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For testing anti-meteoroidal protection of spacecraft, it is proposed to use charges that form compact elemants of variable shape. Shape charges, their construction, and the process of functioning are considered. During the operation of such a charge, the explosive throws the metal liner at a distance of several hundred charge diameters. The metal liner is deformed in motion and takes a compact shape. In this case, copper liner of variable thickness were used, the outer and inner surfaces of which are formed by a combination of spherical surfaces. A plane-wave generator with a variable angle of inclination of the detonation wave is considered as an initiation system in the charge. The results of mathematical modeling of the functioning of charges, which determines the effect of charge parameters on the effectiveness of the action, are presented. The efficiency of the charges was determined by the parameters of the compact element - its shape and speed. The paper also evaluated the influence of the angle of inclination of the plane-wave generator on the shape of the element. The dependences of the speed of the element and its elongation on the angle of inclination of the converging detonation wave are obtained. It was found that when the angle of inclination of the converging detonation wave front decreases, the elongation and speed of the compact element increase.

The study proposes to use charges forming high-speed elongated elements (HSEE) with a variable shape for ground-based simulation of the penetration of particles and elements into the spacecraft's hull. During the operation of such a charge, an explosive throws a metal lining over a distance of several hundred charge diameters. The metal segment lining is deformed during the throwing process and takes the form of an elongated element. In calculations we used steel linings with a degressive and progressive profile whose outer and inner surfaces are formed by spherical surfaces, as well as by a combination of spherical and conical surfaces. The paper shows the results of a numerical analysis which determines the effect of the geometric and physico-mechanical parameters of segmented cumulative linings on the efficiency of the charges forming high-speed elongated elements. The efficiency of the charges was determined by the characteristics of the formed element, i.e. elongation, degree of fullness and the diameter of the horizontal stabilizer. Furthermore, we established the dependences which describe the effect of the lining material dynamic yield point and the radius of transition of the spherical surface to the conical surface on the elongation of the element and the diameter of the horizontal stabilizer. We also showed the possible contradictory effect of changing the radius of transition of the spherical surface of the lining into the conical surface on the aerodynamic stability parameters of the high-speed elongated element.

The shock stage in the behavior of explosively loaded steel plates and cylindrical shells was studied experimentally. A three-wave structure of the shock front was observed for both plane and cylindrical samples. The split-off strength of the shell and plate materials was determined. For both loading schemes, the split-off was shown to not occur for the samples with a thickness of 1 mm. The decay of the pressure amplitude in the first shock wave was found to be appreciably stronger for the cylindrical samples than for the plane samples.

The effect of preheating of liners on the penetration capability of shaped charges is considered theoretically. It is shown that for a plastically fractured shaped‐charge jet, preheating of the liner generally increases the effective jet length and shaped‐charge jet penetration. Restrictions on the parameters of preheating of shaped‐charge liners due to the possible thermal initiation of the explosive are established. It is noted that excessive weakening of a shaped‐charge jet can lead to transition from plastic to volume fracture with a corresponding decrease in shaped‐charge jet penetration. The ultimate possibilities of the thermal method for increasing the penetration capability of shaped charges are estimated. Calculation results are compared with available experimental data.