrated flux densities of 2.5 and 3.3 mu Jy in the F160W filter, implying luminosities at lambda_{central}=5600 A in the DLA rest frame of 4.4-5.9 x 10^{9} h_{70}^{-2} L_{solar} at z=1.86, for q0=0.5. However, no significant H-alpha line emission is seen from these objects, suggesting low star formation rates (SFRs). Our 3 sigma upper limit on the SFR in the DLA is 1.3 h_{70}^{-2} M_{solar}/yr for q0 = 0.5 (2.4 h_{70}^{-2} M_{solar} yr^{-1} for q0 = 0.1). This together with our earlier result for LBQS 1210+1731 mark a significant improvement over previous constraints on the star formation rates of DLAs. A combination of low SFR and some dust extinction is likely to be responsible for the lack of H-alpha emission. Alternatively, the objects, may be associated with the quasar host galaxy. In any case, our observations suggest that the DLA is not a large bright proto-disk, but a compact object or a low-surface brightness galaxy. If the two features are PSF artifacts then the constraints on DLA properties are even more severe., Comment: 28 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal. Figures are given at a slightly lower resolution here, to decrease file sizes. The higher resolution versions can be found in the ApJ

We present high signal-to-noise, 5 A resolution (FWHM) spectra of 66 z \ga 4 bright quasars obtained with the 4 m Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory and 4.2 m William Hershel telescopes. The primary goal of these observations was to undertake a new survey for intervening absorption systems detected in the spectra of background quasars. We look for both Lyman-limit systems (column densities N(HI) > 1.6 * 10^{17} atoms cm-2) and damped Ly-alpha systems (column densities N(HI) > 2 * 10^{20} atoms cm-2). This work resulted in the discovery of 49 Lyman-limit systems, 15 of which are within 3000 km s-1 of the quasar emission and thus might be associated with the quasar itself, 26 new damped Ly-alpha absorption candidates, 15 of which have z>3.5 and numerous metal absorption systems. In addition ten of the quasars presented here exhibit intrinsic broad absorption lines.

We present the spectra, positions, and finding charts for 31 bright (R4.5. The majority are in the southern sky (dec 2.5) colours from UK or POSSII Schmidt Plates scanned at the Automated Plate Measuring facility in Cambridge. Low resolution (~> 10A) spectra were obtained to identify the quasars, primarily at the Las Campanas Observatory. The highest redshift quasar in our survey is at z ~ 4.8 (R = 18.7) and its spectrum shows a damped Lyman-alpha absorption system at z = 4.46. This is currently the highest redshift damped Lyman-alpha absorber detected. Five of these quasars exhibit intrinsic broad absorption line features. Combined with the previously published results from the first part of the APM UKST survey we have now surveyed a total of ~8000 squ deg of sky i.e. 40% of the high galactic latitude (|b|>30 deg) sky, resulting in 59 optically selected quasars in the redshift range 3.85 to 4.78; 49 of which have z>=4.00., Comment: to appear in MNRAS, 14 pages, 5 figures (figures 1 and 2 are large)

This paper presents the star formation history in the NICMOS Northern Deep HDF. It uses the techniques of photometric redshifts and extinctions to correct for extinction of the ultra-violet flux. It presents a new method for correcting for surface brightness diming. It also predicts the 850 micron fluxes of the objects for comparison with SCUBA measurements, Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

The results of a new spectroscopic survey of 66 $z \simgt 4$ quasars for Damped Lyman-alpha absorption systems are presented. The search led to the discovery of 30 new DLA candidates which are analysed in order to compute the comoving mass density of neutral gas in a non-zero lambda Universe. The possible sources of uncertainty are discussed and the implications of our results for the theories of galaxy formation and evolution are emphasized. A subsequent paper will present details of the calculations summarised here and a more extensive explanation of the consequences of our observations for the understanding of the nature of DLAs.

We have completed spectroscopic observations using LRIS on the Keck 1 telescope of 30 very high redshift quasars, 11 selected for the presence of damped Ly-alpha absorption systems and 19 with redshifts z > 3.5 not previously surveyed for absorption systems. We have surveyed an additional 10 QSOs with the Lick 120'' and the Anglo-Australian Telescope. We have combined these with previous data resulting in a statistical sample of 646 QSOs and 85 damped Ly-alpha absorbers with column densities N(HI) >= 2 x 10^20 atoms/cm^2 covering the redshift range 0.008

We present a catalog of extremely red objects (EROs) discovered using the Hubble Space Telescope Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) parallel imaging database and ground-based optical follow-up observations. Within an area of 16 arcmin^2, we detect 15 objects with R-F160W > 5 and F160W 6. Our objects have F110W-F160W colors in the range 1.3–2.1, redder than the cluster elliptical galaxies at z ~ 0.8 and nearly 1 mag redder than the average population selected from the F160W images at the same depth. In addition, among only 22 NICMOS pointings, we detected two groups or clusters in two fields; each contains three or more EROs, suggesting that extremely red galaxies may be strongly clustered. At bright magnitudes with F160W < 19.5, the ERO surface density is similar to what has been measured by other surveys. At the limit of our sample, F160W = 21.5, our measured surface density is 0.94 ± 0.24 arcmin^(-2). Excluding the two possible groups or clusters and the one apparently stellar object reduces the surface density to 0.38 ± 0.15 arcmin^(-2).

