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1. LOPES 3D -- studies on the benefits of EAS-radio measurements with vertically aligned antennas

Author: Huber, D., Apel, W. D., Arteaga-Velazquez, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Cantoni, E., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Fuchs, B., Fuhrmann, D., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. -H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Link, K., Łuczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., Schoo, S., Schröder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The LOPES experiment was a radio interferometer built at the existing air shower array KASCADE-Grande in Karlsruhe, Germany. The last configuration of LOPES was called LOPES 3D and consisted of ten tripole antennas. Each of these antennas consisted of three crossed dipoles east-west, north-south, and vertically aligned. With this, LOPES 3D had the unique possibility to study the benefits of measurements with vertically aligned antennas in the environment of the well understood and calibrated particle detector array KASCADE-Grande. The measurements with three spatially coincident antennas allows a redundant reconstruction of the electric field vector. Several methods to exploit the redundancy were developed and tested. Furthermore, for the first time in LOPES, the background noise could be studied polarization- and direction dependent. With LOPES 3D it could be demonstrated that radio detection reaches a higher efficiency for inclined showers when including measurements with vertically aligned antennas and that the vertical component gets more important for the measurement of inclined showers. In this contribution we discuss a weighting scheme for the best combination of three redundant reconstructed electric field vectors. Furthermore, we discuss the influence of these weighting schemes on the ability to reconstruct air showers using the radio method. We show an estimate of the radio efficiency for inclined showers with focus on the benefits of measurements with vertically aligned antennas and we present the direction dependent noise in the different polarizations., Comment: Submission to the proceedings of the ARENA2014 workshop, which unfortunately were never published; thus documented here for reference
Published: 2022

2. Final results of the LOPES radio interferometer for cosmic-ray air showers

Author: Apel, W. D., Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Cantoni, E., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Fuchs, B., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. -H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Link, K., Luczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Nehls, S., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., Schoo, S., Schröder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Zabierowski, J., Zensus, J. A., and Collaboration, LOPES
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: LOPES, the LOFAR prototype station, was an antenna array for cosmic-ray air showers operating from 2003 - 2013 within the KASCADE-Grande experiment. Meanwhile, the analysis is finished and the data of air-shower events measured by LOPES are available with open access in the KASCADE Cosmic Ray Data Center (KCDC). This article intends to provide a summary of the achievements, results, and lessons learned from LOPES. By digital, interferometric beamforming the detection of air showers became possible in the radio-loud environment of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). As a prototype experiment, LOPES tested several antenna types, array configurations and calibration techniques, and pioneered analysis methods for the reconstruction of the most important shower parameters, i.e., the arrival direction, the energy, and mass-dependent observables such as the position of the shower maximum. In addition to a review and update of previously published results, we also present new results based on end-to-end simulations including all known instrumental properties. For this, we applied the detector response to radio signals simulated with the CoREAS extension of CORSIKA, and analyzed them in the same way as measured data. Thus, we were able to study the detector performance more accurately than before, including some previously inaccessible features such as the impact of noise on the interferometric cross-correlation beam. These results led to several improvements, which are documented in this paper and can provide useful input for the design of future cosmic-ray experiments based on the digital radio-detection technique., Comment: Accepted for publication by EPJ C
Published: 2021
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3. On the usefulness of existing Solar-wind models for pulsar timing corrections

Author: Tiburzi, C., Verbiest, J. P. W., Shaifullah, G. M., Janssen, G. H., Anderson, J. M., Horneffer, A., Kuensemoeller, J., Oslowski, S., Donner, J. Y., Kramer, M., Kumari, A., Porayko, N. K., Zucca, P., Ciardi, B., Dettmar, R. -J., Griessmeier, J. -M., Hoeft, M., and Serylak, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: Dispersive delays due to the Solar wind introduce excess noise in high-precision pulsar timing experiments, and must be removed in order to achieve the accuracy needed to detect, e.g., low-frequency gravitational waves. In current pulsar timing experiments, this delay is usually removed by approximating the electron density distribution in the Solar wind either as spherically symmetric, or with a two-phase model that describes the contributions from both high- and low-speed phases of the Solar wind. However, no dataset has previously been available to test the performance and limitations of these models over extended timescales and with sufficient sensitivity. Here we present the results of such a test with an optimal dataset of observations of pulsar J0034-0534, taken with the German stations of LOFAR. We conclude that the spherical approximation performs systematically better than the two-phase model at almost all angular distances, with a residual root-mean-square (rms) given by the two-phase model being up to 28% larger than the result obtained with the spherical approximation. Nevertheless, the spherical approximation remains insufficiently accurate in modelling the Solar-wind delay (especially within 20 degrees of angular distance from the Sun), as it leaves timing residuals with rms values that reach the equivalent of 0.3 microseconds at 1400 MHz. This is because a spherical model ignores the large daily variations in electron density observed in the Solar wind. In the short term, broadband observations or simultaneous observations at low frequencies are the most promising way forward to correct for Solar-wind induced delay variations., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 17 pages, 13 figures
Published: 2019
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4. First detection of frequency-dependent, time-variable dispersion measures

Author: Donner, J. Y., Verbiest, J. P. W., Tiburzi, C., Osłowski, S., Michilli, D., Serylak, M., Anderson, J. M., Horneffer, A., Kramer, M., Grießmeier, J. -M., Künsemöller, J., Hessels, J. W. T., Hoeft, M., and Miskolczi, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Context. High-precision pulsar-timing experiments are affected by temporal variations of the Dispersion Measure (DM), which are related to spatial variations in the interstellar electron content. Correcting for DM variations relies on the cold-plasma dispersion law which states that the dispersive delay varies with the squared inverse of the observing frequency. This may however give incorrect measurements if the probed electron content (and therefore the DM) varies with observing frequency, as is predicted theoretically. Aims. We study small-scale density variations in the ionised interstellar medium. These structures may lead to frequency-dependent DMs in pulsar signals and could inhibit the use of lower-frequency pulsar observations to correct time-variable interstellar dispersion in higher-frequency pulsar-timing data. Methods. We used high-cadence, low-frequency observations with three stations from the German LOng-Wavelength (GLOW) consortium, which are part of the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR). Specifically, 3.5 years of weekly observations of PSR J2219+4754 are presented. Results. We present the first detection of frequency-dependent DMs towards any interstellar object and a precise multi-year time-series of the time- and frequency-dependence of the measured DMs. The observed DM variability is significant and may be caused by extreme scattering events. Potential causes for frequency-dependent DMs are quantified and evaluated. Conclusions. We conclude that frequency-dependence of DMs has been reliably detected and is caused by small-scale (up to 10s of AUs) but steep density variations in the interstellar electron content. We find that long-term trends in DM variability equally affect DMs measured at both ends of our frequency band and hence the negative impact on long-term high-precision timing projects is expected to be limited., Comment: to be published in A&A (accepted 2019-02-06), 11 pages, 7 figures, update: A&A language editing, typos
Published: 2019
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5. Discovery of synchronous X-ray and radio moding of PSR B0823+26

Author: Hermsen, W., Kuiper, L., Basu, R., Hessels, J. W. T., Mitra, D., Rankin, J. M., Stappers, B. W., Wright, G. A. E., Griessmeier, J. M., Serylak, M., Horneffer, A., Tiburzi, C., and Ho, W. C. G.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Simultaneous observations of PSR B0823+26 with ESA's XMM-Newton, the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope and international stations of the Low Frequency Array revealed synchronous X-ray/radio switching between a radio-bright (B) mode and a radio-quiet (Q) mode. During the B mode we detected PSR B0823+26 in 0.2$-$2 keV X-rays and discovered pulsed emission with a broad sinusoidal pulse, lagging the radio main pulse by 0.208 $\pm$ 0.012 in phase, with high pulsed fraction of 70$-$80%. During the Q mode PSR B0823+26 was not detected in X-rays (2 $\sigma$ upper limit a factor ~9 below the B-mode flux). The total X-ray spectrum, pulse profile and pulsed fraction can globally be reproduced with a magnetized partially ionized hydrogen atmosphere model with three emission components: a primary small hot spot ($T$$\sim$3.6$\times10^6$ K, $R$$\sim$17 m), a larger cooler concentric ring ($T$$\sim$1.1$\times10^6$ K, $R$$\sim$280 m) and an antipodal hot spot ($T$$\sim$1.1$\times10^6 $ K, $R$$\sim$100 m), for the angle between the rotation axis and line of sight direction $\sim66^\circ$. The latter is in conflict with the radio derived value of $(84\pm0.7)^\circ$. The average X-ray flux within hours-long B-mode intervals varied by a factor $\pm$20%, possibly correlated with variations in the frequency and lengths of short radio nulls or short durations of weak emission. The correlated X-ray/radio moding of PSR B0823+26 is compared with the anti-correlated moding of PSR B0943+10, and the lack of X-ray moding of PSR B1822-09. We speculate that the X-ray/radio switches of PSR B0823+26 are due to variations in the rate of accretion of material from the interstellar medium through which it is passing., Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures
Published: 2018
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6. Multifrequency behaviour of the anomalous events of PSR J0922+0638

Author: Shaifullah, G., Tiburzi, C., Osłowski, S., Verbiest, J. P. W., Szary, A., Künsemöller, J., Horneffer, A., Anderson, J., Kramer, M., Schwarz, D. J., Mann, G., Steinmetz, M., and Vocks, C.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: PSR J0922+0638 (B0919+06) shows unexplained anomalous variations in the on-pulse phase, where the pulse appears to episodically move to an earlier longitude for a few tens of rotations before reverting to the usual phase for approximately several hundred to more than a thousand rotations. These events, where the pulse moves in phase by up to 5$^{\circ}$, have been previously detected in observations from $\sim$300 to 2000 MHz. We present simultaneous observations from the Effelsberg 100-m radio telescope at 1350 MHz and the Bornim (Potsdam) station of the LOw Frequency ARray at 150 MHz. Our observations present the first evidence for an absence of the anomalous phase-shifting behaviour at 150 MHz. Instead, the observed intensity at the usual pulse-phase typically decreases, often showing a pseudo-nulling feature corresponding to the times when phase shifts are observed at 1350 MHz. The presence of weak emission at the usual pulse-phase supports the theory that these shifts may result from processes similar to the 'profile-absorption' expected to operate for PSR J0814+7429 (B0809+74). A possible mechanism for this could be intrinsic variations of the emission within the pulsar's beam combined with absorption by expanding shells of electrons in the line of sight., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS Letters
Published: 2018
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7. X-rays from the mode-switching PSR B0943+10

Author: Mereghetti, S., Kuiper, L., Tiengo, A., Hessels, J., Hermsen, W., Stovall, K., Possenti, A., Rankin, J., Esposito, P., Turolla, R., Mitra, D., Wright, G., Stappers, B., Horneffer, A., Oslowski, S., Serylak, M., Griessmeier, J. -M., and Rigoselli, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: New simultaneous X-ray and radio observations of the archetypal mode-switching pulsar PSR B0943+10 have been carried out with XMM-Newton and the LOFAR, LWA and Arecibo radio telescopes in November 2014. They allowed us to better constrain the X-ray spectral and variability properties of this pulsar and to detect, for the first time, the X-ray pulsations also during the X-ray-fainter mode. The combined timing and spectral analysis indicates that unpulsed non-thermal emission, likely of magnetospheric origin, and pulsed thermal emission from a small polar cap are present during both radio modes and vary in a correlated way., Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, 1 table - To appear in the proceedings of "IAUS 337: Pulsar Astrophysics - The Next 50 Years" eds: P. Weltevrede, B.B.P. Perera, L. Levin Preston & S. Sanidas
Published: 2017
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8. A comparison of the cosmic-ray energy scales of Tunka-133 and KASCADE-Grande via their radio extensions Tunka-Rex and LOPES

Author: Apel, W. D., Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C., Bähren, L., Bezyazeekov, P. A., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Budnev, N. M., Cantoni, E., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Fedorov, O., Fuchs, B., Gemmeke, H., Gress, O. A., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hiller, R., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. -H., Kang, D., Kazarina, Y., Kleifges, M., Korosteleva, E. E., Kostunin, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Kuzmichev, L. A., Link, K., Lubsandorzhiev, N., Luczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Mirgazov, R. R., Monkhoev, R., Morello, C., Oehlschläger, J., Osipova, E. A., Pakhorukov, A., Palmieri, N., Pankov, L., Pierog, T., Prosin, V. V., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rubtsov, G. I., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., Schoo, S., Schröder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weind, A., Wischnewski, R., Wochele, J., Zabierowski, J., Zagorodnikov, A., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The radio technique is a promising method for detection of cosmic-ray air showers of energies around $100\,$PeV and higher with an array of radio antennas. Since the amplitude of the radio signal can be measured absolutely and increases with the shower energy, radio measurements can be used to determine the air-shower energy on an absolute scale. We show that calibrated measurements of radio detectors operated in coincidence with host experiments measuring air showers based on other techniques can be used for comparing the energy scales of these host experiments. Using two approaches, first via direct amplitude measurements, and second via comparison of measurements with air shower simulations, we compare the energy scales of the air-shower experiments Tunka-133 and KASCADE-Grande, using their radio extensions, Tunka-Rex and LOPES, respectively. Due to the consistent amplitude calibration for Tunka-Rex and LOPES achieved by using the same reference source, this comparison reaches an accuracy of approximately $10\,\%$ - limited by some shortcomings of LOPES, which was a prototype experiment for the digital radio technique for air showers. In particular we show that the energy scales of cosmic-ray measurements by the independently calibrated experiments KASCADE-Grande and Tunka-133 are consistent with each other on this level.
Published: 2016
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9. A deep campaign to characterize the synchronous radio/X-ray mode switching of PSR B0943+10

Author: Mereghetti, S., Kuiper, L., Tiengo, A., Hessels, J., Hermsen, W., Stovall, K., Possenti, A., Rankin, J., Esposito, P., Turolla, R., Mitra, D., Wright, G., Stappers, B., Horneffer, A., Oslowski, S., Serylak, M., and Griessmeier, J. -M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We report on simultaneous X-ray and radio observations of the mode-switching pulsar PSR B0943+10 obtained with the XMM-Newton satellite and the LOFAR, LWA and Arecibo radio telescopes in November 2014. We confirm the synchronous X-ray/radio switching between a radio-bright (B) and a radio-quiet (Q) mode, in which the X-ray flux is a factor ~2.4 higher than in the B-mode. We discovered X-ray pulsations, with pulsed fraction of 38+/-5% (0.5-2 keV), during the B-mode, and confirm their presence in Q-mode, where the pulsed fraction increases with energy from ~20% up to ~65% at 2 keV. We found marginal evidence for an increase in the X-ray pulsed fraction during B-mode on a timescale of hours. The Q-mode X-ray spectrum requires a fit with a two-component model (either a power-law plus blackbody or the sum of two blackbodies), while the B-mode spectrum is well fit by a single blackbody (a single power-law is rejected). With a maximum likelihood analysis, we found that in Q-mode the pulsed emission has a thermal blackbody spectrum with temperature ~3.4x10^6 K and the unpulsed emission is a power-law with photon index ~2.5, while during B-mode both the pulsed and unpulsed emission can be fit by either a blackbody or a power law with similar values of temperature and photon index. A Chandra image shows no evidence for diffuse X-ray emission. These results support a scenario in which both unpulsed non-thermal emission, likely of magnetospheric origin, and pulsed thermal emission from a small polar cap (~1500 m^2) with a strong non-dipolar magnetic field (~10^{14} G), are present during both radio modes and vary in intensity in a correlated way. This is broadly consistent with the predictions of the partially screened gap model and does not necessarily imply global magnetospheric rearrangements to explain the mode switching., Comment: To be published on The Astrophysical Journal
Published: 2016
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10. A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10^{17} - 10^{17.5} eV from radio observations

Author: Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Falcke, H., Hörandel, J. R., Huege, T., Nelles, A., Rachen, J. P., Rossetto, L., Schellart, P ., Scholten, O., ter Veen, S., Thoudam, S., Trinh, T. N. G., Anderson, J., Asgekar, A., Avruch, I. M., Bell, M. E., Bentum, M. J., Bernardi, G., Best, P., Bonafede, A., Breitling, F., Broderick, J. W., Brouw, W. N., Brüggen, M., Butcher, H. R., Carbone, D., Ciardi, B., Conway, J. E., de Gasperin, F., de Geus, E., Deller, A., Dettmar, R. -J., van Diepen, G., Duscha, S., Eislöffel, J., Engels, D., Enriquez, J. E., Fallows, R. A., Fender, R., Ferrari, C., Frieswijk, W., Garrett, M. A., Griessmeier, J. M., Gunst, A. W., van Haarlem, M. P., Hassall, T. E., Heald, G., Hessels, J. W. T., Hoeft, M., Horneffer, A., Iacobelli, M., Intema, H., Juette, E., Karastergiou, A., Kondratiev, V. I., Kramer, M., Kuniyoshi, M., Kuper, G., van Leeuwen, J., Loose, G. M., Maat, P., Mann, G., Markoff, S., McFadden, R., McKay-Bukowski, D., McKean, J. P., Mevius, M., Mulcahy, D. D., Munk, H., Norden, M. J., Orru, E., Paas, H., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pandey, V. N., Pietka, M., Pizzo, R., Polatidis, A. G., Reich, W., Röttgering, H. J. A., Scaife, A. M. M., Schwarz, D. J., Serylak, M., Sluman, J., Smirnov, O., Stappers, B. W., Steinmetz, M., Stewart, A., Swinbank, J., Tagger, M., Tang, Y., Tasse, C., Toribio, M. C., Vermeulen, R., Vocks, C., Vogt, C., van Weeren, R. J., Wijers, R. A. M. J., Wijnholds, S. J., Wise, M. W., Wucknitz, O., Yatawatta, S., Zarka, P., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Cosmic rays are the highest energy particles found in nature. Measurements of the mass composition of cosmic rays between 10^{17} eV and 10^{18} eV are essential to understand whether this energy range is dominated by Galactic or extragalactic sources. It has also been proposed that the astrophysical neutrino signal comes from accelerators capable of producing cosmic rays of these energies. Cosmic rays initiate cascades of secondary particles (air showers) in the atmosphere and their masses are inferred from measurements of the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum, Xmax, or the composition of shower particles reaching the ground. Current measurements suffer from either low precision, or a low duty cycle and a high energy threshold. Radio detection of cosmic rays is a rapidly developing technique, suitable for determination of Xmax with a duty cycle of in principle nearly 100%. The radiation is generated by the separation of relativistic charged particles in the geomagnetic field and a negative charge excess in the shower front. Here we report radio measurements of Xmax with a mean precision of 16 g/cm^2 between 10^{17}-10^{17.5} eV. Because of the high resolution in $Xmax we can determine the mass spectrum and find a mixed composition, containing a light mass fraction of ~80%. Unless the extragalactic component becomes significant already below 10^{17.5} eV, our measurements indicate an additional Galactic component dominating at this energy range., Comment: 35 pages, 11 figures, updated version: Pierre Auger Observatory data ICRC 2015 added to Fig 2
Published: 2016
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11. LOFAR MSSS: Detection of a low-frequency radio transient in 400 hrs of monitoring of the North Celestial Pole