We present the first results of a survey of random fields with the slitless G141 ($\lambda_c = 1.5\mu, \Delta\lambda=0.8\mu$) grism on NICMOS. Approximately 64 square arcminutes have been observed at intermediate and high galactic latitudes. The 3$\sigma$ limiting line and continuum fluxes in each field vary from $7.5 \times 10^{-17}$ to $1 \times 10^{-17} erg/cm^2/sec$ and from H = 20 to 22, respectively. Our median and area weighted $3\sigma $ limiting line fluxes within a 4 pixel aperture are nearly identical at $4.1 \times 10^{-17} erg/cm^2/sec$ and are 60% deeper than the deepest narrow-band imaging surveys from the ground. We have identified 33 emission-line objects and derive their observed wavelengths, fluxes and equivalent widths. We argue that the most likely line identification is H$\alpha$ and that the redshift range probed is from 0.75 to 1.9. The 2$\sigma$ rest-frame equivalent width limits range from 9\AA to 130\AA with an average of 40\AA. The survey probes an effective co-moving volume of $10^5 h_{50}^{-3} Mpc^3$ for $q_0=0.5$. Our derived co-moving number density of emission line galaxies in the range $0.7 < z < 1.9$ is $3.3\times10^{-4} h_{50}^{3} Mpc^{-3}$, very similar to that of the bright Lyman break objects at $z \sim 3$. The objects with detected emission-lines have a median F160W magnitude of 20.4 (Vega scale) and a median H$\alpha$ luminosity of $2.7 \times 10^{42} erg/sec$. The implied star formation rates range from 1 to 324 M_{\odot}/yr, with an average [NII]6583,6548 corrected rate of 21 M_{\odot}/yr for H_0=50 km/s/Mpc and $q_0=0.5$ (34 M_{\odot}/yr for $q_0=0.1$).

This paper presents the star formation history in the NICMOS Northern Deep HDF. It uses the techniques of photometric redshifts and extinctions to correct for extinction of the ultra-violet flux. It presents a new method for correcting for surface brightness diming. It also predicts the 850 micron fluxes of the objects for comparison with SCUBA measurements

This paper presents data obtained during the NICMOS Guaranteed Time Observations of a portion of the Hubble Deep Field. The data are in a catalog format similar to the publication of the original WFPC2 Hubble Deep Field program (Williams et al.). The catalog contains 342 objects in a 49farcs1 × 48farcs4 subfield of the total observed field, 235 of which are considered coincident with objects in the WFPC2 catalog. The 3 σ signal-to-noise ratio level is at an aperture AB magnitude of approximately 28.8 at 1.6 μm. The catalog sources, listed in order of right ascension, are selected to satisfy a limiting signal-to-noise ratio criterion of greater than or equal to 2.5. This introduces a few false detections into the catalog, and users should take careful note of the completeness and reliability levels for the catalog discussed in §§ 9 and 10. The catalog also contains a test parameter indicating the results of half-catalog tests and the degree of coincidence with the original WFPC2 catalog.

We present Keck LRIS spectroscopy along with NICMOS F110W (~J) and F160W (~H) images of the galaxy HDF4-473.0 (hereafter 4-473) in the Hubble Deep Field, with a detection of an emission line consistent with Ly-alpha at a redshift of z=5.60. Attention to this object as a high redshift galaxy was first drawn by Lanzetta, Yahil and Fernandez-Soto and appeared in their initial list of galaxies with redshifts estimated from the WFPC2 HDF photometry. It was selected by us for spectroscopic observation, along with others in the Hubble Deep Field, on the basis of the NICMOS F110W and F160W and WFPC2 photometry. For H_0 = 65 and q_0 = 0.125, use of simple evolutionary models along with the F814W (~I), F110W, and F160W magnitudes allow us to estimate the star formation rate (~13 M(solar)/yr). The colors suggest a reddening of E(B-V) ~ 0.06. The measured flux in the Ly-alpha line is approximately 1.0*10^(-17) ergs/cm/s and the restframe equivalent width, correcting for the absorption caused by intervening HI, is approximately 90AA. The galaxy is compact and regular, but resolved, with an observed FWHM of ~0.44". Simple evolutionary models can accurately reproduce the colors and these models predict the Ly-alpha flux to within a factor of 2. Using this object as a template shifted to higher redshifts, we calculate the magnitudes through the F814W and two NICMOS passbands for galaxies at redshifts 6 < z < 10.

We present deep galaxy counts and half-light radii from F160W ($\lambda_c=1.6\mu$) images obtained with NICMOS on HST. Nearly 9 arcmin$^2$ have been imaged with camera 3, with $3\sigma$ depths ranging from H = 24.3 to 25.5 in a 0.6$''$ diameter aperture. The slope of the counts fainter than H~$= 20$ is 0.31, and the integrated surface density to H$\leq 24.75$ is $4 \times 10^5$ galaxies per square degree. The half-light radii of the galaxies declines steeply with apparent magnitude. At H~$=24$ we are limited by both the delivered FWHM and the detection threshold of the images.

We present the results of a program of optical and near-infrared spectroscopic follow-up of candidate active galactic nuclei (AGNs) selected in the mid-infrared. This survey selects both normal and obscured AGNs closely matched in luminosity across a wide range, from Seyfert galaxies with bolometric luminosities L_(bol) ~ 10^(10) L_☉ to highly luminous quasars (L_(bol) ~ 10^(14) L_☉), all with redshifts ranging from 0 to 4.3. Samples of candidate AGNs were selected with mid-infrared color cuts at several different 24 μm flux density limits to ensure a range of luminosities at a given redshift. The survey consists of 786 candidate AGNs and quasars, of which 672 have spectroscopic redshifts and classifications. Of these, 137 (20%) are type 1 AGNs with blue continua, 294 (44%) are type 2 objects with extinctions A_V ≳5 toward their AGNs, 96 (14%) are AGNs with lower extinctions (A_V ~ 1), and 145 (22%) have redshifts, but no clear signs of AGN activity in their spectra. Of the survey objects 50% have L_(bol) > 10^(12) L_☉, in the quasar regime. We present composite spectra for type 2 quasars and objects with no signs of AGN activity in their spectra. We also discuss the mid-infrared—emission-line luminosity correlation and present the results of cross correlations with serendipitous X-ray and radio sources. The results show that: (1) obscured objects dominate the overall AGN population, (2) mid-infrared selected AGN candidates exist which lack AGN signatures in their optical spectra but have AGN-like X-ray or radio counterparts, and (3) X-ray and optical classifications of obscured and unobscured AGNs often differ.

We examine the repeatability, reliability, and accuracy of differential exoplanet eclipse depth measurements made using the InfraRed Array Camera (IRAC) on the Spitzer Space Telescope during the post-cryogenic mission. We have re-analyzed an existing 4.5 {\mu}m data set, consisting of 10 observations of the XO-3b system during secondary eclipse, using seven different techniques for removing correlated noise. We find that, on average, for a given technique, the eclipse depth estimate is repeatable from epoch to epoch to within 156 parts per million (ppm). Most techniques derive eclipse depths that do not vary by more than a factor 3 of the photon noise limit. All methods but one accurately assess their own errors: for these methods, the individual measurement uncertainties are comparable to the scatter in eclipse depths over the 10 epoch sample. To assess the accuracy of the techniques as well as to clarify the difference between instrumental and other sources of measurement error, we have also analyzed a simulated data set of 10 visits to XO-3b, for which the eclipse depth is known. We find that three of the methods (BLISS mapping, Pixel Level Decorrelation, and Independent Component Analysis) obtain results that are within three times the photon limit of the true eclipse depth. When averaged over the 10 epoch ensemble, 5 out of 7 techniques come within 60 ppm of the true value. Spitzer exoplanet data, if obtained following current best practices and reduced using methods such as those described here, can measure repeatable and accurate single eclipse depths, with close to photon-limited results., Comment: Astronomical Journal, Accepted 2016 May 26; 33 Pages; 19 figures

We model the optical to far-infrared SEDs of a sample of six type-1 and six type-2 quasars selected in the mid-infrared. The objects in our sample are matched in mid-IR luminosity and selected based on their Spitzer IRAC colors. We obtained new targeted Spitzer IRS and MIPS observations and used archival photometry to examine the optical to far-IR SEDs. We investigate whether the observed differences between samples are consistent with orientation-based unification schemes. The type-1 objects show significant emission at 3 micron. They do not show strong PAH emission and have less far-IR emission on average when compared to the type-2 objects. The SEDs of the type-2 objects show a wide assortment of silicate features, ranging from weak emission to deep silicate absorption. Some also show strong PAH features. In comparison, silicate is only seen in emission in the type-1 objects. This is consistent with some of the type-2s being reddened by a foreground screen of cooler dust, perhaps in the host galaxy itself. We investigate the AGN contribution to the far-IR emission and find it to be significant. We also estimate the star formation rate for each of the objects by integrating the modeled far-IR flux and compare this with the SFR found from PAH emission. We find the type-2 quasars have a higher average SFR than the type-1 quasars based on both methods, though this could be due to differences in bolometric luminosities of the objects. While we find pronounced differences between the two types of objects, none of them are inconsistent with orientation-based unification schemes., Accepted for publication in ApJ