Author: Stewart, A. J., Fender, R. P., Broderick, J. W., Hassall, T. E., Muñoz-Darias, T., Rowlinson, A., Swinbank, J. D., Staley, T. D., Molenaar, G. J., Scheers, B., Grobler, T. L., Pietka, M., Heald, G., McKean, J. P., Bell, M. E., Bonafede, A., Breton, R. P., Carbone, D., Cendes, Y., Clarke, A. O., Corbel, S., de Gasperin, F., Eislöffel, J., Falcke, H., Ferrari, C., Grießmeier, J. -M., Hardcastle, M. J., Heesen, V., Hessels, J. W. T., Horneffer, A., Iacobelli, M., Jonker, P., Karastergiou, A., Kokotanekov, G., Kondratiev, V. I., Kuniyoshi, M., Law, C. J., van Leeuwen, J., Markoff, S., Miller-Jones, J. C. A., Mulcahy, D., Orru, E., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pratley, L., Rol, E., Röttgering, H. J. A., Scaife, A. M. M., Shulevski, A., Sobey, C. A., Stappers, B. W., Tasse, C., van der Horst, A. J., van Velzen, S., van Weeren, R. J., Wijers, R. A. M. J., Wijnands, R., Wise, M., Zarka, P., Alexov, A., Anderson, J., Asgekar, A., Avruch, I. M., Bentum, M. J., Bernardi, G., Best, P., Breitling, F., Brüggen, M., Butcher, H. R., Ciardi, B., Conway, J. E., Corstanje, A., de Geus, E., Deller, A., Duscha, S., Frieswijk, W., Garrett, M. A., Gunst, A. W., van Haarlem, M. P., Hoeft, M., Hörandel, J., Juette, E., Kuper, G., Loose, M., Maat, P., McFadden, R., McKay-Bukowski, D., Moldon, J., Munk, H., Norden, M. J., Paas, H., Polatidis, A. G., Schwarz, D., Sluman, J., Smirnov, O., Steinmetz, M., Thoudam, S., Toribio, M. C., Vermeulen, R., Vocks, C., Wijnholds, S. J., Wucknitz, O., and Yatawatta, S.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: We present the results of a four-month campaign searching for low-frequency radio transients near the North Celestial Pole with the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR), as part of the Multifrequency Snapshot Sky Survey (MSSS). The data were recorded between 2011 December and 2012 April and comprised 2149 11-minute snapshots, each covering 175 deg^2. We have found one convincing candidate astrophysical transient, with a duration of a few minutes and a flux density at 60 MHz of 15-25 Jy. The transient does not repeat and has no obvious optical or high-energy counterpart, as a result of which its nature is unclear. The detection of this event implies a transient rate at 60 MHz of 3.9 (+14.7, -3.7) x 10^-4 day^-1 deg^-2, and a transient surface density of 1.5 x 10^-5 deg^-2, at a 7.9-Jy limiting flux density and ~10-minute time-scale. The campaign data were also searched for transients at a range of other time-scales, from 0.5 to 297 min, which allowed us to place a range of limits on transient rates at 60 MHz as a function of observation duration., Comment: 23 pages, 16 figures, 5 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Published: 2015
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12. Wide-Band, Low-Frequency Pulse Profiles of 100 Radio Pulsars with LOFAR

Author: Pilia, M., Hessels, J. W. T., Stappers, B. W., Kondratiev, V. I., Kramer, M., van Leeuwen, J., Weltevrede, P., Lyne, A. G., Zagkouris, K., Hassall, T. E., Bilous, A. V., Breton, R. P., Falcke, H., Grießmeier, J. -M., Keane, E., Karastergiou, A., Kuniyoshi, M., Noutsos, A., Osłowski, S., Serylak, M., Sobey, C., ter Veen, S., Alexov, A., Anderson, J., Asgekar, A., Avruch, I. M., Bell, M. E., Bentum, M. J., Bernardi, G., Bîrzan, L., Bonafede, A., Breitling, F., Broderick, J. W., Brüggen, M., Ciardi, B., Corbel, S., de Geus, E., de Jong, A., Deller, A., Duscha, S., Eislöffel, J., Fallows, R. A., Fender, R., Ferrari, C., Frieswijk, W., Garrett, M. A., Gunst, A. W., Hamaker, J. P., Heald, G., Horneffer, A., Jonker, P., Juette, E., Kuper, G., Maat, P., Mann, G., Markoff, S., McFadden, R., McKay-Bukowski, D., Miller-Jones, J. C. A., Nelles, A., Paas, H., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pietka, M., Pizzo, R., Polatidis, A. G., Reich, W., Röttgering, H., Rowlinson, A., Schwarz, D., Smirnov, O., Steinmetz, M., Stewart, A., Swinbank, J. D., Tagger, M., Tang, Y., Tasse, C., Thoudam, S., Toribio, M. C., van der Horst, A. J., Vermeulen, R., Vocks, C., van Weeren, R. J., Wijers, R. A. M. J., Wijnands, R., Wijnholds, S. J., Wucknitz, O., and Zarka, P.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: LOFAR offers the unique capability of observing pulsars across the 10-240 MHz frequency range with a fractional bandwidth of roughly 50%. This spectral range is well-suited for studying the frequency evolution of pulse profile morphology caused by both intrinsic and extrinsic effects: such as changing emission altitude in the pulsar magnetosphere or scatter broadening by the interstellar medium, respectively. The magnitude of most of these effects increases rapidly towards low frequencies. LOFAR can thus address a number of open questions about the nature of radio pulsar emission and its propagation through the interstellar medium. We present the average pulse profiles of 100 pulsars observed in the two LOFAR frequency bands: High Band (120-167 MHz, 100 profiles) and Low Band (15-62 MHz, 26 profiles). We compare them with Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) and Lovell Telescope observations at higher frequencies (350 and1400 MHz) in order to study the profile evolution. The profiles are aligned in absolute phase by folding with a new set of timing solutions from the Lovell Telescope, which we present along with precise dispersion measures obtained with LOFAR. We find that the profile evolution with decreasing radio frequency does not follow a specific trend but, depending on the geometry of the pulsar, new components can enter into, or be hidden from, view. Nonetheless, in general our observations confirm the widening of pulsar profiles at low frequencies, as expected from radius-to-frequency mapping or birefringence theories. We offer this catalog of low-frequency pulsar profiles in a user friendly way via the EPN Database of Pulsar Profiles (http://www.epta.eu.org/epndb/)., Comment: 38 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables, A&A in press, updated with editorial corrections
Published: 2015
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13. Revised absolute amplitude calibration of the LOPES experiment

Author: Link, K., Huege, T., Apel, W. D., Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Cantoni, E., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Fuchs, B., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hiller, R., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K-H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Łuczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., Schoo, S., Schröder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: One of the main aims of the LOPES experiment was the evaluation of the absolute amplitude of the radio signal of air showers. This is of special interest since the radio technique offers the possibility for an independent and highly precise determination of the energy scale of cosmic rays on the basis of signal predictions from Monte Carlo simulations. For the calibration of the amplitude measured by LOPES we used an external source. Previous comparisons of LOPES measurements and simulations of the radio signal amplitude predicted by CoREAS revealed a discrepancy of the order of a factor of two. A re-measurement of the reference calibration source, now performed for the free field, was recently performed by the manufacturer. The updated calibration values lead to a lowering of the reconstructed electric field measured by LOPES by a factor of $2.6 \pm 0.2$ and therefore to a significantly better agreement with CoREAS simulations. We discuss the updated calibration and its impact on the LOPES analysis results., Comment: Proceedings of the 34th ICRC, The Hague, The Netherlands, PoS(ICRC2015)311
Published: 2015

14. Calibrating the absolute amplitude scale for air showers measured at LOFAR

Author: Nelles, A., Hörandel, J. R., Karskens, T., Krause, M., Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Enriquez, J. E., Erdmann, M., Falcke, H., Haungs, A., Hiller, R., Huege, T., Krause, R., Link, K., Norden, M. J., Rachen, J. P., Rossetto, L., Schellart, P., Scholten, O., Schröder, F. G., ter Veen, S., Thoudam, S., Trinh, T. N. G., Weidenhaupt, K., Wijnholds, S. J., Anderson, J., Bähren, L., Bell, M. E., Bentum, M. J., Best, P., Bonafede, A., Bregman, J., Brouw, W. N., Bruüggen, M., Butcher, H. R., Carbone, D., Ciardi, B., de Gasperin, F., Duscha, S., Eislöffel, J., Fallows, R. A., Frieswijk, W., Garrett, M. A., van Haarlem, M. P., Heald, G., Hoeft, M., Horneffer, A., Iacobelli, M., Juette, E., Karastergiou, A., Kohler, J., Kondratiev, V. I., Kuniyoshi, M., Kuper, G., van Leeuwen, J., Maat, P., McFadden, R., McKay-Bukowski, D., Orru, E., Paas, H., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pandey, V. N., Pizzo, R., Polatidis, A. G., Reich, W., Röttgering, H., Schwarz, D., Serylak, M., Sluman, J., Smirnov, O., Tasse, C., Toribio, M. C., Vermeulen, R., van Weeren, R. J., Wijers, R. A. M. J., Wucknitz, O., and Zarka, P.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Air showers induced by cosmic rays create nanosecond pulses detectable at radio frequencies. These pulses have been measured successfully in the past few years at the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) and are used to study the properties of cosmic rays. For a complete understanding of this phenomenon and the underlying physical processes, an absolute calibration of the detecting antenna system is needed. We present three approaches that were used to check and improve the antenna model of LOFAR and to provide an absolute calibration of the whole system for air shower measurements. Two methods are based on calibrated reference sources and one on a calibration approach using the diffuse radio emission of the Galaxy, optimized for short data-sets. An accuracy of 19% in amplitude is reached. The absolute calibration is also compared to predictions from air shower simulations. These results are used to set an absolute energy scale for air shower measurements and can be used as a basis for an absolute scale for the measurement of astronomical transients with LOFAR., Comment: 34 pages, 10 figures
Published: 2015
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15. Investigation of the radio wavefront of air showers with LOPES measurements and CoREAS simulations (ARENA 2014)

Author: Schröder, F. G., Apel, W. D., Arteaga-Velazquez, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Cantoni, E., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Fuchs, B., Fuhrmann, D., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. -H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Link, K., Luczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., Schoo, S., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We investigated the radio wavefront of cosmic-ray air showers with LOPES measurements and CoREAS simulations: the wavefront is of approximately hyperbolic shape and its steepness is sensitive to the shower maximum. For this study we used 316 events with an energy above 0.1 EeV and zenith angles below $45^\circ$ measured by the LOPES experiment. LOPES was a digital radio interferometer consisting of up to 30 antennas on an area of approximately 200 m x 200 m at an altitude of 110 m above sea level. Triggered by KASCADE-Grande, LOPES measured the radio emission between 43 and 74 MHz, and our analysis might strictly hold only for such conditions. Moreover, we used CoREAS simulations made for each event, which show much clearer results than the measurements suffering from high background. A detailed description of our result is available in our recent paper published in JCAP09(2014)025. The present proceeding contains a summary and focuses on some additional aspects, e.g., the asymmetry of the wavefront: According to the CoREAS simulations the wavefront is slightly asymmetric, but on a much weaker level than the lateral distribution of the radio amplitude., Comment: Proceedings of ARENA 2014, Anapolis, USA
Published: 2015

16. Improved absolute calibration of LOPES measurements and its impact on the comparison with REAS 3.11 and CoREAS simulations

Author: Apel, W. D., Arteaga-Velazquez, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Cantoni, E., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Fuchs, B., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hiller, R., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. -H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Link, K., Luczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Nehls, S., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., Schoo, S., Schröder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: LOPES was a digital antenna array detecting the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. The calibration of the absolute amplitude scale of the measurements was done using an external, commercial reference source, which emits a frequency comb with defined amplitudes. Recently, we obtained improved reference values by the manufacturer of the reference source, which significantly changed the absolute calibration of LOPES. We reanalyzed previously published LOPES measurements, studying the impact of the changed calibration. The main effect is an overall decrease of the LOPES amplitude scale by a factor of $2.6 \pm 0.2$, affecting all previously published values for measurements of the electric-field strength. This results in a major change in the conclusion of the paper 'Comparing LOPES measurements of air-shower radio emission with REAS 3.11 and CoREAS simulations' published in Astroparticle Physics 50-52 (2013) 76-91: With the revised calibration, LOPES measurements now are compatible with CoREAS simulations, but in tension with REAS 3.11 simulations. Since CoREAS is the latest version of the simulation code incorporating the current state of knowledge on the radio emission of air showers, this new result indicates that the absolute amplitude prediction of current simulations now is in agreement with experimental data., Comment: Partly changes results and conclusion of publication Astroparticle Physics 50-52 (2013) 76-91 (arXiv:1309.5920)
Published: 2015
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17. Measuring a Cherenkov ring in the radio emission from air showers at 110-190 MHz with LOFAR

Author: Nelles, A., Schellart, P., Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., de Vries, K. D., Enriquez, J. E., Falcke, H., Frieswijk, W., Hörandel, J. R., Scholten, O., ter Veen, S., Thoudam, S., Akker, M. van den, Anderson, J., Asgekar, A., Bell, M. E., Bentum, M. J., Bernardi, G., Best, P., Bregman, J., Breitling, F., Broderick, J., Brouw, W. N., Brüggen, M., Butcher, H. R., Ciardi, B., Deller, A., Duscha, S., Eislöffel, J., Fallows, R. A., Garrett, M. A., Gunst, A. W., Hassall, T. E., Heald, G., Horneffer, A., Iacobelli, M., Juette, E., Karastergiou, A., Kondratiev, V. I., Kramer, M., Kuniyoshi, M., Kuper, G., Maat, P., Mann, G., Mevius, M., Norden, M. J., Paas, H., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pietka, G., Pizzo, R., Polatidis, A. G., Reich, W., Röttgering, H., Scaife, A. M. M., Schwarz, D., Smirnov, O., Stapper, B. W., Steinmetz, M., Stewart, A., Tagger, M., Tang, Y., Tasse, C., Vermeulen, R., Vocks, C., van Weeren, R. J., Wijnholds, S. J., Wucknitz, O., Yatawatta, S., and Zarka, P.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Measuring radio emission from air showers offers a novel way to determine properties of the primary cosmic rays such as their mass and energy. Theory predicts that relativistic time compression effects lead to a ring of amplified emission which starts to dominate the emission pattern for frequencies above ~100 MHz. In this article we present the first detailed measurements of this structure. Ring structures in the radio emission of air showers are measured with the LOFAR radio telescope in the frequency range of 110 - 190 MHz. These data are well described by CoREAS simulations. They clearly confirm the importance of including the index of refraction of air as a function of height. Furthermore, the presence of the Cherenkov ring offers the possibility for a geometrical measurement of the depth of shower maximum, which in turn depends on the mass of the primary particle., Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, accpeted for publication in Astroparticle Physics
Published: 2014
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18. Reconstruction of the energy and depth of maximum of cosmic-ray air-showers from LOPES radio measurements

Author: Apel, W. D., Arteaga-Velazquez, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Cantoni, E., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Fuchs, B., Fuhrmann, D., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. -H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Link, K., Łuczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., Schröder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: LOPES is a digital radio interferometer located at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany, which measures radio emission from extensive air showers at MHz frequencies in coincidence with KASCADE-Grande. In this article, we explore a method (slope method) which leverages the slope of the measured radio lateral distribution to reconstruct crucial attributes of primary cosmic rays. First, we present an investigation of the method on the basis of pure simulations. Second, we directly apply the slope method to LOPES measurements. Applying the slope method to simulations, we obtain uncertainties on the reconstruction of energy and depth of shower maximum Xmax of 13% and 50 g/cm^2, respectively. Applying it to LOPES measurements, we are able to reconstruct energy and Xmax of individual events with upper limits on the precision of 20-25% for the primary energy and 95 g/cm^2 for Xmax, despite strong human-made noise at the LOPES site., Comment: 16 pages, accepted by Physical Review D
Published: 2014
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19. The shape of the radio wavefront of extensive air showers as measured with LOFAR

Author: Corstanje, A., Schellart, P., Nelles, A., Buitink, S., Enriquez, J. E., Falcke, H., Frieswijk, W., Hörandel, J. R., Krause, M., Rachen, J. P., Scholten, O., ter Veen, S., Thoudam, S., Trinh, G., Akker, M. van den, Alexov, A., Anderson, J., Avruch, I. M., Bell, M. E., Bentum, M. J., Bernardi, G., Best, P., Bonafede, A., Breitling, F., Broderick, J., Brüggen, M., Butcher, H. R., Ciardi, B., de Gasperin, F., de Geus, E., de Vos, M., Duscha, S., Eislöffel, J., Engels, D., Fallows, R. A., Ferrari, C., Garrett, M. A., Griessmeier, J., Gunst, A. W., Hamaker, J. P., Hoeft, M., Horneffer, A., Iacobelli, M., Juette, E., Karastergiou, A., Kohler, J., Kondratiev, V. I., Kuniyoshi, M., Kuper, G., Maat, P., Mann, G., McFadden, R., McKay-Bukowski, D., Mevius, M., Munk, H., Norden, M. J., Orru, E., Paas, H., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pandey, V. N., Pizzo, R., Polatidis, A. G., Reich, W., Röttgering, H., Scaife, A. M. M., Schwarz, D., Smirnov, O., Stewart, A., Steinmetz, M., Swinbank, J., Tagger, M., Tang, Y., Tasse, C., Toribio, C., Vermeulen, R., Vocks, C., van Weeren, R. J., Wijnholds, S. J., Wucknitz, O., Yatawatta, S., and Zarka, P.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: Extensive air showers, induced by high energy cosmic rays impinging on the Earth's atmosphere, produce radio emission that is measured with the LOFAR radio telescope. As the emission comes from a finite distance of a few kilometers, the incident wavefront is non-planar. A spherical, conical or hyperbolic shape of the wavefront has been proposed, but measurements of individual air showers have been inconclusive so far. For a selected high-quality sample of 161 measured extensive air showers, we have reconstructed the wavefront by measuring pulse arrival times to sub-nanosecond precision in 200 to 350 individual antennas. For each measured air shower, we have fitted a conical, spherical, and hyperboloid shape to the arrival times. The fit quality and a likelihood analysis show that a hyperboloid is the best parametrization. Using a non-planar wavefront shape gives an improved angular resolution, when reconstructing the shower arrival direction. Furthermore, a dependence of the wavefront shape on the shower geometry can be seen. This suggests that it will be possible to use a wavefront shape analysis to get an additional handle on the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum, which is sensitive to the mass of the primary particle., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics
Published: 2014
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20. The wavefront of the radio signal emitted by cosmic ray air showers