The detection of CO(1 -> 0) emission in the massive (i.e., M(H) similar to -26.13 mag), z similar to 0.3 host-galaxy system of the broad absorption line quasi-stellar object (QSO) PG1700+518 is reported. The host system has a CO luminosity of L'(CO) similar to 1.4 x 10(10) K km s(-1) pc(2), and thus a star-forming molecular gas mass of M(H(2)) similar to 6 x 10(10) M(circle dot) (adopting an alpha = 4M(circle dot) [K km s(-1) pc(2)](-1)), making it one of the most molecular gas-rich Palomar-Green QSO hosts observed to date. New Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 direct and NICMOS coronagraphic images show the highest resolution view yet of the host and companion. The new NICMOS image reveals the underlying, apparently tidally disrupted structure seen previously from high-resolution ground-based optical imaging. Light from the host galaxy is overwhelmed by the central point source in the WFPC2 images. The companion galaxy is well resolved in both data sets, and the WFPC2 provides for the first time a clear picture of the optically visible ring structure. The CO redshift is within the range of redshifts derived from optical QSO emission lines, thus the observed CO is associated with the QSO host. However, it cannot be ruled out that the companion has at least similar to 10(10) M(circle dot) of molecular gas. Finally, if the far-infrared luminosity, which is 1/5 of the bolometric luminosity, is the luminosity of the starburst population, the star formation rate is estimated to be similar to 210 M(circle dot) yr(-1). There is thus sufficient molecular gas in the QSO host galaxy to fuel both star formation and QSO activity for another similar to 10(8) yr. We speculate that we may be witnessing the fueling event in progress that resulted from a collision between the QSO host and the companion galaxy, and that there is an accompanying expulsion of material along our line of sight in the form of broad absorption line gas.

We explore the multidimensional, multiwavelength selection of quasars from mid-IR (MIR) plus optical data, specifically from Spitzer-IRAC and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We apply modern statistical techniques to combined Spitzer MIR and SDSS optical data, allowing up to 8-D color selection of quasars. Using a Bayesian selection method, we catalog 5546 quasar candidates to an 8.0 um depth of 56 uJy over an area of ~24 sq. deg; ~70% of these candidates are not identified by applying the same Bayesian algorithm to 4-color SDSS optical data alone. Our selection recovers 97.7% of known type 1 quasars in this area and greatly improves the effectiveness of identifying 3.5, Comment: 49 pages, 14 figures, 7 tables. AJ, accepted

We report the first direct detection with Spitzer of galaxy filaments. Using Spitzer and ancillary optical data, we have discovered two filamentary structures in the outskirts of the cluster Abell 1763. Both filaments point toward Abell 1770 which lies at the same redshift as Abell 1763 (z=0.23), at a projected distance of ~13 Mpc. The X-ray cluster emission is elongated along the same direction. Most of the far-infrared emission is powered by star formation. According to the optical spectra, only one of the cluster members is classified as an active galactic nucleus. Star formation is clearly enhanced in galaxies along the filaments: the fraction of starburst galaxies in the filaments is more than twice than that in other cluster regions. We speculate that these filaments are feeding the cluster Abell 1763 by the infall of galaxies and galaxy groups. Evidence for one of these groups is provided by the analysis of galaxy kinematics in the central cluster region., 5 pages, 2 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication on ApJ Letters

We investigate the properties of 1088 Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) at z~3 selected from a ~2.63$ deg2 sub-region of the First Look Survey field using the ground-based multi-color data and the Spitzer Space Telescope mid-infrared data at 3--8 and 24 um. With the wide area and the broad wavelength coverage, we sample a large number of ``rare'' u-band dropouts which are massive (M* > 10^11 Msun), allowing us to perform a statistical analysis of these subsets of LBGs that have not been studied in detail. Optically bright (R(AB) < 24.5 mag) LBGs detected in mid-infrared (S_{3.6um} > 6 uJy) reside at the most massive and dusty end of the LBG population, with relatively high and tight $M/L$ in rest-frame near-infrared. Most infrared-luminous LBGs (S_{24um} > 100 uJy) are dusty star-forming galaxies with star formation rates of 100--1000 Msun/yr, total infrared luminosity of > 10^12 Lsun. By constructing the UV luminosity function of massive LBGs, we estimate that the lower limit for the star formation rate density from LBGs more massive than 10^11 Msun at z~3 is > 3.3 x 10^-3 Msun/yr/Mpc^3, showing for the first time that the UV-bright population of massive galaxies alone contributes significantly to the global star formation rate density at z~3. When combined with the star formation rate densities at z < 2, our result reveals a steady increase in the contribution of massive galaxies to the global star formation from z=0 to z=3, providing strong support to the downsizing of galaxy formation., 15 pages, 13 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

We present an analysis of the effects of luminosity on the shape of the mid-infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of 234 radio-quiet quasars originally presented by Richards et al. In quasars without evident dust extinction, the spectrally integrated optical and infrared luminosities are linearly correlated over nearly three decades in luminosity. We find a significant (>99.99% confidence) correlation between the 1.8-8.0 micron spectral index and infrared luminosity that indicates an enhancement of the mid-infrared continuum with increasing luminosity. Coupled with strong evidence for spectral curvature in more luminous quasars, we conclude this trend is likely a manifestation of the `near-infrared (3-5 micron) bump' noticed in earlier quasar SED surveys. The strength of this feature is indicative of the contribution of emission from the hottest (>1000 K) dust to the mid-infrared spectrum; higher luminosity quasars tend to show more hot dust emission. Finally, the comparable distribution of bolometric corrections from the monochromatic 3 micron luminosity as well as its lack of sensitivity to dust extinction as compared to the standard bolometric correction from nu*L_{5100A} suggest that the former may be a more robust indicator of bolometric quasar luminosity. The close link between the power in the mid-infrared and optical and the effect of luminosity on the shape of the mid-infrared continuum indicate that considering mid-infrared emission independent of the properties of the quasar itself is inadequate for understanding the parsec-scale quasar environment., Comments: 13 pages, 11 figures (3 color), uses emulateapj. Accepted for publication in ApJ

We present Hubble Space Telescope images, and spectral energy distributions from optical to infrared wavelengths for a sample of six 0.3, Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures. Accepted by ApJ Letters

We present the reduction of the 24 micron data obtained during the first cosmological survey performed by the Spitzer Space Telescope (First Look Survey, FLS). The survey consists of a shallow observation of 2.5x2 sq deg centered at 17h18m +59d30m (main survey) and a deeper observation of 1x0.5 sq deg centered at 17h17m +59d45m(verification survey). Issues with the reduction of the 24 micron MIPS data are discussed and solutions to attenuate instrumental effects are proposed and applied to the data. Approximately 17000 sources are extracted with a SNR greater than five. The photometry of the point sources is evaluated through PSF fitting using an empirical PSF derived from the data. Aperture corrections and the absolute calibration have been checked using stars in the field. Astrometric and photometric errors depend on the SNR of the source varying between 0.35-1 arcsec and 5-15%, respectively, for sources detected at 20-5 sigma. The flux of the 123 extended sources have been estimated through aperture photometry. The extended sources cover less than 0.3% of the total area of the survey. Based on simulations, the main and verification surveys are 50% complete at 0.3 and 0.15 mJy, respectively. Counterparts have been searched for in optical and radio catalogs. More than 80% of the 24 micron sources have a reliable optical counterpart down to R=25.5. 16% of the sources have a 20 cm counterpart down to 0.1 mJy and ~ 80% of the radio-infrared associations have a reliable optical counterpart. A residual map is obtained by subtracting point sources detected at the 3-sigma level and interpolating the regions occupied by extended sources. Several galactic clouds with low and intermediate velocities are identified by comparison with neutral Hydrogen data from this field., Comment: 25 pages, 27 figures. 7 figures are given as png to reduce their size. Paper accepted for publication by AJ (June 2006, vol. 131). Full-resolution version of the paper and machine-readable catalogs are available at http://spider.ipac.caltech.edu/staff/fadda/inpress.html

We present an analysis of the mid-infrared (MIR) and optical properties of type 1 (broad-line) quasars detected by the Spitzer Space Telescope. The MIR color-redshift relation is characterized to z=3, with predictions to z=7. We demonstrate how combining MIR and optical colors can yield even more efficient selection of active galactic nuclei (AGN) than MIR or optical colors alone. Composite spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are constructed for 259 quasars with both Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Spitzer photometry, supplemented by near-IR, GALEX, VLA and ROSAT data where available. We discuss how the spectral diversity of quasars influences the determination of bolometric luminosities and accretion rates; assuming the mean SED can lead to errors as large as a factor of 2 for individual quasars. Finally, we show that careful consideration of the shape of the mean quasar SED and its redshift dependence leads to a lower estimate of the fraction of reddened/obscured AGNs missed by optical surveys as compared to estimates derived from a single mean MIR to optical flux ratio., Comment: 52 pages, 24 figures (12 color), 3 tables, ApJS accepted; higher resolution accepted version available at ftp://ftp.astro.princeton.edu/gtr/flsqsos/May2506/

We present Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) data and source catalogs from the Spitzer Space Telescope Extragalactic First Look Survey. The data were taken in four broad bands centered at nominal wavelengths of 3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8.0 microns. A set of mosaics and catalogs have been produced which are ~80% complete and ~99% reliable to their chosen flux density limits. The main field survey covers 3.8 deg^2, and has flux density limits of 20muJy, 25muJy, 100muJy and 100muJy at wavelengths of 3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8.0 microns,respectively. The deeper ``verification'' survey covers 0.25 deg^2 with limits of 10muJy, 10muJy, 30muJy and 30muJy, respectively. We also include deep data in the ELAIS-N1 field which covers 0.041deg^2 with limits of 4muJy, 3muJy, 10muJy and 10muJy, respectively, but with only two wavelength coverage at a given sky position. The final bandmerged catalogs contain 103193 objects in the main field, 12224 in the verification field and 5239 in ELAIS-N1. Flux densities of high signal-to-noise objects are accurate to about 10%, and the residual systematic error in the absolute flux density scale is ~2-3%. We have successfully extracted sources at source densities as high as 100000 deg^-2 in our deepest 3.6 and 4.5 micron data. The mosaics and source catalogs will be made available through the Spitzer Science Center archive and the Infrared Science Archive., 12 pages, 6 figures, ApJS, in press. FITS images and ascii catalogs are available online at http://data.spitzer.caltech.edu/popular/fls/extragalactic_FLS/Enhanced_IRAC/