Author: Apel, W. D., Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Cantoni, E., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Fuchs, B., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. -H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Link, K., Luczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., Schoo, S., Schröder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: Analyzing measurements of the LOPES antenna array together with corresponding CoREAS simulations for more than 300 measured events with energy above $10^{17}\,$eV and zenith angles smaller than $45^\circ$, we find that the radio wavefront of cosmic-ray air showers is of approximately hyperbolic shape. The simulations predict a slightly steeper wavefront towards East than towards West, but this asymmetry is negligible against the measurement uncertainties of LOPES. At axis distances $\gtrsim 50\,$m, the wavefront can be approximated by a simple cone. According to the simulations, the cone angle is clearly correlated with the shower maximum. Thus, we confirm earlier predictions that arrival time measurements can be used to study the longitudinal shower development, but now using a realistic wavefront. Moreover, we show that the hyperbolic wavefront is compatible with our measurement, and we present several experimental indications that the cone angle is indeed sensitive to the shower development. Consequently, the wavefront can be used to statistically study the primary composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. At LOPES, the experimentally achieved precision for the shower maximum is limited by measurement uncertainties to approximately $140\,$g/cm$^2$. But the simulations indicate that under better conditions this method might yield an accuracy for the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum, $X_\mathrm{max}$, better than $30\,$g/cm$^2$. This would be competitive with the established air-fluorescence and air-Cherenkov techniques, where the radio technique offers the advantage of a significantly higher duty-cycle. Finally, the hyperbolic wavefront can be used to reconstruct the shower geometry more accurately, which potentially allows a better reconstruction of all other shower parameters, too., Comment: accepted by JCAP
Published: 2014
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21. Detecting cosmic rays with the LOFAR radio telescope

Author: Schellart, P., Nelles, A., Buitink, S., Corstanje, A., Enriquez, J. E., Falcke, H., Frieswijk, W., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., James, C. W., Krause, M., Mevius, M., Scholten, O., ter Veen, S., Thoudam, S., Akker, M. van den, Alexov, A., Anderson, J., Avruch, I. M., Bähren, L., Beck, R., Bell, M. E., Bennema, P., Bentum, M. J., Bernardi, G., Best, P., Bregman, J., Breitling, F., Brentjens, M., Broderick, J., Brüggen, M., Ciardi, B., Coolen, A., de Gasperin, F., de Geus, E., de Jong, A., de Vos, M., Duscha, S., Eislöffel, J., Fallows, R. A., Ferrari, C., Garrett, M. A., Grießmeier, J., Grit, T., Hamaker, J. P., Hassall, T. E., Heald, G., Hessels, J. W. T., Hoeft, M., Holties, H. A., Iacobelli, M., Juette, E., Karastergiou, A., Klijn, W., Kohler, J., Kondratiev, V. I., Kramer, M., Kuniyoshi, M., Kuper, G., Maat, P., Macario, G., Mann, G., Markoff, S., McKay-Bukowski, D., McKean, J. P., Miller-Jones, J. C. A., Mol, J. D., Mulcahy, D. D., Munk, H., Nijboer, R., Norden, M. J., Orru, E., Overeem, R., Paas, H., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pizzo, R., Polatidis, A. G., Renting, A., Romein, J. W., Röttgering, H., Schoenmakers, A., Schwarz, D., Sluman, J., Smirnov, O., Sobey, C., Stappers, B. W., Steinmetz, M., Swinbank, J., Tang, Y., Tasse, C., Toribio, C., van Leeuwen, J., van Nieuwpoort, R., van Weeren, R. J., Vermaas, N., Vermeulen, R., Vocks, C., Vogt, C., Wijers, R. A. M. J., Wijnholds, S. J., Wise, M. W., Wucknitz, O., Yatawatta, S., Zarka, P., and Zensus, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The low frequency array (LOFAR), is the first radio telescope designed with the capability to measure radio emission from cosmic-ray induced air showers in parallel with interferometric observations. In the first $\sim 2\,\mathrm{years}$ of observing, 405 cosmic-ray events in the energy range of $10^{16} - 10^{18}\,\mathrm{eV}$ have been detected in the band from $30 - 80\,\mathrm{MHz}$. Each of these air showers is registered with up to $\sim1000$ independent antennas resulting in measurements of the radio emission with unprecedented detail. This article describes the dataset, as well as the analysis pipeline, and serves as a reference for future papers based on these data. All steps necessary to achieve a full reconstruction of the electric field at every antenna position are explained, including removal of radio frequency interference, correcting for the antenna response and identification of the pulsed signal.
Published: 2013
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22. Comparing LOPES measurements of air-shower radio emission with REAS 3.11 and CoREAS simulations

Author: Apel, W. D., Arteaga, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Fuchs, B., Fuhrmann, D., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. -H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Link, K., Luczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., Schröder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Cosmic ray air showers emit radio pulses at MHz frequencies, which can be measured with radio antenna arrays - like LOPES at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Germany. To improve the understanding of the radio emission, we test theoretical descriptions with measured data. The observables used for these tests are the absolute amplitude of the radio signal, and the shape of the radio lateral distribution. We compare lateral distributions of more than 500 LOPES events with two recent and public Monte Carlo simulation codes, REAS 3.11 and CoREAS (v 1.0). The absolute radio amplitudes predicted by REAS 3.11 are in good agreement with the LOPES measurements. The amplitudes predicted by CoREAS are lower by a factor of two, and marginally compatible with the LOPES measurements within the systematic scale uncertainties. In contrast to any previous versions of REAS, REAS 3.11 and CoREAS now reproduce the shape of the measured lateral distributions correctly. This reflects a remarkable progress compared to the situation a few years ago, and it seems that the main processes for the radio emission of air showers are now understood: The emission is mainly due to the geomagnetic deflection of the electrons and positrons in the shower. Less important but not negligible is the Askaryan effect (net charge variation). Moreover, we confirm that the refractive index of the air plays an important role, since it changes the coherence conditions for the emission: Only the new simulations including the refractive index can reproduce rising lateral distributions which we observe in a few LOPES events. Finally, we show that the lateral distribution is sensitive to the energy and the mass of the primary cosmic ray particles., Comment: Attention: results and conclusion partly changed due to updated calibration. See Astroparticle Physics 75 (2016) 72-74; arXiv:1507.07389
Published: 2013
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23. Investigation on the energy and mass composition of cosmic rays using LOPES radio data

Author: Palmieri, N., Apel, W. D., Arteaga, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Fuhrmann, D., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Link, K., Łuczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Oehlschläger, J., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmid, A., Schröder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Wommer, M., Zabierowski, J., and J. A. Zensus - LOPES Collaboration
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The sensitivity to the mass composition as well as the reconstruction of the energy of the primary particle are explored here by leveraging the features of the radio lateral distribution function. For the purpose of this analysis, a set of events measured with the LOPES experiment is reproduced with the latest CoREAS radio simulation code. Based on simulation predictions, a method which exploits the slope of the radio lateral distribution function is developed (Slope Method) and directly applied on measurements. As a result, the possibility to reconstruct both the energy and the depth of the shower maximum of the cosmic ray air shower using radio data and achieving relatively small uncertainties is presented., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, Proceedings for International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC) 2013, Rio De Janeiro; paper ID 439
Published: 2013

24. Comparison of LOPES data and CoREAS simulations using a full detector simulation (ICRC2013)

Author: Link, K., Apel, W. D., Arteaga-VelÁzquez, J. C., BÄhren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., BlÜmer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Cantoni, E., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., De Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Fuchs, B., Fuhrmann, D., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., HÖrandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K-H., Kang, D., KrÖmer, O., Kuijpers, J., ŁUczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., OehlschlÄger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., RÜhle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., SchrÖder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The LOPES experiment at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, has been measuring radio emission of air showers for almost 10 years. For a better understanding of the emission process a detailed comparison of data with simulations is necessary. This is possible using a newly developed detector simulation including all LOPES detector components. After propagating a simulated event through this full detector simulation a standard LOPES like event file is written. LOPES data and CoREAS simulations can then be treated equally and the same analysis software can be applied to both. This gives the opportunity to compare data and simulations directly. Furthermore, the standard analysis software can be used with simulations which provide the possibility to check the accuracy regarding reconstruction of air shower parameters. We point out the advantages and present first results using such a full LOPES detector simulation. A comparison of LOPES data and the Monte Carlo code CoREAS based on an analysis using this detector simulation is shown., Comment: 4 pages, presented at the International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio de Janeiro, 2013, paper ID 0844
Published: 2013

25. Vectorial Radio Interferometry with LOPES 3D

Author: Huber, D., Apel, W. D., Arteaga, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Fuchs, B., Fuhrmann, D., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Link, K., Łuczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmid, A., Schröder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Wommer, M., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: One successful detection technique for high-energy cosmic rays is based on the radio signal emitted by the charged particles in an air shower. The LOPES experiment at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, has made major contributions to the evolution of this technique. LOPES was reconfigured several times to improve and further develop the radio detection technique. In the latest setup LOPES consisted of 10 tripole antennas. With this, LOPES 3D was the first cosmic ray experiment measuring all three vectorial field components at once and thereby gaining the full information about the electric field vector. We present an analysis based on the data taken with special focus on the benefits of a direct measurement of the vertical polarization component. We demonstrate that by measuring all polarization components the detection and reconstruction efficiency is increased and noisy single channel data can be reconstructed by utilising the information from the other two channels of one antenna station., Comment: Proceedings of 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, RIO 2013
Published: 2013

26. Mass sensitivity in the radio lateral distribution function

Author: Apel, W. D., Arteaga, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Buchholz, P., Cantoni, E., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Finger, M., Fuchs, B., Fuhrmann, D., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Link, K., Łuczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmid, A., Schröder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Wommer, M., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Measuring the mass composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays is one of the main tasks in the cosmic rays field. Here we are exploring the composition signature in the coherent electromagnetic emission from extensive air showers, detected in the MHz frequency range. One of the experiments that successfully detects radio events in the frequency band of 40-80 MHz is the LOPES experiment at KIT. It is a digital interferometric antenna array and has the important advantage of taking data in coincidence with the particle detector array KASCADE-Grande. A possible method to look at the composition signature in the radio data, predicted by simulations, concerns the radio lateral distribution function, since its slope is strongly correlated with Xmax. Recent comparison between REAS3 simulations and LOPES data showed a significantly improved agreement in the lateral distribution function and for this reason an analysis on a possible LOPES mass signature through the slope method is promising. Trying to reproduce a realistic case, proton and iron showers are simulated with REAS3 using the LOPES selection information as input parameters. The obtained radio lateral distribution slope is analyzed in detail. The lateral slope method to look at the composition signature in the radio data is shown here and a possible signature of mass composition in the LOPES data is discussed., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2013
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27. Reconstructing energy and Xmax of cosmic ray air showers using the radio lateral distribution measured with LOPES

Author: Apel, W. D., Arteaga, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Fuchs, B., Fuhrmann, D., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Link, K., Łuczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmid, A., Schröder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Wommer, M., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The LOPES experiment, a digital radio interferometer located at KIT (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), obtained remarkable results for the detection of radio emission from extensive air showers at MHz frequencies. Features of the radio lateral distribution function (LDF) measured by LOPES are explored in this work for a precise reconstruction of two fundamental air shower parameters: the primary energy and the shower Xmax. The method presented here has been developed on (REAS3-)simulations, and is applied to LOPES measurements. Despite the high human-made noise at the LOPES site, it is possible to reconstruct both the energy and Xmax for individual events. On the one hand, the energy resolution is promising and comparable to the one of the co-located KASCADE-Grande experiment. On the other hand, Xmax values are reconstructed with the LOPES measurements with a resolution of 90 g/cm2 . A precision on Xmax better than 30 g/cm2 is predicted and achievable in a region with a lower human-made noise level., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, Proceedings ARENA 2012
Published: 2013
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28. LOPES 3D - vectorial measurements of radio emission from cosmic ray induced air showers

Author: Apel, W. D., Arteaga, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Fuchs, B., Fuhrmann, D., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. -H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Link, K., Luczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., Schröder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: LOPES 3D is able to measure all three components of the electric field vector of the radio emission from air showers. This allows a better comparison with emission models. The measurement of the vertical component increases the sensitivity to inclined showers. By measuring all three components of the electric field vector LOPES 3D demonstrates by how much the reconstruction accuracy of primary cosmic ray parameters increases. Thus LOPES 3D evaluates the usefulness of vectorial measurements for large scale applications., Comment: Proceedings ARENA 2012
Published: 2013

29. LOPES 3D reconfiguration and first measurements

Author: Huber, D., Apel, W. D., Arteaga, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Buchholz, P., Cantoni, E., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Finger, M., Fuchs, B., Fuhrmann, D., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. -H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Link, K., Luczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., Schröder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Wommer, M., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The Radio detection technique of high-energy cosmic rays is based on the radio signal emitted by the charged particles in an air shower due to their deflection in the Earth's magnetic field. The LOPES experiment at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany with its simple dipoles made major contributions to the revival of this technique. LOPES is working in the frequency range from 40 to 80 MHz and was reconfigured several times to improve and further develop the radio detection technique. In the current setup LOPES consists of 10 tripole antennas which measure the complete electric field vector of the radio emission from cosmic rays. LOPES is the first experiment measuring all three vectorial components at once and thereby gaining the full information about the electric field vector and not only a two-dimensional projection. Such a setup including also measurements of the vertical electric field component is expected to increase the sensitivity to inclined showers and help to advance the understanding of the emission mechanism. We present the reconfiguration and calibration procedure of LOPES 3D and discuss first measurements., Comment: Proceedings
Published: 2013

30. Thunderstorm Observations by Air-Shower Radio Antenna Arrays

Author: Apel, W. D., Arteaga, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Buchholz, P., Buitink, S., Cantoni, E., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Doll, P., Ender, M., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Finger, M., Fuhrmann, D., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. -H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Link, K., Luczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Nehls, S., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., Schröder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Wommer, M., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: Relativistic, charged particles present in extensive air showers lead to a coherent emission of radio pulses which are measured to identify the shower initiating high-energy cosmic rays. Especially during thunderstorms, there are additional strong electric fields in the atmosphere, which can lead to further multiplication and acceleration of the charged particles and thus have influence on the form and strength of the radio emission. For a reliable energy reconstruction of the primary cosmic ray by means of the measured radio signal it is very important to understand how electric fields affect the radio emission. In addition, lightning strikes are a prominent source of broadband radio emissions that are visible over very long distances. This, on the one hand, causes difficulties in the detection of the much lower signal of the air shower. On the other hand the recorded signals can be used to study features of the lightning development. The detection of cosmic rays via the radio emission and the influence of strong electric fields on this detection technique is investigated with the LOPES experiment in Karlsruhe, Germany. The important question if a lightning is initiated by the high electron density given at the maximum of a high-energy cosmic-ray air shower is also investigated, but could not be answered by LOPES. But, these investigations exhibit the capabilities of EAS radio antenna arrays for lightning studies. We report about the studies of LOPES measured radio signals of air showers taken during thunderstorms and give a short outlook to new measurements dedicated to search for correlations of lightning and cosmic rays.
Published: 2013
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31. LOPES-3D, an antenna array for full signal detection of air-shower radio emission

Author: Apel, W. D., Arteaga, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Buchholz, P., Cantoni, E., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Finger, M., Fuchs, B., Fuhrmann, D., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. -H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Link, K., Luczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., Schröder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Wommer, M., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: To better understand the radio signal emitted by extensive air-showers and to further develop the radio detection technique of high-energy cosmic rays, the LOPES experiment was reconfigured to LOPES-3D. LOPES-3D is able to measure all three vectorial components of the electric field of radio emission from cosmic ray air showers. The additional measurement of the vertical component ought to increase the reconstruction accuracy of primary cosmic ray parameters like direction and energy, provides an improved sensitivity to inclined showers, and will help to validate simulation of the emission mechanisms in the atmosphere. LOPES-3D will evaluate the feasibility of vectorial measurements for large scale applications. In order to measure all three electric field components directly, a tailor-made antenna type (tripoles) was deployed. The change of the antenna type necessitated new pre-amplifiers and an overall recalibration. The reconfiguration and the recalibration procedure are presented and the operationality of LOPES-3D is demonstrated.
Published: 2013
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32. Cosmic Ray Measurements with LOPES: Status and Recent Results (ARENA 2012)

Author: Schröder, F. G., Apel, W. D., Arteaga, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Fuchs, B., Fuhrmann, D., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. -H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Link, K., Luczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: LOPES is a digital antenna array at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, for cosmic-ray air-shower measurements. Triggered by the co-located KASCADE-Grande air-shower array, LOPES detects the radio emission of air showers via digital radio interferometry. We summarize the status of LOPES and recent results. In particular, we present an update on the reconstruction of the primary-particle properties based on almost 500 events above 100 PeV. With LOPES, the arrival direction can be reconstructed with a precision of at least 0.65{\deg}, and the energy with a precision of at least 20 %, which, however, does not include systematic uncertainties on the absolute energy scale. For many particle and astrophysics questions the reconstruction of the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum, Xmax, is important, since it yields information on the type of the primary particle and its interaction with the atmosphere. Recently, we found experimental evidence that the slope of the radio lateral distribution is indeed sensitive to the longitudinal development of the air shower, but unfortunately, the Xmax precision at LOPES is limited by the high level of anthropogenic radio background. Nevertheless, the developed methods can be transferred to next generation experiments with lower background, which should provide an Xmax precision competitive to other detection technologies., Comment: The following article has been accepted by AIP Conference Proceedings. Proceedings of ARENA 2012, Erlangen, Germany; to appear on http://proceedings.aip.org/
Published: 2013
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33. Experimental evidence for the sensitivity of the air-shower radio signal to the longitudinal shower development