We investigate the instantaneous star formation rates (SFR) and extinction properties for a large (N=274), near-infrared (2.2 micron) + mid-infrared (24 micron) selected sample of normal to ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) [10^9~0.8 in the Spitzer Extragalactic First Look Survey. We combine Spitzer MIPS 24-micron observations with high-resolution, optical Keck Deimos spectroscopy to derive optical emission-line and infrared star formation rates (SFR_{opt} & SFR_{IR}, respectively). Direct comparison of these SFR diagnostics reveals that our sample exhibits a wide range of extinction (1.01, which make up a large fraction of our sample, have SFR~100 M_{sun}/yr and ~2.5 mag. This translates to a 97% mean attenuation of the [OII] forbidden line doublet, with the most extreme sources having as much as 99.7% of their [OII] line flux extinguished by dust. Based on a SFR_{IR}/SFR_{opt} diagnostic, we derive an IR-luminosity-dependent Av^{IR} function [Av^{IR}=0.75*log(L_{IR}/L_{sun})-6.35 mag] that we use to extinction correct our emission line luminosities. Application of this correction results in a correlation between SFR_{IR} and SFR_{opt} that has a dispersion of 0.2 dex. Investigation of the Av dependence on redshift reveals that for a fixed L_{IR}, there is no significant Av evolution. The mean attenuation of our sample is intermediate between that of local optical/UV- and radio-selected samples and has a marginally stronger L_{IR} dependence., Comment: accepted by the Astrophysical Journal; 19 pages, including 14 figures

We present Spitzer 70um and 160um observations of the Spitzer extragalactic First Look Survey (xFLS). The data reduction techniques and the methods for producing co-added mosaics and source catalogs are discussed. Currently, 26% of the 70um sample and 49% of the 160um-selected sources have redshifts. The majority of sources with redshifts are star-forming galaxies at z, 16 pages including 11 figures. Accepted AJ

We report on submillimeter and infrared observations of 28 radio-selected galaxies in the Spitzer First Look Survey Verification field (FLSV). All of the radio-selected galaxies that show evidence for emission at 850um with SCUBA have Spitzer counterparts at 24um, while only half of the radio-selected galaxies without 850um emission have detectable counterparts at 24um. The data show a wide range of infrared colors (S70/S24 < 5--30, S8/S3.6 < 0.3--4), indicative of a mixture of infrared-warm AGN and cooler starburst dominated sources. The galaxies showing 850um emission have Spitzer flux densities and flux density ratios consistent with the range of values expected for high-redshift (z=1--4) ultraluminous infrared galaxies., Accepted for Spitzer ApJS Special Edition, 12 pages including 4 figures and 1 table

The Spitzer Space Telescope was used to study the mid-infrared to far-infrared properties of NGC 300, and to compare dust emission to Halpha to elucidate the heating of the ISM and the star formation cycle at scales < 100 pc. The new data allow us to discern clear differences in the spatial distribution of 8 micron dust emission with respect to 24 micron dust and to HII regions traced by the Halpha light. The 8 micron emission highlights the rims of HII regions, and the 24 micron emission is more strongly peaked in star forming regions than at 8 microns. We confirm the existence and approximate amplitude of interstellar dust emission at 4.5 microns, detected statistically in Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) data, and conclude it arises in star forming regions. When averaging over regions larger than ~ 1 kpc, the ratio of Halpha to Aromatic Feature emission in NGC 300 is consistent with the values observed in disks of spiral galaxies. The mid-to-far-infrared spectral energy distribution of dust emission is generally consistent with pre-Spitzer models., to appear in the ApJS Spitzer special issue (September 2004)