Author: Apel, W. D., Arteaga, J. C., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Buchholz, P., Cantoni, E., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Finger, M., Fuchs, B., Fuhrmann, D., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. -H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Link, K., Luczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., Schröder, F. G., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Wommer, M., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We observe a correlation between the slope of radio lateral distributions, and the mean muon pseudorapidity of 59 individual cosmic-ray-air-shower events. The radio lateral distributions are measured with LOPES, a digital radio interferometer co-located with the multi-detector-air-shower array KASCADE-Grande, which includes a muon-tracking detector. The result proves experimentally that radio measurements are sensitive to the longitudinal development of cosmic-ray air-showers. This is one of the main prerequisites for using radio arrays for ultra-high-energy particle physics and astrophysics., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication by Physical Review D
Published: 2012
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34. A search for ultra-high energy neutrinos in highly inclined events at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Ahlers, M., Ahn, E. J., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Allard, D., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Allison, P., Almela, A., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Ambrosio, M., Aminaei, A., Anchordoqui, L., Andringa, S., Anticic, T., Aramo, C., Arganda, E., Arqueros, F., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Aublin, J., Ave, M., Avenier, M., Avila, G., Bäcker, T., Badescu, A. M., Balzer, M., Barber, K. B., Barbosa, A. F., Bardenet, R., Barroso, S. L. C., Baughman, B., Bäuml, J., Beatty, J. J., Becker, B. R., Becker, K. H., Bellétoile, A., Bellido, J. A., BenZvi, S., Berat, C., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Billoir, P., Blanco, F., Blanco, M., Bleve, C., Blümer, H., Bohácová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonino, R., Borodai, N., Brack, J., Brancus, I., Brogueira, P., Brown, W. C., Bruijn, R., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Burton, R. E., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, B., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalano, O., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Chauvin, J., Cheng, S. H., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J. A., Diaz, J. Chirinos, Chudoba, J., Clay, R. W., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Contreras, F., Cook, H., Cooper, M. J., Coppens, J., Cordier, A., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Creusot, A., Criss, A., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Dagoret-Campagne, S., Dallier, R., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., De Domenico, M., De Donato, C., de Jong, S. J., De La Vega, G., Junior, W. J. M. de Mello, Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Souza, V., de Vries, K. D., del Peral, L., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dembinski, H., Dhital, N., Di Giulio, C., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Diep, P. N., Diogo, F., Dobrigkeit, C., Docters, W., D'Olivo, J. C., Dong, P. N., Dorofeev, A., Anjos, J. C. dos, Dova, M. T., D'Urso, D., Dutan, I., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Espadanal, J., Etchegoyen, A., Luis, P. Facal San, Tapia, I. Fajardo, Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Ferguson, A. P., Fick, B., Filevich, A., Filipcic, A., Fliescher, S., Fracchiolla, C. E., Fraenkel, E. D., Fratu, O., Fröhlich, U., Fuchs, B., Gaior, R., Gamarra, R. F., Gambetta, S., García, B., Roca, S. T. Garcia, Garcia-Gamez, D., Garcia-Pinto, D., Gascon, A., Gemmeke, H., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giller, M., Glass, H., Gold, M. S., Golup, G., Albarracin, F. Gomez, Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gookin, B., Gorgi, A., Gouffon, P., Grashorn, E., Grebe, S., Griffith, N., Grigat, M., Grillo, A. F., Guardincerri, Y., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guzman, A., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harmsma, S., Harrison, T. A., Harton, J. L., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Herve, A. E., Hojvat, C., Hollon, N., Holmes, V. C., Homola, P., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huber, D., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Ionita, F., Italiano, A., Jarne, C., Jiraskova, S., Josebachuili, M., Kadija, K., Kampert, K. H., Karhan, P., Kasper, P., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, B., Keivani, A., Kelley, J. L., Kemp, E., Kieckhafer, R. M., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, J., Koang, D. -H., Kotera, K., Krohm, N., Krömer, O., Kruppke-Hansen, D., Kuehn, F., Kuempel, D., Kulbartz, J. K., Kunka, N., La Rosa, G., Lachaud, C., Lauer, R., Lautridou, P., Coz, S. Le, Leão, M. S. A. B., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, P., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Link, K., López, R., Agüera, A. Lopez, Louedec, K., Bahilo, J. Lozano, Lu, L., Lucero, A., Ludwig, M., Lyberis, H., Macolino, C., Maldera, S., Mandat, D., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Marin, J., Marin, V., Maris, I. C., Falcon, H. R. Marquez, Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martin, L., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthews, J. A. J., Matthiae, G., Maurel, D., Maurizio, D., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melissas, M., Melo, D., Menichetti, E., Menshikov, A., Mertsch, P., Meurer, C., Micanovic, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miramonti, L., Molina-Bueno, L., Mollerach, S., Monasor, M., Ragaigne, D. Monnier, Montanet, F., Morales, B., Morello, C., Moreno, E., Moreno, J. C., Mostafá, M., Moura, C. A., Muller, M. A., Müller, G., Münchmeyer, M., Mussa, R., Navarra, G., Navarro, J. L., Navas, S., Necesal, P., Nellen, L., Nelles, A., Neuser, J., Newton, D., Nhung, P. T., Niechciol, M., Niemietz, L., Nierstenhoefer, N., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Nožka, L., Nyklicek, M., Oehlschläger, J., Olinto, A., Ortiz, M., Pacheco, N., Selmi-Dei, D. Pakk, Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Palmieri, N., Parente, G., Parizot, E., Parra, A., Pastor, S., Paul, T., Pech, M., Pekala, J., Pelayo, R., Pepe, I. M., Perrone, L., Pesce, R., Petermann, E., Petrera, S., Petrinca, P., Petrolini, A., Petrov, Y., Pfendner, C., Piegaia, R., Pierog, T., Pieroni, P., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Ponce, V. H., Pontz, M., Porcelli, A., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Quel, E. J., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravel, O., Ravignani, D., Revenu, B., Ridky, J., Riggi, S., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rivera, H., Rizi, V., Roberts, J., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rodriguez, G., Martino, J. Rodriguez, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Rodriguez-Cabo, I., Rodríguez-Frías, M. D., Ros, G., Rosado, J., Rossler, T., Roth, M., Rouillé-d'Orfeuil, B., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Greus, F. Salesa, Salina, G., Sánchez, F., Santo, C. E., Santos, E., Santos, E. M., Sarazin, F., Sarkar, B., Sarkar, S., Sato, R., Scharf, N., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schiffer, P., Schmidt, A., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovancova, J., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F., Schulte, S., Schuster, D., Sciutto, S. J., Scuderi, M., Segreto, A., Settimo, M., Shadkam, A., Shellard, R. C., Sidelnik, I., Sigl, G., Lopez, H. H. Silva, Sima, O., Smialkowski, A., Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Sorokin, J., Spinka, H., Squartini, R., Srivastava, Y. N., Stanic, S., Stapleton, J., Stasielak, J., Stephan, M., Stutz, A., Suarez, F., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šuša, T., Sutherland, M. S., Swain, J., Szadkowski, Z., Szuba, M., Tapia, A., Tartare, M., Tascau, O., Ruiz, C. G. Tavera, Tcaciuc, R., Tegolo, D., Thao, N. T., Thomas, D., Tiffenberg, J., Timmermans, C., Tkaczyk, W., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Toma, G., Tomé, B., Tonachini, A., Travnicek, P., Tridapalli, D. B., Tristram, G., Trovato, E., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., Berg, A. M. van den, Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vázquez, J. R., Vázquez, R. A., Veberic, D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Videla, M., Villaseñor, L., Wahlberg, H., Wahrlich, P., Wainberg, O., Walz, D., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weidenhaupt, K., Weindl, A., Werner, F., Westerhoff, S., Whelan, B. J., Widom, A., Wieczorek, G., Wiencke, L., Wilczynska, B., Wilczynski, H., Will, M., Williams, C., Winchen, T., Wommer, M., Wundheiler, B., Yamamoto, T., Yapici, T., Younk, P., Yuan, G., Yushkov, A., Zamorano, B., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zaw, I., Zepeda, A., Zhu, Y., Silva, M. Zimbres, and Ziolkowski, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory is sensitive to neutrinos of all flavours above 0.1 EeV. These interact through charged and neutral currents in the atmosphere giving rise to extensive air showers. When interacting deeply in the atmosphere at nearly horizontal incidence, neutrinos can be distinguished from regular hadronic cosmic rays by the broad time structure of their shower signals in the water-Cherenkov detectors. In this paper we present for the first time an analysis based on down-going neutrinos. We describe the search procedure, the possible sources of background, the method to compute the exposure and the associated systematic uncertainties. No candidate neutrinos have been found in data collected from 1 January 2004 to 31 May 2010. Assuming an E^-2 differential energy spectrum the limit on the single flavour neutrino is (E^2 * dN/dE) < 1.74x10^-7 GeV cm^-2 s^-1 sr^-1 at 90% C.L. in the energy range 1x10^17 eV < E < 1x10^20 eV., Comment: 16 pages, 14 figures, published 30 December 2011
Published: 2012
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35. Description of Atmospheric Conditions at the Pierre Auger Observatory using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS)