In this Letter, we present the initial characterization of extragalactic 24um sources in the Spitzer First Look Survey (FLS) by examining their counterparts at 8um and R-band. The color-color diagram of 24-to-8 vs. 24-to-0.7um is populated with 18,734 sources brighter than the 3sigma flux limit of 110uJy, over an area of 3.7sq.degrees. The 24-to-0.7um colors of these sources span almost 4 orders of magnitudes, while the 24-to-8um colors distribute at least over 2 orders of magnitudes. In addition to identifying ~30% of the total sample with infrared quiescent, mostly low redshift galaxies, we also found that: (1) 23% of the 24um sources (~1200/sq.degrees) have very red 24-to-8 and 24-to-0.7 colors and are probably infrared luminous starbursts with L(IR)>3x10^(11)Lsun at z>1. In particular, 13% of the sample (660/sq.degrees) are 24um detected only, with no detectable emission in either 8um or R-band. These sources are the candidates for being ULIRGs at z>2. (2) 2% of the sample (85/sq.degrees) have colors similar to dust reddened AGNs, like Mrk231 at z~0.6-3. (3) We anticipate that some of these sources with extremely red colors may be new types of sources, since they can not be modelled with any familiar type of spectral energy distribution. We find that 17% of the 24um sources have no detectable optical counterparts brighter than R limit of 25.5mag. Optical spectroscopy of these optical extremely faint 24um sources would be very difficult, and mid-infrared spectroscopy from the Spitzer would be critical for understanding their physical nature (Abridged)., Accepted for publication in ApJ (Spitzer Special Issue)

Selection of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the infrared allows the discovery of AGN whose optical emission is extinguished by dust. In this paper, we use the Spitzer Space Telescope First Look Survey (FLS) to assess what fraction of AGN with mid-infrared luminosities comparable to quasars are missed in optical quasar surveys due to dust obscuration. We begin by using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) database to identify 54 quasars within the 4 deg^2 extragalactic FLS. These quasars occupy a distinct region in mid-infrared color space by virtue of their strong, red, continua. This has allowed us to define a mid-infrared color criterion for selecting AGN candidates. About 2000 FLS objects have colors consistent with them being AGN, but most are much fainter in the mid-infrared than the SDSS quasars, which typically have 8 micron flux densities, S(8.0), ~1 mJy. We have investigated the properties of the 43 objects with S(8.0) >= 1 mJy satisfying our AGN color selection. This sample should contain both unobscured quasars, and AGN which are absent from the SDSS survey due to extinction in the optical. After removing 16 known quasars, three probable normal quasars, and eight spurious or confused objects from the initial sample of 43, we are left with 16 objects which are likely to be obscured quasars or luminous Seyfert-2 galaxies. This suggests the numbers of obscured and unobscured AGN are similar in samples selected in the mid-infrared at S(8.0)~1 mJy., To appear in the ApJS Spitzer Special Issue

We present the Spitzer MIPS 24 micron source counts in the Extragalactic First Look Survey main, verification and ELAIS-N1 fields. Spitzer's increased sensitivity and efficiency in large areal coverage over previous infrared telescopes, coupled with the enhanced sensitivity of the 24 micron band to sources at intermediate redshift, dramatically improve the quality and statistics of number counts in the mid-infrared. The First Look Survey observations cover areas of, respectively, 4.4, 0.26 and 0.015 sq.deg. and reach 3-sigma depths of 0.11, 0.08 and 0.03 mJy. The extragalactic counts derived for each survey agree remarkably well. The counts can be fitted by a super-Euclidean power law of index alpha=-2.9 from 0.2 to 0.9 mJy, with a flattening of the counts at fluxes fainter than 0.2 mJy. Comparison with infrared galaxy evolution models reveals a peak's displacement in the 24 micron counts. This is probably due to the detection of a new population of galaxies with redshift between 1 and 2, previously unseen in the 15 micron deep counts., Comment: Accepted for publication in special Spitzer ApJS issue, 4 pages

We present Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS) observations of M81 at 24, 70, and 160 micron. The grand design nature of M81 is clearly seen, showing two well resolved spiral arms containing numerous bright star forming regions. The MIPS images reveal a significant amount of cold dust associated with the spiral arms. We investigate the variation of the ultraviolet (UV), H-alpha, and infrared (IR) luminosities and star formation rate (SFR) indicators across the face of M81 using the MIPS images and archival UV and H-alpha images. For regions in M81, we find that UV and H-alpha SFRs (uncorrected for dust attenuation) are always lower than the IR SFR. The cause of this behavior is dust attenuation and/or using SFR calibrations appropriate for entire galaxies, not regions in galaxies. The characteristics of the dust attenuation for the regions indicate the dust grains and/or geometry are different from those in starburst galaxies. The behavior of the infrared-radio correlation in M81 is seen to vary from the global average, with variations correlated with the morphology of M81., Comment: 7 pages, 6 embedded figures, paper with full resolution figures available at http://dirty.as.arizona.edu/~kgordon/papers/PS_files/m81_mips.pdf

The First-Look Survey (FLS) of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) will cover about 5 deg^2 centered on J2000.0 α = 17^h18^m, δ = +59°30' in order to characterize the extragalactic infrared sky 2 orders of magnitude deeper than the IRAS survey. We expect that most of the FLS far-infrared (λ = 160, 70, and 24 μm) sources will be star-forming galaxies obeying the very tight far-infrared/radio correlation and will be continuum radio sources with flux densities S ≳100 μJy at ν = 1.4 GHz. Conversely, radio sources stronger than 100 μJy are usually powered by star-forming galaxies, plus some active galactic nuclei, and most should be detectable by the SIRTF FLS. Thus, a sensitive radio survey can be used to select and identify most of the SIRTF FLS source population before launch. We used the B configuration of the VLA to make an image of the FLS area at ν = 1.4 GHz with σ ≈ 23 μJy beam^(-1) rms fluctuations, θ = 5.”0 resolution, and σ_α ≈ σδ ≾0.”5 rms uncertainties in right ascension and declination. The resulting radio image and catalog of 3565 radio components with peak flux densities S_p ≥ 5 σ = 115 μJy beam^(-1) have been released via the Web to expedite follow-up optical identification and spectroscopy.

We present results on two related topics: 1. A discussion of high redshift candidates (z>4.5), and 2. A study of very small galaxies at intermediate redshifts, both sets being detected in the region of the northern Hubble Deep Field covered by deep NICMOS observations at 1.6 and 1.1 microns. The high redshift candidates are just those with redshift z>4.5 as given in the recent catalog of Thompson, Weymann and Storrie-Lombardi, while the ``small galaxy'' sample is defined to be those objects with isophotal area, Comment: 44 pages, 12 figures, to appear in ApJ v591, July 10, 2003

We present new chemical abundance measurements of 16 damped Lya systems at z>1.5 and update our previous abundance analyses. The entire database presented here was derived from HIRES observations on the Keck I telescope, reduced with the same software package, and analysed with identical techniques. Altogether, we present a large, homogeneous database of chemical abundance measurements for protogalaxies in the early universe, ideal for studying a number of important aspects of galaxy formation. In addition, we have established an online directory for this database and will continuously update the results., 49 pages, 39 figures. Uses emulateapj.sty. Accepted to ApJS June 8, 2001. Visit http://kingpin.ucsd.edu/~hiresdla

We report results of a high-resolution imaging search (in rest frame H-$\alpha$ and optical continuum) for the galaxy associated with the damped Lyman-$\alpha$ (DLA) absorber at $z=1.892$ toward the $z_{em}=2.543$ quasar LBQS 1210+1731, using HST/NICMOS. After PSF subtraction, a feature is seen in both the broad-band and narrow-band images, at a projected separation of 0.25$\arcsec$ from the quasar. If associated with the DLA, the object would be $\approx 2-3$ $h_{70}^{-1}$ kpc in size with a flux of $9.8 \pm 2.4$ $\mu$Jy in the F160W filter, implying a luminosity at $\lambda_{central}=5500$ {\AA} in the rest frame of $1.5 \times 10^{10}$ $h_{70}^{-2}$ L$_{\odot}$ at $z=1.89$, for $q_{0}=0.5$. However, no significant H-$\alpha$ emission is seen, suggesting a low star formation rate (SFR) (3 $\sigma$ upper limit of 4.0 $h_{70}^{-2}$ M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$), or very high dust obscuration. Alternatively, the object may be associated with the host galaxy of the quasar. H-band images obtained with the NICMOS camera 2 coronagraph show a much fainter structure $\approx 4-5$ $h_{70}^{-1}$ kpc in size and containing four knots of continuum emission, located 0.7$\arcsec$ away from the quasar. We have probed regions far closer to the quasar sight-line than in most previous studies of high-redshift intervening DLAs. The two objects we report mark the closest detected high-redshift DLA candidates yet to any quasar sight line. If the features in our images are associated with the DLA, they suggest faint, compact, somewhat clumpy objects rather than large, well-formed proto-galactic disks or spheroids., Comment: 52 pages of text, 19 figures, To be published in Astrophysical Journal (accepted Dec. 8, 1999)

The 1.6 μm Near Infrared Camera and Multiobject Spectrometer image of the broad absorption line QSO PG 1700+518 clearly resolves the QSO host galaxy and a ringlike companion. The companion is most likely a ring galaxy produced in a collision with the QSO galaxy ~5×10^7 yr ago. The morphology of the PG 1700+518 system is very similar to IRAS 04505-2958 (Boyce et al. 1996). Both objects were identified in a sample of eight QSOs selected by "warm" far-IR colors and extreme IR luminosities (Low et al. 1988). All eight QSOs show signs of strong interaction, and the presence of two head-on colliding systems in this sample may suggest that small impact parameters favor the energizing of IR-luminous QSOs.

We have detected the host galaxies of 16 nearby, radio-quiet quasars using images obtained with the Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS). We confirm that these luminous quasars tend to live in luminous, early-type host galaxies, and we use the host-galaxy magnitudes to refine the luminosity/host-mass limit inferred from ground-based studies. If quasars obey the relation $M_{black hole}/M_{spheroid}\sim0.006$ found for massive dark objects in nonactive galaxies, then our analysis implies that they radiate at up to $\sim20%$ of the Eddington rate. An analogous analysis for ultraluminous infrared galaxies shows them to accrete at up to similar Eddington fractions, consistent with the hypothesis that some of them are powered by embedded quasars., 9 pages, includes 2 eps figs, accepted to ApJLett