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Ahlers, M., Ahn, E. J., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Allard, D., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Allison, P., Almela, A., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Ambrosio, M., Aminaei, A., Anchordoqui, L., Andringa, S., Antičić, T., Aramo, C., Arganda, E., Arqueros, F., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Aublin, J., Ave, M., Avenier, M., Avila, G., Bäcker, T., Badescu, A. M., Balzer, M., Barber, K. B., Barbosa, A. F., Bardenet, R., Barroso, S. L. C., Baughman, B., Bäuml, J., Beatty, J. J., Becker, B. R., Becker, K. H., Bellétoile, A., Bellido, J. A., BenZvi, S., Berat, C., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Billoir, P., Blanco, F., Blanco, M., Bleve, C., Blümer, H., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonino, R., Borodai, N., Brack, J., Brancus, I., Brogueira, P., Brown, W. C., Bruijn, R., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Burton, R. E., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, B., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalano, O., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Chauvin, J., Cheng, S. H., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J. A., Diaz, J. Chirinos, Chudoba, J., Clay, R. W., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Contreras, F., Cook, H., Cooper, M. J., Coppens, J., Cordier, A., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Creusot, A., Criss, A., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Dagoret-Campagne, S., Dallier, R., Daniel, B., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., De Domenico, M., De Donato, C., de Jong, S. J., De La Vega, G., Junior, W. J. M. de Mello, Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Souza, V., de Vries, K. D., del Peral, L., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dembinski, H., Dhital, N., Di Giulio, C., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Diep, P. N., Diogo, F., Dobrigkeit, C., Docters, W., D'Olivo, J. C., Dong, P. N., Dorofeev, A., Anjos, J. C. dos, Dova, M. T., D'Urso, D., Dutan, I., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Espadanal, J., Etchegoyen, A., Luis, P. Facal San, Tapia, I. Fajardo, Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Ferguson, A. P., Fick, B., Filevich, A., Filipčič, A., Fliescher, S., Fracchiolla, C. E., Fraenkel, E. D., Fratu, O., Fröhlich, U., Fuchs, B., Gaior, R., Gamarra, R. F., Gambetta, S., García, B., Roca, S. T. Garcia, Garcia-Gamez, D., Garcia-Pinto, D., Gascon, A., Gemmeke, H., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giller, M., Glass, H., Gold, M. S., Golup, G., Albarracin, F. Gomez, Berisso, M. Gómez, Vitale, P. F. Gómez, Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gookin, B., Gorgi, A., Gouffon, P., Grashorn, E., Grebe, S., Griffith, N., Grigat, M., Grillo, A. F., Guardincerri, Y., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guzman, A., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harrison, T. A., Harton, J. L., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Herve, A. E., Hojvat, C., Hollon, N., Holmes, V. C., Homola, P., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huber, D., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Ionita, F., Italiano, A., Jarne, C., Jiraskova, S., Josebachuili, M., Kadija, K., Kampert, K. H., Karhan, P., Kasper, P., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, B., Keivani, A., Kelley, J. L., Kemp, E., Kieckhafer, R. M., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, J., Koang, D. -H., Kotera, K., Krohm, N., Krömer, O., Kruppke-Hansen, D., Kuehn, F., Kuempel, D., Kulbartz, J. K., Kunka, N., La Rosa, G., Lachaud, C., LaHurd, D., Latronico, L., Lauer, R., Lautridou, P., Coz, S. Le, Leão, M. S. A. B., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, P., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Link, K., López, R., Agüera, A. Lopez, Louedec, K., Bahilo, J. Lozano, Lu, L., Lucero, A., Ludwig, M., Lyberis, H., Maccarone, M. C., Macolino, C., Maldera, S., Mandat, D., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Marin, J., Marin, V., Maris, I. C., Falcon, H. R. Marquez, Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martin, L., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthews, J. A. J., Matthiae, G., Maurel, D., Maurizio, D., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melissas, M., Melo, D., Menichetti, E., Menshikov, A., Mertsch, P., Meurer, C., Mićanović, S., Micheletti, M. I., Minaya, I. A., Miramonti, L., Molina-Bueno, L., Mollerach, S., Monasor, M., Ragaigne, D. Monnier, Montanet, F., Morales, B., Morello, C., Moreno, E., Moreno, J. C., Mostafá, M., Moura, C. A., Muller, M. A., Müller, G., Münchmeyer, M., Mussa, R., Navarra, G., Navarro, J. L., Navas, S., Necesal, P., Nellen, L., Nelles, A., Neuser, J., Nhung, P. T., Niechciol, M., Niemietz, L., Nierstenhoefer, N., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Nožka, L., Oehlschläger, J., Olinto, A., Ortiz, M., Pacheco, N., Selmi-Dei, D. Pakk, Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Palmieri, N., Parente, G., Parizot, E., Parra, A., Pastor, S., Paul, T., Pech, M., Pȩkala, J., Pelayo, R., Pepe, I. M., Perrone, L., Pesce, R., Petermann, E., Petrera, S., Petrinca, P., Petrolini, A., Petrov, Y., Pfendner, C., Piegaia, R., Pierog, T., Pieroni, P., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Ponce, V. H., Pontz, M., Porcelli, A., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Quel, E. J., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravel, O., Ravignani, D., Revenu, B., Ridky, J., Riggi, S., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rivera, H., Rizi, V., Roberts, J., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rodriguez, G., Martino, J. Rodriguez, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Rodriguez-Cabo, I., Rodríguez-Frías, M. D., Ros, G., Rosado, J., Rossler, T., Roth, M., Rouillé-d'Orfeuil, B., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Greus, F. Salesa, Salina, G., Sánchez, F., Santo, C. E., Santos, E., Santos, E. M., Sarazin, F., Sarkar, B., Sarkar, S., Sato, R., Scharf, N., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schiffer, P., Schmidt, A., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovancova, J., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F., Schulte, S., Schuster, D., Sciutto, S. J., Scuderi, M., Segreto, A., Settimo, M., Shadkam, A., Shellard, R. C., Sidelnik, I., Sigl, G., Lopez, H. H. Silva, Sima, O., Śmiałkowski, A., Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Sorokin, J., Spinka, H., Squartini, R., Srivastava, Y. N., Stanic, S., Stapleton, J., Stasielak, J., Stephan, M., Stutz, A., Suarez, F., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šuša, T., Sutherland, M. S., Swain, J., Szadkowski, Z., Szuba, M., Tapia, A., Tartare, M., Taşcău, O., Ruiz, C. G. Tavera, Tcaciuc, R., Thao, N. T., Thomas, D., Tiffenberg, J., Timmermans, C., Tkaczyk, W., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Toma, G., Tomankova, L., Tomé, B., Tonachini, A., Travnicek, P., Tridapalli, D. B., Tristram, G., Trovato, E., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., Berg, A. M. van den, Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vázquez, J. R., Vázquez, R. A., Veberič, D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Videla, M., Villaseñor, L., Wahlberg, H., Wahrlich, P., Wainberg, O., Walz, D., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weidenhaupt, K., Weindl, A., Werner, F., Westerhoff, S., Whelan, B. J., Widom, A., Wieczorek, G., Wiencke, L., Wilczyńska, B., Wilczyński, H., Will, M., Williams, C., Winchen, T., Wommer, M., Wundheiler, B., Yamamoto, T., Yapici, T., Younk, P., Yuan, G., Yushkov, A., Zamorano, B., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zaw, I., Zepeda, A., Zhu, Y., Silva, M. Zimbres, and Ziolkowski, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Atmospheric conditions at the site of a cosmic ray observatory must be known for reconstructing observed extensive air showers. The Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) is a global atmospheric model predicated on meteorological measurements and numerical weather predictions. GDAS provides altitude-dependent profiles of the main state variables of the atmosphere like temperature, pressure, and humidity. The original data and their application to the air shower reconstruction of the Pierre Auger Observatory are described. By comparisons with radiosonde and weather station measurements obtained on-site in Malarg\"ue and averaged monthly models, the utility of the GDAS data is shown.
Published: 2012
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36. The Lateral Trigger Probability function for the Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Showers detected by the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Ahn, E. J., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Allard, D., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Allison, P., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Ambrosio, M., Aminaei, A., Anchordoqui, L., Andringa, S., Antičić, T., Anzalone, A., Aramo, C., Arganda, E., Arqueros, F., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Aublin, J., Ave, M., Avenier, M., Avila, G., Bäcker, T., Balzer, M., Barber, K. B., Barbosa, A. F., Bardenet, R., Barroso, S. L. C., Baughman, B., Bäuml, J., Beatty, J. J., Becker, B. R., Becker, K. H., Bellétoile, A., Bellido, J. A., BenZvi, S., Berat, C., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Billoir, P., Blanco, F., Blanco, M., Bleve, C., Blümer, H., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonino, R., Borodai, N., Brack, J., Brogueira, P., Brown, W. C., Bruijn, R., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Burton, R. E., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalano, O., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Chauvin, J., Cheng, S. H., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chou, A., Chudoba, J., Clay, R. W., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Contreras, F., Cook, H., Cooper, M. J., Coppens, J., Cordier, A., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Creusot, A., Criss, A., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Dagoret-Campagne, S., Dallier, R., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., De Domenico, M., De Donato, C., de Jong, S. J., De La Vega, G., Junior, W. J. M. de Mello, Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Souza, V., de Vries, K. D., Decerprit, G., del Peral, L., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dembinski, H., Dhital, N., Di Giulio, C., Diaz, J. C., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Diep, P. N., Dobrigkeit, C., Docters, W., D'Olivo, J. C., Dong, P. N., Dorofeev, A., Anjos, J. C. dos, Dova, M. T., D'Urso, D., Dutan, I., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Espadanal, J., Etchegoyen, A., Luis, P. Facal San, Tapia, I. Fajardo, Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Ferguson, A. P., Ferrero, A., Fick, B., Filevich, A., Filipčič, A., Fliescher, S., Fracchiolla, C. E., Fraenkel, E. D., Fröhlich, U., Fuchs, B., Gaior, R., Gamarra, R. F., Gambetta, S., García, B., Gámez, D. García, Garcia-Pinto, D., Gascon, A., Gemmeke, H., Gesterling, K., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giller, M., Glass, H., Gold, M. S., Golup, G., Albarracin, F. Gomez, Berisso, M. Gómez, Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gookin, B., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gouffon, P., Gozzini, S. R., Grashorn, E., Grebe, S., Griffith, N., Grigat, M., Grillo, A. F., Guardincerri, Y., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guzman, A., Hague, J. D., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harmsma, S., Harton, J. L., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Herve, A. E., Hojvat, C., Hollon, N., Holmes, V. C., Homola, P., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Ionita, F., Italiano, A., Jarne, C., Jiraskova, S., Josebachuili, M., Kadija, K., Kampert, K. H., Karhan, P., Kasper, P., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, B., Keivani, A., Kelley, J. L., Kemp, E., Kieckhafer, R. M., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, J., Koang, D. -H., Kotera, K., Krohm, N., Krömer, O., Kruppke-Hansen, D., Kuehn, F., Kuempel, D., Kulbartz, J. K., Kunka, N., La Rosa, G., Lachaud, C., Lautridou, P., Leão, M. S. A. B., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, P., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lemiere, A., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Link, K., López, R., Agüera, A. Lopez, Louedec, K., Bahilo, J. Lozano, Lu, L., Lucero, A., Ludwig, M., Lyberis, H., Maccarone, M. C., Macolino, C., Maldera, S., Mandat, D., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Marin, J., Marin, V., Maris, I. C., Falcon, H. R. Marquez, Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martin, L., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthews, J. A. J., Matthiae, G., Maurizio, D., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melissas, M., Melo, D., Menichetti, E., Menshikov, A., Mertsch, P., Meurer, C., Mićanović, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miller, W., Miramonti, L., Molina-Bueno, L., Mollerach, S., Monasor, M., Ragaigne, D. Monnier, Montanet, F., Morales, B., Morello, C., Moreno, E., Moreno, J. C., Morris, C., Mostafá, M., Moura, C. A., Mueller, S., Muller, M. A., Müller, G., Münchmeyer, M., Mussa, R., G. Navarra, Navarro, J. L., Navas, S., Necesal, P., Nellen, L., Nelles, A., Neuser, J., Nhung, P. T., Niemietz, L., Nierstenhoefer, N., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Nožka, L., Nyklicek, M., Oehlschläger, J., Olinto, A., Oliva, P., Olmos-Gilbaja, V. M., Ortiz, M., Pacheco, N., Selmi-Dei, D. Pakk, Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Palmieri, N., Parente, G., Parizot, E., Parra, A., Parsons, R. D., Pastor, S., Paul, T., Pech, M., Pękala, J., Pelayo, R., Pepe, I. M., Perrone, L., Pesce, R., Petermann, E., Petrera, S., Petrinca, P., Petrolini, A., Petrov, Y., Petrovic, J., Pfendner, C., Phan, N., Piegaia, R., Pierog, T., Pieroni, P., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Ponce, V. H., Pontz, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Quel, E. J., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravel, O., Ravignani, D., Revenu, B., Ridky, J., Riggi, S., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rivera, H., Rizi, V., Roberts, J., Robledo, C., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rodriguez, G., Martino, J. Rodriguez, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Rodriguez-Cabo, I., Rodríguez-Frías, M. D., Ros, G., Rosado, J., Rossler, T., Roth, M., Rouillé-d'Orfeuil, B., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Rühle, C., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sánchez, F., Santo, C. E., Santos, E., Santos, E. M., Sarazin, F., Sarkar, B., Sarkar, S., Sato, R., Scharf, N., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schiffer, P., Schmidt, A., Schmidt, F., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovancova, J., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F., Schulte, S., Schuster, D., Sciutto, S. J., Scuderi, M., Segreto, A., Settimo, M., Shadkam, A., Shellard, R. C., Sidelnik, I., Sigl, G., Lopez, H. H. Silva, Śmiałkowski, A., Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Sorokin, J., Spinka, H., Squartini, R., Stanic, S., Stapleton, J., Stasielak, J., Stephan, M., Strazzeri, E., Stutz, A., Suarez, F., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šuša, T., Sutherland, M. S., Swain, J., Szadkowski, Z., Szuba, M., Tamashiro, A., Tapia, A., Tartare, M., Taşcău, O., Ruiz, C. G. Tavera, Tcaciuc, R., Tegolo, D., Thao, N. T., Thomas, D., Tiffenberg, J., Timmermans, C., Tiwari, D. K., Tkaczyk, W., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Tonachini, A., Travnicek, P., Tridapalli, D. B., Tristram, G., Trovato, E., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., Berg, A. M. van den, Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vázquez, J. R., Vázquez, R. A., Veberič, D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Videla, M., Villaseñor, L., Wahlberg, H., Wahrlich, P., Wainberg, O., Warner, D., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weidenhaupt, K., Weindl, A., Westerhoff, S., Whelan, B. J., Wieczorek, G., Wiencke, L., Wilczyńska, B., Wilczyński, H., Will, M., Williams, C., Winchen, T., Winnick, M. G., Wommer, M., Wundheiler, B., Yamamoto, T., Yapici, T., Younk, P., Yuan, G., Yushkov, A., Zamorano, B., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zaw, I., Zepeda, A., Silva, M. Zimbres, and Ziolkowski, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: In this paper we introduce the concept of Lateral Trigger Probability (LTP) function, i.e., the probability for an extensive air shower (EAS) to trigger an individual detector of a ground based array as a function of distance to the shower axis, taking into account energy, mass and direction of the primary cosmic ray. We apply this concept to the surface array of the Pierre Auger Observatory consisting of a 1.5 km spaced grid of about 1600 water Cherenkov stations. Using Monte Carlo simulations of ultra-high energy showers the LTP functions are derived for energies in the range between 10^{17} and 10^{19} eV and zenith angles up to 65 degs. A parametrization combining a step function with an exponential is found to reproduce them very well in the considered range of energies and zenith angles. The LTP functions can also be obtained from data using events simultaneously observed by the fluorescence and the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory (hybrid events). We validate the Monte-Carlo results showing how LTP functions from data are in good agreement with simulations., Comment: 22 pages, 8 figures. Published in Astroparticle Physics
Published: 2011
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37. Search for signatures of magnetically-induced alignment in the arrival directions measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Ahn, E. J., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Allard, D., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Allison, P., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Ambrosio, M., Aminaei, A., Anchordoqui, L., Andringa, S., Antičić, T., Anzalone, A., Aramo, C., Arganda, E., Arqueros, F., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Aublin, J., Ave, M., Avenier, M., Avila, G., Bäcker, T., Balzer, M., Barber, K. B., Barbosa, A. F., Bardenet, R., Barroso, S. L. C., Baughman, B., Bäuml, J., Beatty, J. J., Becker, B. R., Becker, K. H., Bellétoile, A., Bellido, J. A., BenZvi, S., Berat, C., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Billoir, P., Blanco, F., Blanco, M., Bleve, C., Blümer, H., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonino, R., Borodai, N., Brack, J., Brogueira, P., Brown, W. C., Bruijn, R., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Burton, R. E., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalano, O., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Chauvin, J., Cheng, S. H., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chou, A., Chudoba, J., Clay, R. W., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Contreras, F., Cook, H., Cooper, M. J., Coppens, J., Cordier, A., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Creusot, A., Criss, A., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Dagoret-Campagne, S., Dallier, R., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., De Domenico, M., De Donato, C., de Jong, S. J., De La Vega, G., Junior, W. J. M. de Mello, Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Souza, V., de Vries, K. D., Decerprit, G., del Peral, L., del Río, M., Deligny, O., Dembinski, H., Dhital, N., Di Giulio, C., Diaz, J. C., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Diep, P. N., Dobrigkeit, C., Docters, W., D'Olivo, J. C., Dong, P. N., Dorofeev, A., Anjos, J. C. dos, Dova, M. T., D'Urso, D., Dutan, I., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Espadanal, J., Etchegoyen, A., Luis, P. Facal San, Tapia, I. Fajardo, Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Ferguson, A. P., Ferrero, A., Fick, B., Filevich, A., Filipčič, A., Fliescher, S., Fracchiolla, C. E., Fraenkel, E. D., Fröhlich, U., Fuchs, B., Gaior, R., Gamarra, R. F., Gambetta, S., García, B., Gámez, D. García, Garcia-Pinto, D., Gascon, A., Gemmeke, H., Gesterling, K., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giller, M., Glass, H., Gold, M. S., Golup, G., Albarracin, F. Gomez, Berisso, M. Gómez, Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gookin, B., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gouffon, P., Gozzini, S. R., Grashorn, E., Grebe, S., Griffith, N., Grigat, M., Grillo, A. F., Guardincerri, Y., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guzman, A., Hague, J. D., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harmsma, S., Harton, J. L., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Herve, A. E., Hojvat, C., Hollon, N., Holmes, V. C., Homola, P., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Ionita, F., Italiano, A., Jarne, C., Jiraskova, S., Josebachuili, M., Kadija, K., Kampert, K. H., Karhan, P., Kasper, P., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, B., Keivani, A., Kelley, J. L., Kemp, E., Kieckhafer, R. M., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, J., Koang, D. -H., Kotera, K., Krohm, N., Krömer, O., Kruppke-Hansen, D., Kuehn, F., Kuempel, D., Kulbartz, J. K., Kunka, N., La Rosa, G., Lachaud, C., Lautridou, P., Leão, M. S. A. B., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, P., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lemiere, A., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Link, K., López, R., Agüera, A. Lopez, Louedec, K., Bahilo, J. Lozano, Lu, L., Lucero, A., Ludwig, M., Lyberis, H., Maccarone, M. C., Macolino, C., Maldera, S., Mandat, D., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Marin, J., Marin, V., Maris, I. C., Falcon, H. R. Marquez, Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martin, L., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthews, J. A. J., Matthiae, G., Maurizio, D., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melissas, M., Melo, D., Menichetti, E., Menshikov, A., Mertsch, P., Meurer, C., Mićanović, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miller, W., Miramonti, L., Molina-Bueno, L., Mollerach, S., Monasor, M., Ragaigne, D. Monnier, Montanet, F., Morales, B., Morello, C., Moreno, E., Moreno, J. C., Morris, C., Mostafá, M., Moura, C. A., Mueller, S., Muller, M. A., Müller, G., Münchmeyer, M., Mussa, R., Navarra, G., Navarro, J. L., Navas, S., Necesal, P., Nellen, L., Nelles, A., Neuser, J., Nhung, P. T., Niemietz, L., Nierstenhoefer, N., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Nožka, L., Nyklicek, M., Oehlschläger, J., Olinto, A., Oliva, P., Olmos-Gilbaja, V. M., Ortiz, M., Pacheco, N., Selmi-Dei, D. Pakk, Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Palmieri, N., Parente, G., Parizot, E., Parra, A., Parsons, R. D., Pastor, S., Paul, T., Pech, M., Pȩkala, J., Pelayo, R., Pepe, I. M., Perrone, L., Pesce, R., Petermann, E., Petrera, S., Petrinca, P., Petrolini, A., Petrov, Y., Petrovic, J., Pfendner, C., Phan, N., Piegaia, R., Pierog, T., Pieroni, P., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Ponce, V. H., Pontz, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Quel, E. J., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravel, O., Ravignani, D., Revenu, B., Ridky, J., Riggi, S., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rivera, H., Rizi, V., Roberts, J., Robledo, C., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rodriguez, G., Martino, J. Rodriguez, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Rodriguez-Cabo, I., Rodríguez-Frías, M. D., Ros, G., Rosado, J., Rossler, T., Roth, M., Rouillé-d'Orfeuil, B., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Rühle, C., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sánchez, F., Santo, C. E., Santos, E., Santos, E. M., Sarazin, F., Sarkar, B., Sarkar, S., Sato, R., Scharf, N., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schiffer, P., Schmidt, A., Schmidt, F., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovancova, J., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F., Schulte, S., Schuster, D., Sciutto, S. J., Scuderi, M., Segreto, A., Settimo, M., Shadkam, A., Shellard, R. C., Sidelnik, I., Sigl, G., Lopez, H. H. Silva, Śmiałkowski, A., Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Sorokin, J., Spinka, H., Squartini, R., Stanic, S., Stapleton, J., Stasielak, J., Stephan, M., Strazzeri, E., Stutz, A., Suarez, F., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šuša, T., Sutherland, M. S., Swain, J., Szadkowski, Z., Szuba, M., Tamashiro, A., Tapia, A., Tartare, M., Taşcău, O., Ruiz, C. G. Tavera, Tcaciuc, R., Tegolo, D., Thao, N. T., Thomas, D., Tiffenberg, J., Timmermans, C., Tiwari, D. K., Tkaczyk, W., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Tonachini, A., Travnicek, P., Tridapalli, D. B., Tristram, G., Trovato, E., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., Berg, A. M. van den, Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vázquez, J. R., Vázquez, R. A., Veberič, D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Videla, M., Villaseñor, L., Wahlberg, H., Wahrlich, P., Wainberg, O., Walz, D., Warner, D., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weidenhaupt, K., Weindl, A., Westerhoff, S., Whelan, B. J., Wieczorek, G., Wiencke, L., Wilczyńska, B., Wilczyński, H., Will, M., Williams, C., Winchen, T., Winnick, M. G., Wommer, M., Wundheiler, B., Yamamoto, T., Yapici, T., Younk, P., Yuan, G., Yushkov, A., Zamorano, B., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zaw, I., Zepeda, A., Silva, M. Zimbres, and Ziolkowski, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We present the results of an analysis of data recorded at the Pierre Auger Observatory in which we search for groups of directionally-aligned events (or `multiplets') which exhibit a correlation between arrival direction and the inverse of the energy. These signatures are expected from sets of events coming from the same source after having been deflected by intervening coherent magnetic fields. The observation of several events from the same source would open the possibility to accurately reconstruct the position of the source and also measure the integral of the component of the magnetic field orthogonal to the trajectory of the cosmic rays. We describe the largest multiplets found and compute the probability that they appeared by chance from an isotropic distribution. We find no statistically significant evidence for the presence of multiplets arising from magnetic deflections in the present data., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics
Published: 2011
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38. LOFAR: Detecting Cosmic Rays with a Radio Telescope

Author: Corstanje, A., Akker, M. van den, Bähren, L., Falcke, H., Frieswijk, W., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., James, C. W., Kelley, J. L., McFadden, R., Mevius, M., Nelles, A., Schellart, P., Scholten, O., Thoudam, S., and ter Veen, S.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: LOFAR (the Low Frequency Array), a distributed digital radio telescope with stations in the Netherlands, Germany, France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, is designed to enable full-sky monitoring of transient radio sources. These capabilities are ideal for the detection of broadband radio pulses generated in cosmic ray air showers. The core of LOFAR consists of 24 stations within 4 square kilometers, and each station contains 96 low-band antennas and 48 high-band antennas. This dense instrumentation will allow detailed studies of the lateral distribution of the radio signal in a frequency range of 10-250 MHz. Such studies are key to understanding the various radio emission mechanisms within the air shower, as well as for determining the potential of the radio technique for primary particle identification. We present the status of the LOFAR cosmic ray program, including the station design and hardware, the triggering and filtering schemes, and our initial observations of cosmic-ray-induced radio pulses., Comment: Contribution to the 32nd International Cosmic Ray Conference (Beijing, China, 11-18 Aug. 2011); 4 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2011

39. Optimized Trigger for Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic-Ray and Neutrino Observations with the Low Frequency Radio Array

Author: Singh, K., Mevius, M., Scholten, O., Anderson, J. M., van Ardenne, A., Arts, M., Avruch, M., Asgekar, A., Bell, M., Bennema, P., Bentum, M., Bernadi, G., Best, P., Boonstra, A. -J., Bregman, J., van de Brink, R., Broekema, C., Brouw, W., Brueggen, M., Buitink, S., Butcher, H., van Cappellen, W., Ciardi, B., Coolen, A., Damstra, S., Dettmar, R., van Diepen, G., Dijkstra, K., Donker, P., Doorduin, A., Drost, M., van Duin, A., Eisloeffel, J., Falcke, H., Garrett, M., Gerbers, M., Griessmeier, J., Grit, T., Gruppen, P., Gunst, A., van Haarlem, M., Hoeft, M., Holties, H., Horandel, J., Horneffer, L. A., Huijgen, A., James, C., de Jong, A., Kant, D., Kooistra, E., Koopman, Y., Koopmans, L., Kuper, G., Lambropoulos, P., van Leeuwen, J., Loose, M., Maat, P., Mallary, C., McFadden, R., Meulman, H., Mol, J. -D., Morawietz, J., Mulder, E., Munk, H., Nieuwenhuis, L., Nijboer, R., Norden, M., Noordam, J., Overeem, R., Paas, H., Pandey, V. N., Pandey-Pommier, M., Pizzo, R., Polatidis, A., Reich, W., de Reijer, J., Renting, A., Riemers, P., Roettgering, H., Romein, J., Roosjen, J., Ruiter, M., Schoenmakers, A., Schoonderbeek, G., Sluman, J., Smirnov, O., Stappers, B., Steinmetz, M., Stiepel, H., Stuurwold, K., Tagger, M., Tang, Y., ter Veen, S., Vermeulen, R., de Vos, M., Vogt, C., van der Wal, E., Weggemans, H., Wijnholds, S., Wise, M., Wucknitz, O., Yattawatta, S., and van Zwieten, J.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: When an ultra-high energy neutrino or cosmic ray strikes the Lunar surface a radio-frequency pulse is emitted. We plan to use the LOFAR radio telescope to detect these pulses. In this work we propose an efficient trigger implementation for LOFAR optimized for the observation of short radio pulses., Comment: Submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A
Published: 2011
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40. The Pierre Auger Observatory I: The Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum and Related Measurements

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Ahn, E. J., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Allard, D., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Allison, P., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Ambrosio, M., Aminaei, A., Anchordoqui, L., Andringa, S., Antičić, T., Anzalone, A., Aramo, C., Arganda, E., Arqueros, F., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Aublin, J., Ave, M., Avenier, M., Avila, G., Bäcker, T., Balzer, M., Barber, K. B., Barbosa, A. F., Bardenet, R., Barroso, S. L. C., Baughman, B., Bäuml, J., Beatty, J. J., Becker, B. R., Becker, K. H., Bellétoile, A., Bellido, J. A., BenZvi, S., Berat, C., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Billoir, P., Blanco, F., Blanco, M., Bleve, C., Blümer, H., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonino, R., Borodai, N., Brack, J., Brogueira, P., Brown, W. C., Bruijn, R., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Burton, R. E., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalano, O., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Chauvin, J., Cheng, S. H., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chou, A., Chudoba, J., Clay, R. W., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Contreras, F., Cook, H., Cooper, M. J., Coppens, J., Cordier, A., Cotti, U., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Creusot, A., Criss, A., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Dagoret-Campagne, S., Dallier, R., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., De Domenico, M., De Donato, C., de Jong, S. J., De La Vega, G., Junior, W. J. M. de Mello, Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Souza, V., de Vries, K. D., Decerprit, G., del Peral, L., Deligny, O., Dembinski, H., Dhital, N., Di Giulio, C., Diaz, J. C., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Diep, P. N., Dobrigkeit, C., Docters, W., D'Olivo, J. C., Dong, P. N., Dorofeev, A., Anjos, J. C. dos, Dova, M. T., D'Urso, D., Dutan, I., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Luis, P. Facal San, Tapia, I. Fajardo, Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Ferguson, A. P., Ferrero, A., Fick, B., Filevich, A., Filipčič, A., Fliescher, S., Fracchiolla, C. E., Fraenkel, E. D., Fröhlich, U., Fuchs, B., Gaior, R., Gamarra, R. F., Gambetta, S., García, B., Gámez, D. García, Garcia-Pinto, D., Gascon, A., Gemmeke, H., Gesterling, K., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giller, M., Glass, H., Gold, M. S., Golup, G., Albarracin, F. Gomez, Berisso, M. Gómez, Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gookin, B., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gouffon, P., Gozzini, S. R., Grashorn, E., Grebe, S., Griffith, N., Grigat, M., Grillo, A. F., Guardincerri, Y., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guzman, A., Hague, J. D., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harmsma, S., Harton, J. L., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Herve, A. E., Hojvat, C., Hollon, N., Holmes, V. C., Homola, P., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Ionita, F., Italiano, A., Jarne, C., Jiraskova, S., Josebachuili, M., Kadija, K., Kampert, K. -H., Karhan, P., Kasper, P., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, B., Keivani, A., Kelley, J. L., Kemp, E., Kieckhafer, R. M., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, J., Koang, D. -H., Kotera, K., Krohm, N., Krömer, O., Kruppke-Hansen, D., Kuehn, F., Kuempel, D., Kulbartz, J. K., Kunka, N., La Rosa, G., Lachaud, C., Lautridou, P., Leão, M. S. A. B., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, P., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lemiere, A., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Link, K., López, R., Agüera, A. Lopez, Louedec, K., Bahilo, J. Lozano, Lucero, A., Ludwig, M., Lyberis, H., Maccarone, M. C., Macolino, C., Maldera, S., Mandat, D., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Marin, J., Marin, V., Maris, I. C., Falcon, H. R. Marquez, Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martin, L., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthews, J. A. J., Matthiae, G., Maurizio, D., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melissas, M., Melo, D., Menichetti, E., Menshikov, A., Mertsch, P., Meurer, C., Mićanović, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miller, W., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Monasor, M., Ragaigne, D. Monnier, Montanet, F., Morales, B., Morello, C., Moreno, E., Moreno, J. C., Morris, C., Mostafá, M., Moura, C. A., Mueller, S., Muller, M. A., Müller, G., Münchmeyer, M., Mussa, R., Navarra, G., Navarro, J. L., Navas, S., Necesal, P., Nellen, L., Nelles, A., Neuser, J., Nhung, P. T., Niemietz, L., Nierstenhoefer, N., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Nožka, L., Nyklicek, M., Oehlschläger, J., Olinto, A., Olmos-Gilbaja, V. M., Ortiz, M., Pacheco, N., Selmi-Dei, D. Pakk, Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Palmieri, N., Parente, G., Parizot, E., Parra, A., Parsons, R. D., Pastor, S., Paul, T., Pech, M., Pȩkala, J., Pelayo, R., Pepe, I. M., Perrone, L., Pesce, R., Petermann, E., Petrera, S., Petrinca, P., Petrolini, A., Petrov, Y., Petrovic, J., Pfendner, C., Phan, N., Piegaia, R., Pierog, T., Pieroni, P., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Ponce, V. H., Pontz, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Quel, E. J., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravel, O., Ravignani, D., Revenu, B., Ridky, J., Riggi, S., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rivera, H., Rizi, V., Roberts, J., Robledo, C., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rodriguez, G., Martino, J. Rodriguez, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Rodriguez-Cabo, I., Rodríguez-Frías, M. D., Ros, G., Rosado, J., Rossler, T., Roth, M., Rouillé-d'Orfeuil, B., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Rühle, C., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sánchez, F., Santander, M., Santo, C. E., Santos, E., Santos, E. M., Sarazin, F., Sarkar, B., Sarkar, S., Sato, R., Scharf, N., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schiffer, P., Schmidt, A., Schmidt, F., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovancova, J., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F., Schulte, S., Schuster, D., Sciutto, S. J., Scuderi, M., Segreto, A., Settimo, M., Shadkam, A., Shellard, R. C., Sidelnik, I., Sigl, G., Lopez, H. H. Silva, kowski, A. Śmiał, Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Sorokin, J., Spinka, H., Squartini, R., Stanic, S., Stapleton, J., Stasielak, J., Stephan, M., Strazzeri, E., Stutz, A., Suarez, F., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šuša, T., Sutherland, M. S., Swain, J., Szadkowski, Z., Szuba, M., Tamashiro, A., Tapia, A., Tartare, M., Taşcău, O., Ruiz, C. G. Tavera, Tcaciuc, R., Tegolo, D., Thao, N. T., Thomas, D., Tiffenberg, J., Tiwari, C. Timmermans D. K., Tkaczyk, W., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Tonachini, A., Travnicek, P., Tridapalli, D. B., Tristram, G., Trovato, E., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., Berg, A. M. van den, Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vázquez, J. R., Vázquez, R. A., Veberič, D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Videla, M., Villaseñor, L., Wahlberg, H., Wahrlich, P., Wainberg, O., Walz, D., Warner, D., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weidenhaupt, K., Weindl, A., Westerhoff, S., Whelan, B. J., Wieczorek, G., Wiencke, L., Wilczyńska, B., Wilczyński, H., Will, M., Williams, C., Winchen, T., Winders, L., Winnick, M. G., Wommer, M., Wundheiler, B., Yamamoto, T., Yapici, T., Younk, P., Yuan, G., Yushkov, A., Zamorano, B., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtnik, M., Zaw, I., Zepeda, A., Zimbres-Silva, M., and Ziolkowski, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Studies of the cosmic ray energy spectrum at the highest energies with the Pierre Auger Observatory, Comment: Contributions to the 32nd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Beijing, China, August 2011
Published: 2011

41. The Pierre Auger Observatory III: Other Astrophysical Observations

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Ahn, E. J., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Allard, D., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Allison, P., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Ambrosio, M., Aminaei, A., Anchordoqui, L., Andringa, S., Antičić, T., Anzalone, A., Aramo, C., Arganda, E., Arqueros, F., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Aublin, J., Ave, M., Avenier, M., Avila, G., Bäcker, T., Balzer, M., Barber, K. B., Barbosa, A. F., Bardenet, R., Barroso, S. L. C., Baughman, B., Bäuml, J., Beatty, J. J., Becker, B. R., Becker, K. H., Bellétoile, A., Bellido, J. A., BenZvi, S., Berat, C., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Billoir, P., Blanco, F., Blanco, M., Bleve, C., Blümer, H., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonino, R., Borodai, N., Brack, J., Brogueira, P., Brown, W. C., Bruijn, R., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Burton, R. E., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalano, O., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Chauvin, J., Cheng, S. H., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chou, A., Chudoba, J., Clay, R. W., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Contreras, F., Cook, H., Cooper, M. J., Coppens, J., Cordier, A., Cotti, U., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Creusot, A., Criss, A., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Dagoret-Campagne, S., Dallier, R., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., De Domenico, M., De Donato, C., de Jong, S. J., De La Vega, G., Junior, W. J. M. de Mello, Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Souza, V., de Vries, K. D., Decerprit, G., del Peral, L., Deligny, O., Dembinski, H., Dhital, N., Di Giulio, C., Diaz, J. C., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Diep, P. N., Dobrigkeit, C., Docters, W., D'Olivo, J. C., Dong, P. N., Dorofeev, A., Anjos, J. C. dos, Dova, M. T., D'Urso, D., Dutan, I., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Luis, P. Facal San, Tapia, I. Fajardo, Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Ferguson, A. P., Ferrero, A., Fick, B., Filevich, A., Filipčič, A., Fliescher, S., Fracchiolla, C. E., Fraenkel, E. D., Fröhlich, U., Fuchs, B., Gaior, R., Gamarra, R. F., Gambetta, S., García, B., Gámez, D. García, Garcia-Pinto, D., Gascon, A., Gemmeke, H., Gesterling, K., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giller, M., Glass, H., Gold, M. S., Golup, G., Albarracin, F. Gomez, Berisso, M. Gómez, Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gookin, B., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gouffon, P., Gozzini, S. R., Grashorn, E., Grebe, S., Griffith, N., Grigat, M., Grillo, A. F., Guardincerri, Y., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guzman, A., Hague, J. D., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harmsma, S., Harton, J. L., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Herve, A. E., Hojvat, C., Hollon, N., Holmes, V. C., Homola, P., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Ionita, F., Italiano, A., Jarne, C., Jiraskova, S., Josebachuili, M., Kadija, K., Kampert, K. -H., Karhan, P., Kasper, P., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, B., Keivani, A., Kelley, J. L., Kemp, E., Kieckhafer, R. M., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, J., Koang, D. -H., Kotera, K., Krohm, N., Krömer, O., Kruppke-Hansen, D., Kuehn, F., Kuempel, D., Kulbartz, J. K., Kunka, N., La Rosa, G., Lachaud, C., Lautridou, P., Leão, M. S. A. B., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, P., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lemiere, A., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Link, K., López, R., Agüera, A. Lopez, Louedec, K., Bahilo, J. Lozano, Lucero, A., Ludwig, M., Lyberis, H., Maccarone, M. C., Macolino, C., Maldera, S., Mandat, D., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Marin, J., Marin, V., Maris, I. C., Falcon, H. R. Marquez, Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martin, L., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthews, J. A. J., Matthiae, G., Maurizio, D., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melissas, M., Melo, D., Menichetti, E., Menshikov, A., Mertsch, P., Meurer, C., Mićanović, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miller, W., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Monasor, M., Ragaigne, D. Monnier, Montanet, F., Morales, B., Morello, C., Moreno, E., Moreno, J. C., Morris, C., Mostafá, M., Moura, C. A., Mueller, S., Muller, M. A., Müller, G., Münchmeyer, M., Mussa, R., Navarra, G., Navarro, J. L., Navas, S., Necesal, P., Nellen, L., Nelles, A., Neuser, J., Nhung, P. T., Niemietz, L., Nierstenhoefer, N., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Nožka, L., Nyklicek, M., Oehlschläger, J., Olinto, A., Olmos-Gilbaja, V. M., Ortiz, M., Pacheco, N., Selmi-Dei, D. Pakk, Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Palmieri, N., Parente, G., Parizot, E., Parra, A., Parsons, R. D., Pastor, S., Paul, T., Pech, M., Pȩkala, J., Pelayo, R., Pepe, I. M., Perrone, L., Pesce, R., Petermann, E., Petrera, S., Petrinca, P., Petrolini, A., Petrov, Y., Petrovic, J., Pfendner, C., Phan, N., Piegaia, R., Pierog, T., Pieroni, P., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Ponce, V. H., Pontz, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Quel, E. J., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravel, O., Ravignani, D., Revenu, B., Ridky, J., Riggi, S., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rivera, H., Rizi, V., Roberts, J., Robledo, C., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rodriguez, G., Martino, J. Rodriguez, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Rodriguez-Cabo, I., Rodríguez-Frías, M. D., Ros, G., Rosado, J., Rossler, T., Roth, M., Rouillé-d'Orfeuil, B., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Rühle, C., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sánchez, F., Santander, M., Santo, C. E., Santos, E., Santos, E. M., Sarazin, F., Sarkar, B., Sarkar, S., Sato, R., Scharf, N., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schiffer, P., Schmidt, A., Schmidt, F., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovancova, J., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F., Schulte, S., Schuster, D., Sciutto, S. J., Scuderi, M., Segreto, A., Settimo, M., Shadkam, A., Shellard, R. C., Sidelnik, I., Sigl, G., Lopez, H. H. Silva, kowski, A. Śmiał, Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Sorokin, J., Spinka, H., Squartini, R., Stanic, S., Stapleton, J., Stasielak, J., Stephan, M., Strazzeri, E., Stutz, A., Suarez, F., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šuša, T., Sutherland, M. S., Swain, J., Szadkowski, Z., Szuba, M., Tamashiro, A., Tapia, A., Tartare, M., Taşcău, O., Ruiz, C. G. Tavera, Tcaciuc, R., Tegolo, D., Thao, N. T., Thomas, D., Tiffenberg, J., Tiwari, C. Timmermans D. K., Tkaczyk, W., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Tonachini, A., Travnicek, P., Tridapalli, D. B., Tristram, G., Trovato, E., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., Berg, A. M. van den, Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vázquez, J. R., Vázquez, R. A., Veberič, D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Videla, M., Villaseñor, L., Wahlberg, H., Wahrlich, P., Wainberg, O., Walz, D., Warner, D., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weidenhaupt, K., Weindl, A., Westerhoff, S., Whelan, B. J., Wieczorek, G., Wiencke, L., Wilczyńska, B., Wilczyński, H., Will, M., Williams, C., Winchen, T., Winders, L., Winnick, M. G., Wommer, M., Wundheiler, B., Yamamoto, T., Yapici, T., Younk, P., Yuan, G., Yushkov, A., Zamorano, B., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtnik, M., Zaw, I., Zepeda, A., Zimbres-Silva, M., and Ziolkowski, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Astrophysical observations of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays with the Pierre Auger Observatory, Comment: Contributions to the 32nd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Beijing, China, August 2011
Published: 2011

42. The Pierre Auger Observatory IV: Operation and Monitoring

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Ahn, E. J., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Allard, D., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Allison, P., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Ambrosio, M., Aminaei, A., Anchordoqui, L., Andringa, S., Antičić, T., Anzalone, A., Aramo, C., Arganda, E., Arqueros, F., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Aublin, J., Ave, M., Avenier, M., Avila, G., Bäcker, T., Balzer, M., Barber, K. B., Barbosa, A. F., Bardenet, R., Barroso, S. L. C., Baughman, B., Bäuml, J., Beatty, J. J., Becker, B. R., Becker, K. H., Bellétoile, A., Bellido, J. A., BenZvi, S., Berat, C., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Billoir, P., Blanco, F., Blanco, M., Bleve, C., Blümer, H., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonino, R., Borodai, N., Brack, J., Brogueira, P., Brown, W. C., Bruijn, R., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Burton, R. E., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalano, O., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Chauvin, J., Cheng, S. H., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chou, A., Chudoba, J., Clay, R. W., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Contreras, F., Cook, H., Cooper, M. J., Coppens, J., Cordier, A., Cotti, U., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Creusot, A., Criss, A., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Dagoret-Campagne, S., Dallier, R., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., De Domenico, M., De Donato, C., de Jong, S. J., De La Vega, G., Junior, W. J. M. de Mello, Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Souza, V., de Vries, K. D., Decerprit, G., del Peral, L., Deligny, O., Dembinski, H., Dhital, N., Di Giulio, C., Diaz, J. C., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Diep, P. N., Dobrigkeit, C., Docters, W., D'Olivo, J. C., Dong, P. N., Dorofeev, A., Anjos, J. C. dos, Dova, M. T., D'Urso, D., Dutan, I., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Luis, P. Facal San, Tapia, I. Fajardo, Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Ferguson, A. P., Ferrero, A., Fick, B., Filevich, A., Filipčič, A., Fliescher, S., Fracchiolla, C. E., Fraenkel, E. D., Fröhlich, U., Fuchs, B., Gaior, R., Gamarra, R. F., Gambetta, S., García, B., Gámez, D. García, Garcia-Pinto, D., Gascon, A., Gemmeke, H., Gesterling, K., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giller, M., Glass, H., Gold, M. S., Golup, G., Albarracin, F. Gomez, Berisso, M. Gómez, Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gookin, B., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gouffon, P., Gozzini, S. R., Grashorn, E., Grebe, S., Griffith, N., Grigat, M., Grillo, A. F., Guardincerri, Y., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guzman, A., Hague, J. D., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harmsma, S., Harton, J. L., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Herve, A. E., Hojvat, C., Hollon, N., Holmes, V. C., Homola, P., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Ionita, F., Italiano, A., Jarne, C., Jiraskova, S., Josebachuili, M., Kadija, K., Kampert, K. -H., Karhan, P., Kasper, P., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, B., Keivani, A., Kelley, J. L., Kemp, E., Kieckhafer, R. M., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, J., Koang, D. -H., Kotera, K., Krohm, N., Krömer, O., Kruppke-Hansen, D., Kuehn, F., Kuempel, D., Kulbartz, J. K., Kunka, N., La Rosa, G., Lachaud, C., Lautridou, P., Leão, M. S. A. B., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, P., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lemiere, A., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Link, K., López, R., Agüera, A. Lopez, Louedec, K., Bahilo, J. Lozano, Lucero, A., Ludwig, M., Lyberis, H., Maccarone, M. C., Macolino, C., Maldera, S., Mandat, D., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Marin, J., Marin, V., Maris, I. C., Falcon, H. R. Marquez, Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martin, L., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthews, J. A. J., Matthiae, G., Maurizio, D., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melissas, M., Melo, D., Menichetti, E., Menshikov, A., Mertsch, P., Meurer, C., Mićanović, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miller, W., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Monasor, M., Ragaigne, D. Monnier, Montanet, F., Morales, B., Morello, C., Moreno, E., Moreno, J. C., Morris, C., Mostafá, M., Moura, C. A., Mueller, S., Muller, M. A., Müller, G., Münchmeyer, M., Mussa, R., Navarra, G., Navarro, J. L., Navas, S., Necesal, P., Nellen, L., Nelles, A., Neuser, J., Nhung, P. T., Niemietz, L., Nierstenhoefer, N., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Nožka, L., Nyklicek, M., Oehlschläger, J., Olinto, A., Olmos-Gilbaja, V. M., Ortiz, M., Pacheco, N., Selmi-Dei, D. Pakk, Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Palmieri, N., Parente, G., Parizot, E., Parra, A., Parsons, R. D., Pastor, S., Paul, T., Pech, M., Pȩkala, J., Pelayo, R., Pepe, I. M., Perrone, L., Pesce, R., Petermann, E., Petrera, S., Petrinca, P., Petrolini, A., Petrov, Y., Petrovic, J., Pfendner, C., Phan, N., Piegaia, R., Pierog, T., Pieroni, P., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Ponce, V. H., Pontz, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Quel, E. J., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravel, O., Ravignani, D., Revenu, B., Ridky, J., Riggi, S., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rivera, H., Rizi, V., Roberts, J., Robledo, C., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rodriguez, G., Martino, J. Rodriguez, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Rodriguez-Cabo, I., Rodríguez-Frías, M. D., Ros, G., Rosado, J., Rossler, T., Roth, M., Rouillé-d'Orfeuil, B., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Rühle, C., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sánchez, F., Santander, M., Santo, C. E., Santos, E., Santos, E. M., Sarazin, F., Sarkar, B., Sarkar, S., Sato, R., Scharf, N., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schiffer, P., Schmidt, A., Schmidt, F., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovancova, J., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F., Schulte, S., Schuster, D., Sciutto, S. J., Scuderi, M., Segreto, A., Settimo, M., Shadkam, A., Shellard, R. C., Sidelnik, I., Sigl, G., Lopez, H. H. Silva, kowski, A. Śmiał, Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Sorokin, J., Spinka, H., Squartini, R., Stanic, S., Stapleton, J., Stasielak, J., Stephan, M., Strazzeri, E., Stutz, A., Suarez, F., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šuša, T., Sutherland, M. S., Swain, J., Szadkowski, Z., Szuba, M., Tamashiro, A., Tapia, A., Tartare, M., Taşcău, O., Ruiz, C. G. Tavera, Tcaciuc, R., Tegolo, D., Thao, N. T., Thomas, D., Tiffenberg, J., Tiwari, C. Timmermans D. K., Tkaczyk, W., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Tonachini, A., Travnicek, P., Tridapalli, D. B., Tristram, G., Trovato, E., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., Berg, A. M. van den, Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vázquez, J. R., Vázquez, R. A., Veberič, D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Videla, M., Villaseñor, L., Wahlberg, H., Wahrlich, P., Wainberg, O., Walz, D., Warner, D., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weidenhaupt, K., Weindl, A., Westerhoff, S., Whelan, B. J., Wieczorek, G., Wiencke, L., Wilczyńska, B., Wilczyński, H., Will, M., Williams, C., Winchen, T., Winders, L., Winnick, M. G., Wommer, M., Wundheiler, B., Yamamoto, T., Yapici, T., Younk, P., Yuan, G., Yushkov, A., Zamorano, B., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtnik, M., Zaw, I., Zepeda, A., Zimbres-Silva, M., and Ziolkowski, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Technical reports on operations and monitoring of the Pierre Auger Observatory, Comment: Constributions to 32nd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Beijing, China, August 2011
Published: 2011

43. The Pierre Auger Observatory II: Studies of Cosmic Ray Composition and Hadronic Interaction models

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Ahn, E. J., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Allard, D., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Allison, P., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Ambrosio, M., Aminaei, A., Anchordoqui, L., Andringa, S., Antičić, T., Anzalone, A., Aramo, C., Arganda, E., Arqueros, F., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Aublin, J., Ave, M., Avenier, M., Avila, G., Bäcker, T., Balzer, M., Barber, K. B., Barbosa, A. F., Bardenet, R., Barroso, S. L. C., Baughman, B., Bäuml, J., Beatty, J. J., Becker, B. R., Becker, K. H., Bellétoile, A., Bellido, J. A., BenZvi, S., Berat, C., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Billoir, P., Blanco, F., Blanco, M., Bleve, C., Blümer, H., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonino, R., Borodai, N., Brack, J., Brogueira, P., Brown, W. C., Bruijn, R., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Burton, R. E., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalano, O., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Chauvin, J., Cheng, S. H., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chou, A., Chudoba, J., Clay, R. W., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Contreras, F., Cook, H., Cooper, M. J., Coppens, J., Cordier, A., Cotti, U., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Creusot, A., Criss, A., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Dagoret-Campagne, S., Dallier, R., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., De Domenico, M., De Donato, C., de Jong, S. J., De La Vega, G., Junior, W. J. M. de Mello, Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Souza, V., de Vries, K. D., Decerprit, G., del Peral, L., Deligny, O., Dembinski, H., Dhital, N., Di Giulio, C., Diaz, J. C., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Diep, P. N., Dobrigkeit, C., Docters, W., D'Olivo, J. C., Dong, P. N., Dorofeev, A., Anjos, J. C. dos, Dova, M. T., D'Urso, D., Dutan, I., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Luis, P. Facal San, Tapia, I. Fajardo, Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Ferguson, A. P., Ferrero, A., Fick, B., Filevich, A., Filipčič, A., Fliescher, S., Fracchiolla, C. E., Fraenkel, E. D., Fröhlich, U., Fuchs, B., Gaior, R., Gamarra, R. F., Gambetta, S., García, B., Gámez, D. García, Garcia-Pinto, D., Gascon, A., Gemmeke, H., Gesterling, K., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giller, M., Glass, H., Gold, M. S., Golup, G., Albarracin, F. Gomez, Berisso, M. Gómez, Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gookin, B., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gouffon, P., Gozzini, S. R., Grashorn, E., Grebe, S., Griffith, N., Grigat, M., Grillo, A. F., Guardincerri, Y., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guzman, A., Hague, J. D., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harmsma, S., Harton, J. L., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Herve, A. E., Hojvat, C., Hollon, N., Holmes, V. C., Homola, P., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Ionita, F., Italiano, A., Jarne, C., Jiraskova, S., Josebachuili, M., Kadija, K., Kampert, K. -H., Karhan, P., Kasper, P., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, B., Keivani, A., Kelley, J. L., Kemp, E., Kieckhafer, R. M., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, J., Koang, D. -H., Kotera, K., Krohm, N., Krömer, O., Kruppke-Hansen, D., Kuehn, F., Kuempel, D., Kulbartz, J. K., Kunka, N., La Rosa, G., Lachaud, C., Lautridou, P., Leão, M. S. A. B., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, P., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lemiere, A., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Link, K., López, R., Agüera, A. Lopez, Louedec, K., Bahilo, J. Lozano, Lucero, A., Ludwig, M., Lyberis, H., Maccarone, M. C., Macolino, C., Maldera, S., Mandat, D., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Marin, J., Marin, V., Maris, I. C., Falcon, H. R. Marquez, Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martin, L., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthews, J. A. J., Matthiae, G., Maurizio, D., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melissas, M., Melo, D., Menichetti, E., Menshikov, A., Mertsch, P., Meurer, C., Mićanović, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miller, W., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Monasor, M., Ragaigne, D. Monnier, Montanet, F., Morales, B., Morello, C., Moreno, E., Moreno, J. C., Morris, C., Mostafá, M., Moura, C. A., Mueller, S., Muller, M. A., Müller, G., Münchmeyer, M., Mussa, R., Navarra, G., Navarro, J. L., Navas, S., Necesal, P., Nellen, L., Nelles, A., Neuser, J., Nhung, P. T., Niemietz, L., Nierstenhoefer, N., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Nožka, L., Nyklicek, M., Oehlschläger, J., Olinto, A., Olmos-Gilbaja, V. M., Ortiz, M., Pacheco, N., Selmi-Dei, D. Pakk, Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Palmieri, N., Parente, G., Parizot, E., Parra, A., Parsons, R. D., Pastor, S., Paul, T., Pech, M., Pȩkala, J., Pelayo, R., Pepe, I. M., Perrone, L., Pesce, R., Petermann, E., Petrera, S., Petrinca, P., Petrolini, A., Petrov, Y., Petrovic, J., Pfendner, C., Phan, N., Piegaia, R., Pierog, T., Pieroni, P., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Ponce, V. H., Pontz, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Quel, E. J., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravel, O., Ravignani, D., Revenu, B., Ridky, J., Riggi, S., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rivera, H., Rizi, V., Roberts, J., Robledo, C., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rodriguez, G., Martino, J. Rodriguez, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Rodriguez-Cabo, I., Rodríguez-Frías, M. D., Ros, G., Rosado, J., Rossler, T., Roth, M., Rouillé-d'Orfeuil, B., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Rühle, C., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sánchez, F., Santander, M., Santo, C. E., Santos, E., Santos, E. M., Sarazin, F., Sarkar, B., Sarkar, S., Sato, R., Scharf, N., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schiffer, P., Schmidt, A., Schmidt, F., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovancova, J., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F., Schulte, S., Schuster, D., Sciutto, S. J., Scuderi, M., Segreto, A., Settimo, M., Shadkam, A., Shellard, R. C., Sidelnik, I., Sigl, G., Lopez, H. H. Silva, kowski, A. Śmiał, Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Sorokin, J., Spinka, H., Squartini, R., Stanic, S., Stapleton, J., Stasielak, J., Stephan, M., Strazzeri, E., Stutz, A., Suarez, F., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šuša, T., Sutherland, M. S., Swain, J., Szadkowski, Z., Szuba, M., Tamashiro, A., Tapia, A., Tartare, M., Taşcău, O., Ruiz, C. G. Tavera, Tcaciuc, R., Tegolo, D., Thao, N. T., Thomas, D., Tiffenberg, J., Tiwari, C. Timmermans D. K., Tkaczyk, W., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Tonachini, A., Travnicek, P., Tridapalli, D. B., Tristram, G., Trovato, E., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., Berg, A. M. van den, Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vázquez, J. R., Vázquez, R. A., Veberič, D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Videla, M., Villaseñor, L., Wahlberg, H., Wahrlich, P., Wainberg, O., Walz, D., Warner, D., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weidenhaupt, K., Weindl, A., Westerhoff, S., Whelan, B. J., Wieczorek, G., Wiencke, L., Wilczyńska, B., Wilczyński, H., Will, M., Williams, C., Winchen, T., Winders, L., Winnick, M. G., Wommer, M., Wundheiler, B., Yamamoto, T., Yapici, T., Younk, P., Yuan, G., Yushkov, A., Zamorano, B., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtnik, M., Zaw, I., Zepeda, A., Zimbres-Silva, M., and Ziolkowski, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Studies of the composition of the highest energy cosmic rays with the Pierre Auger Observatory, including examination of hadronic physics effects on the structure of extensive air showers., Comment: Contributions to the 32nd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Beijing, China, August 2011
Published: 2011

44. The Pierre Auger Observatory V: Enhancements

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Ahn, E. J., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Allard, D., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Allison, P., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Ambrosio, M., Aminaei, A., Anchordoqui, L., Andringa, S., Antičić, T., Anzalone, A., Aramo, C., Arganda, E., Arqueros, F., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Aublin, J., Ave, M., Avenier, M., Avila, G., Bäcker, T., Balzer, M., Barber, K. B., Barbosa, A. F., Bardenet, R., Barroso, S. L. C., Baughman, B., Bäuml, J., Beatty, J. J., Becker, B. R., Becker, K. H., Bellétoile, A., Bellido, J. A., BenZvi, S., Berat, C., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Billoir, P., Blanco, F., Blanco, M., Bleve, C., Blümer, H., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonino, R., Borodai, N., Brack, J., Brogueira, P., Brown, W. C., Bruijn, R., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Burton, R. E., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalano, O., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Chauvin, J., Cheng, S. H., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chou, A., Chudoba, J., Clay, R. W., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Contreras, F., Cook, H., Cooper, M. J., Coppens, J., Cordier, A., Cotti, U., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Creusot, A., Criss, A., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Dagoret-Campagne, S., Dallier, R., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., De Domenico, M., De Donato, C., de Jong, S. J., De La Vega, G., Junior, W. J. M. de Mello, Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Souza, V., de Vries, K. D., Decerprit, G., del Peral, L., Deligny, O., Dembinski, H., Dhital, N., Di Giulio, C., Diaz, J. C., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Diep, P. N., Dobrigkeit, C., Docters, W., D'Olivo, J. C., Dong, P. N., Dorofeev, A., Anjos, J. C. dos, Dova, M. T., D'Urso, D., Dutan, I., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Luis, P. Facal San, Tapia, I. Fajardo, Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Ferguson, A. P., Ferrero, A., Fick, B., Filevich, A., Filipčič, A., Fliescher, S., Fracchiolla, C. E., Fraenkel, E. D., Fröhlich, U., Fuchs, B., Gaior, R., Gamarra, R. F., Gambetta, S., García, B., Gámez, D. García, Garcia-Pinto, D., Gascon, A., Gemmeke, H., Gesterling, K., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giller, M., Glass, H., Gold, M. S., Golup, G., Albarracin, F. Gomez, Berisso, M. Gómez, Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gookin, B., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gouffon, P., Gozzini, S. R., Grashorn, E., Grebe, S., Griffith, N., Grigat, M., Grillo, A. F., Guardincerri, Y., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guzman, A., Hague, J. D., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harmsma, S., Harton, J. L., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Herve, A. E., Hojvat, C., Hollon, N., Holmes, V. C., Homola, P., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Ionita, F., Italiano, A., Jarne, C., Jiraskova, S., Josebachuili, M., Kadija, K., Kampert, K. -H., Karhan, P., Kasper, P., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, B., Keivani, A., Kelley, J. L., Kemp, E., Kieckhafer, R. M., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, J., Koang, D. -H., Kotera, K., Krohm, N., Krömer, O., Kruppke-Hansen, D., Kuehn, F., Kuempel, D., Kulbartz, J. K., Kunka, N., La Rosa, G., Lachaud, C., Lautridou, P., Leão, M. S. A. B., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, P., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lemiere, A., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Link, K., López, R., Agüera, A. Lopez, Louedec, K., Bahilo, J. Lozano, Lucero, A., Ludwig, M., Lyberis, H., Maccarone, M. C., Macolino, C., Maldera, S., Mandat, D., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Marin, J., Marin, V., Maris, I. C., Falcon, H. R. Marquez, Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martin, L., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthews, J. A. J., Matthiae, G., Maurizio, D., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melissas, M., Melo, D., Menichetti, E., Menshikov, A., Mertsch, P., Meurer, C., Mićanović, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miller, W., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Monasor, M., Ragaigne, D. Monnier, Montanet, F., Morales, B., Morello, C., Moreno, E., Moreno, J. C., Morris, C., Mostafá, M., Moura, C. A., Mueller, S., Muller, M. A., Müller, G., Münchmeyer, M., Mussa, R., Navarra, G., Navarro, J. L., Navas, S., Necesal, P., Nellen, L., Nelles, A., Neuser, J., Nhung, P. T., Niemietz, L., Nierstenhoefer, N., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Nožka, L., Nyklicek, M., Oehlschläger, J., Olinto, A., Olmos-Gilbaja, V. M., Ortiz, M., Pacheco, N., Selmi-Dei, D. Pakk, Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Palmieri, N., Parente, G., Parizot, E., Parra, A., Parsons, R. D., Pastor, S., Paul, T., Pech, M., Pȩkala, J., Pelayo, R., Pepe, I. M., Perrone, L., Pesce, R., Petermann, E., Petrera, S., Petrinca, P., Petrolini, A., Petrov, Y., Petrovic, J., Pfendner, C., Phan, N., Piegaia, R., Pierog, T., Pieroni, P., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Ponce, V. H., Pontz, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Quel, E. J., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravel, O., Ravignani, D., Revenu, B., Ridky, J., Riggi, S., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rivera, H., Rizi, V., Roberts, J., Robledo, C., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rodriguez, G., Martino, J. Rodriguez, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Rodriguez-Cabo, I., Rodríguez-Frías, M. D., Ros, G., Rosado, J., Rossler, T., Roth, M., Rouillé-d'Orfeuil, B., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Rühle, C., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sánchez, F., Santander, M., Santo, C. E., Santos, E., Santos, E. M., Sarazin, F., Sarkar, B., Sarkar, S., Sato, R., Scharf, N., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schiffer, P., Schmidt, A., Schmidt, F., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovancova, J., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F., Schulte, S., Schuster, D., Sciutto, S. J., Scuderi, M., Segreto, A., Settimo, M., Shadkam, A., Shellard, R. C., Sidelnik, I., Sigl, G., Lopez, H. H. Silva, kowski, A. Śmiał, Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Sorokin, J., Spinka, H., Squartini, R., Stanic, S., Stapleton, J., Stasielak, J., Stephan, M., Strazzeri, E., Stutz, A., Suarez, F., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šuša, T., Sutherland, M. S., Swain, J., Szadkowski, Z., Szuba, M., Tamashiro, A., Tapia, A., Tartare, M., Taşcău, O., Ruiz, C. G. Tavera, Tcaciuc, R., Tegolo, D., Thao, N. T., Thomas, D., Tiffenberg, J., Tiwari, C. Timmermans D. K., Tkaczyk, W., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Tonachini, A., Travnicek, P., Tridapalli, D. B., Tristram, G., Trovato, E., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., Berg, A. M. van den, Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vázquez, J. R., Vázquez, R. A., Veberič, D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Videla, M., Villaseñor, L., Wahlberg, H., Wahrlich, P., Wainberg, O., Walz, D., Warner, D., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weidenhaupt, K., Weindl, A., Westerhoff, S., Whelan, B. J., Wieczorek, G., Wiencke, L., Wilczyńska, B., Wilczyński, H., Will, M., Williams, C., Winchen, T., Winders, L., Winnick, M. G., Wommer, M., Wundheiler, B., Yamamoto, T., Yapici, T., Younk, P., Yuan, G., Yushkov, A., Zamorano, B., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtnik, M., Zaw, I., Zepeda, A., Zimbres-Silva, M., and Ziolkowski, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Ongoing and planned enhancements of the Pierre Auger Observatory, Comment: Contributions to 32nd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Beijing, China, August 2011
Published: 2011
Full Text: View/download PDF

45. Anisotropy and chemical composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays using arrival directions measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Ahn, E. J., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Allard, D., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Allison, P., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Ambrosio, M., Aminaei, A., Anchordoqui, L., Andringa, S., Antičić, T., Anzalone, A., Aramo, C., Arganda, E., Arqueros, F., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Aublin, J., Ave, M., Avenier, M., Avila, G., Bäcker, T., Balzer, M., Barber, K. B., Barbosa, A. F., Bardenet, R., Barroso, S. L. C., Baughman, B., Bäuml, J., Beatty, J. J., Becker, B. R., Becker, K. H., Bellétoile, A., Bellido, J. A., BenZvi, S., Berat, C., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Billoir, P., Blanco, F., Blanco, M., Bleve, C., Blümer, H., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonino, R., Borodai, N., Brack, J., Brogueira, P., Brown, W. C., Bruijn, R., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Burton, R. E., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalano, O., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Chauvin, J., Cheng, S. H., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chou, A., Chudoba, J., Clay, R. W., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Contreras, F., Cook, H., Cooper, M. J., Coppens, J., Cordier, A., Cotti, U., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Creusot, A., Criss, A., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Dagoret-Campagne, S., Dallier, R., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., De Domenico, M., De Donato, C., de Jong, S. J., De La Vega, G., Junior, W. J. M. de Mello, Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Souza, V., de Vries, K. D., Decerprit, G., del Peral, L., Deligny, O., Dembinski, H., Dhital, N., Di Giulio, C., Diaz, J. C., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Diep, P. N., Dobrigkeit, C., Docters, W., D'Olivo, J. C., Dong, P. N., Dorofeev, A., Anjos, J. C. dos, Dova, M. T., D'Urso, D., Dutan, I., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Luis, P. Facal San, Tapia, I. Fajardo, Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Ferguson, A. P., Ferrero, A., Fick, B., Filevich, A., Filipčič, A., Fliescher, S., Fracchiolla, C. E., Fraenkel, E. D., Fröhlich, U., Fuchs, B., Gaior, R., Gamarra, R. F., Gambetta, S., García, B., Gámez, D. García, Garcia-Pinto, D., Gascon, A., Gemmeke, H., Gesterling, K., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giller, M., Glass, H., Gold, M. S., Golup, G., Albarracin, F. Gomez, Berisso, M. Gómez, Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gookin, B., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gouffon, P., Gozzini, S. R., Grashorn, E., Grebe, S., Griffith, N., Grigat, M., Grillo, A. F., Guardincerri, Y., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guzman, A., Hague, J. D., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harmsma, S., Harton, J. L., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Herve, A. E., Hojvat, C., Hollon, N., Holmes, V. C., Homola, P., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Ionita, F., Italiano, A., Jarne, C., Jiraskova, S., Kadija, K., Kampert, K. H., Karhan, P., Kasper, P., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, B., Keivani, A., Kelley, J. L., Kemp, E., Kieckhafer, R. M., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, J., Koang, D. -H., Kotera, K., Krohm, N., Krömer, O., Kruppke-Hansen, D., Kuehn, F., Kuempel, D., Kulbartz, J. K., Kunka, N., La Rosa, G., Lachaud, C., Lautridou, P., Leão, M. S. A. B., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, P., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lemiere, A., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., López, K. Link R., Agüera, A. Lopez, Louedec, K., Bahilo, J. Lozano, Lucero, A., Ludwig, M., Lyberis, H., Maccarone, M. C., Macolino, C., Maldera, S., Mandat, D., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Marin, J., Marin, V., Maris, I. C., Falcon, H. R. Marquez, Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martin, L., Martinez, H., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthews, J. A. J., Matthiae, G., Maurizio, D., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melissas, M., Melo, D., Menichetti, E., Menshikov, A., Mertsch, P., Meurer, C., Mićanović, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miller, W., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Monasor, M., Ragaigne, D. Monnier, Montanet, F., Morales, B., Morello, C., Moreno, E., Moreno, J. C., Morris, C., Mostafá, M., Moura, C. A., Mueller, S., Muller, M. A., Müller, G., Münchmeyer, M., Mussa, R., Navarra, G., Navarro, J. L., Navas, S., Necesal, P., Nellen, L., Nelles, A., Nhung, P. T., Niemietz, L., Nierstenhoefer, N., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Nožka, L., Nyklicek, M., Oehlschläger, J., Olinto, A., Oliva, P., Olmos-Gilbaja, V. M., Ortiz, M., Pacheco, N., Selmi-Dei, D. Pakk, Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Palmieri, N., Parente, G., Parizot, E., Parra, A., Parsons, R. D., Pastor, S., Paul, T., Pech, M., Pȩkala, J., Pelayo, R., Pepe, I. M., Perrone, L., Pesce, R., Petermann, E., Petrera, S., Petrinca, P., Petrolini, A., Petrov, Y., Petrovic, J., Pfendner, C., Phan, N., Piegaia, R., Pierog, T., Pieroni, P., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Ponce, V. H., Pontz, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Quel, E. J., Querchfeld, S., Rautenberg, J., Ravel, O., Ravignani, D., Revenu, B., Ridky, J., Riggi, S., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rivera, H., Rizi, V., Roberts, J., Robledo, C., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rodriguez, G., Martino, J. Rodriguez, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Rodriguez-Cabo, I., Rodríguez-Frías, M. D., Ros, G., Rosado, J., Rossler, T., Roth, M., Rouillé-d'Orfeuil, B., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Rühle, C., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sánchez, F., Santander, M., Santo, C. E., Santos, E., Santos, E. M., Sarazin, F., Sarkar, B., Sarkar, S., Sato, R., Scharf, N., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schiffer, P., Schmidt, A., Schmidt, F., Schmidt, T., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovancova, J., Schovánek, P., Schröder, F., Schulte, S., Schuster, D., Sciutto, S. J., Scuderi, M., Segreto, A., Settimo, M., Shadkam, A., Shellard, R. C., Sidelnik, I., Sigl, G., Lopez, H. H. Silva, Śmiałkowski, A., Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Sorokin, J., Spinka, H., Squartini, R., Stapleton, J., Stasielak, J., Stephan, M., Strazzeri, E., Stutz, A., Suarez, F., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šuša, T., Sutherland, M. S., Swain, J., Szadkowski, Z., Szuba, M., Tamashiro, A., Tapia, A., Tartare, M., Taşcău, O., Ruiz, C. G. Tavera, Tcaciuc, R., Tegolo, D., Thao, N. T., Thomas, D., Tiffenberg, J., Timmermans, C., Tiwari, D. K., Tkaczyk, W., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Tonachini, A., Travnicek, P., Tridapalli, D. B., Tristram, G., Trovato, E., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., Berg, A. M. van den, Varela, E., Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vázquez, J. R., Vázquez, R. A., Veberič, D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Videla, M., Villaseñor, L., Wahlberg, H., Wahrlich, P., Wainberg, O., Warner, D., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weidenhaupt, K., Weindl, A., Westerhoff, S., Whelan, B. J., Wieczorek, G., Wiencke, L., Wilczyńska, B., Wilczyński, H., Will, M., Williams, C., Winchen, T., Winders, L., Winnick, M. G., Wommer, M., Wundheiler, B., Yamamoto, T., Yapici, T., Younk, P., Yuan, G., Yushkov, A., Zamorano, B., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zaw, I., Zepeda, A., and Ziolkowski, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The Pierre Auger Collaboration has reported evidence for anisotropy in the distribution of arrival directions of the cosmic rays with energies $E>E_{th}=5.5\times 10^{19}$ eV. These show a correlation with the distribution of nearby extragalactic objects, including an apparent excess around the direction of Centaurus A. If the particles responsible for these excesses at $E>E_{th}$ are heavy nuclei with charge $Z$, the proton component of the sources should lead to excesses in the same regions at energies $E/Z$. We here report the lack of anisotropies in these directions at energies above $E_{th}/Z$ (for illustrative values of $Z=6,\ 13,\ 26$). If the anisotropies above $E_{th}$ are due to nuclei with charge $Z$, and under reasonable assumptions about the acceleration process, these observations imply stringent constraints on the allowed proton fraction at the lower energies.
Published: 2011
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46. Search for First Harmonic Modulation in the Right Ascension Distribution of Cosmic Rays Detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Ahn, E. J., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Allard, D., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Allison, P., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Ambrosio, M., Aminaei, A., Anchordoqui, L., Andringa, S., Antičić, T., Aramo, C., Arganda, E., Arqueros, F., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Aublin, J., Ave, M., Avenier, M., Avila, G., Bäcker, T., Balzer, M., Barber, K. B., Barbosa, A. F., Bardenet, R., Barroso, S. L. C., Baughman, B., Beatty, J. J., Becker, B. R., Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Benzvi, S., Berat, C., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Billoir, P., Blanco, F., Blanco, M., Bleve, C., Blümer, H., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonino, R., Borodai, N., Brack, J., Brogueira, P., Brown, W. C., Bruijn, R., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Burton, R. E., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Chauvin, J., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chou, A., Chudoba, J., Clay, R. W., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Contreras, F., Cook, H., Cooper, M. J., Coppens, J., Cordier, A., Cotti, U., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Creusot, A., Criss, A., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Dagoret-Campagne, S., Dallier, R., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., De Domenico, M., De Donato, C., de Jong, S. J., De La Vega, G., Junior, W. J. M. de Mello, Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Souza, V., de Vries, K. D., Decerprit, G., del Peral, L., Deligny, O., Dembinski, H., Denkiewicz, A., Di Giulio, C., Diaz, J. C., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Diep, P. N., D'Olivo, C. Dobrigkeit J. C., Dong, P. N., Dorofeev, A., Anjos, J. C. dos, Dova, M. T., D'Urso, D., Dutan, I., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Luis, P. Facal San, Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Ferguson, A. P., Ferrero, A., Fick, B., Filevich, A., Filipčič, A., Fliescher, S., Fracchiolla, C. E., Fraenkel, E. D., Fröhlich, U., Fuchs, B., Gamarra, R. F., Gambetta, S., García, B., Gámez, D. García, Garcia-Pinto, D., Gascon, A., Gemmeke, H., Gesterling, K., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giller, M., Glass, H., Gold, M. S., Golup, G., Albarracin, F. Gomez, Berisso, M. Gómez, Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gookin, B., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gouffon, P., Gozzini, S. R., Grashorn, E., Grebe, S., Griffith, N., Grigat, M., Grillo, A. F., Guardincerri, Y., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Hague, J. D., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harmsma, S., Harton, J. L., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Herve, A. E., Hojvat, C., Holmes, V. C., Homola, P., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Ionita, F., Italiano, A., Jiraskova, S., Kadija, K., Kampert, K. H., Karhan, P., Karova, T., Kasper, P., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, B., Keivani, A., Kelley, J. L., Kemp, E., Kieckhafer, R. M., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, J., Koang, D. -H., Kotera, K., Krohm, N., Krömer, O., Kruppke-Hansen, D., Kuehn, F., Kuempel, D., Kulbartz, J. K., Kunka, N., La Rosa, G., Lachaud, C., Lautridou, P., Leão, M. S. A. B., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, P., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lemiere, A., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Link, K., López, R., Agüera, A. Lopez, Louedec, K., Bahilo, J. Lozano, Lucero, A., Ludwig, M., Lyberis, H., Macolino, C., Maldera, S., Mandat, D., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Marin, V., Maris, I. C., Falcon, H. R. Marquez, Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martin, L., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthews, J. A. J., Matthiae, G., Maurizio, D., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melissas, M., Melo, D., Menichetti, E., Menshikov, A., Mertsch, P., Meurer, C., Mićanović, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miller, W., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Monasor, M., Ragaigne, D. Monnier, Montanet, F., Morales, B., Morello, C., Moreno, E., Moreno, J. C., Morris, C., Mostafá, M., Moura., C. A., Mueller, S., Muller, M. A., Müller, G., Münchmeyer, M., Mussa, R., Navarra, G., Navarro, J. L., Navas, S., Necesal, P., Nellen, L., Nelles, A., Nhung, P. T., Nierstenhoefer, N., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Nožka, L., Nyklicek, M., Oehlschläger, J., Olinto, A., Oliva, P., Olmos-Gilbaja, V. M., Ortiz, M., Pacheco, N., Selmi-Dei, D. Pakk, Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Palmieri, N., Parente, G., Parizot, E., Parra, A., Parrisius, J., Parsons, R. D., Pastor, S., Paul, T., Pech, M., Pȩkala, J., Pelayo, R., Pepe, I. M., Perrone, L., Pesce, R., Petermann, E., Petrera, S., Petrinca, P., Petrolini, A., Petrov, Y., Petrovic, J., Pfendner, C., Phan, N., Piegaia, R., Pierog, T., Pieroni, P., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Ponce, V. H., Pontz, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Quel, E. J., Rautenberg, J., Ravel, O., Ravignani, D., Revenu, B., Ridky, J., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rivera, H., Rivière, C., Rizi, V., Robledo, C., de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues, Rodriguez, G., Martino, J. Rodriguez, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Rodriguez-Cabo, I., Rodríguez-Frías, M. D., Ros, G., Rosado, J., Rossler, T., Roth, M., Rouillé-d'Orfeuil, B., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Rühle, C., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sánchez, F., Santander, M., Santo, C. E., Santos, E., Santos, E. M., Sarazin, F., Sarkar, S., Sato, R., Scharf, N., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schiffer, P., Schmidt, A., Schmidt, F., Schmidt, T., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovancova, J., Schovánek, P., Schroeder, F., Schulte, S., Schuster, D., Sciutto, S. J., Scuderi, M., Segreto, A., Semikoz, D., Settimo, M., Shadkam, A., Shellard, R. C., Sidelnik, I., Sigl, G., Śmiałkowski, A., Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Sorokin, J., Spinka, H., Squartini, R., Stapleton, J., Stasielak, J., Stephan, M., Stutz, A., Suarez, F., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šuša, T., Sutherland, M. S., Swain, J., Szadkowski, Z., Szuba, M., Tamashiro, A., Tapia, A., Taşcău, O., Tcaciuc, R., Tegolo, D., Thao, N. T., Thomas, D., Tiffenberg, J., Timmermans, C., Tiwari, D. K., Tkaczyk, W., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Tonachini, A., Travnicek, P., Tridapalli, D. B., Tristram, G., Trovato, E., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., Berg, A. M. van den, Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vázquez, J. R., Vázquez, R. A., Veberič, D., Verzi, V., Videla, M., Villaseñor, L., Wahlberg, H., Wahrlich, P., Wainberg, O., Warner, D., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weidenhaupt, K., Weindl, A., Westerhoff, S., Whelan, B. J., Wieczorek, G., Wiencke, L., Wilczyńska, B., Wilczyński, H., Will, M., Williams, C., Winchen, T., Winders, L., Winnick, M. G., Wommer, M., Wundheiler, B., Yamamoto, T., Younk, P., Yuan, G., Zamorano, B., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zaw, I., and Zepeda, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: We present the results of searches for dipolar-type anisotropies in different energy ranges above $2.5\times 10^{17}$ eV with the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory, reporting on both the phase and the amplitude measurements of the first harmonic modulation in the right-ascension distribution. Upper limits on the amplitudes are obtained, which provide the most stringent bounds at present, being below 2% at 99% $C.L.$ for EeV energies. We also compare our results to those of previous experiments as well as with some theoretical expectations., Comment: 28 pages, 11 figures
Published: 2011
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47. On noise treatment in radio measurements of cosmic ray air showers

Author: Schröder, F. G., Apel, W. D., Arteaga, J. C., Asch, T., Bähren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Buchholz, P., Buitink, S., Cantoni, E., Chiavassa, A., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Finger, M., Fuhrmann, D., Gemmeke, H., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huber, D., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. -H., Kang, D., Krömer, O., Kuijpers, J., Lafebre, S., Link, K., Łuczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Melissas, M., Morello, C., Nehls, S., Oehlschläger, J., Palmieri, N., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Rühle, C., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., Sima, O., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Wommer, M., Zabierowski, J., and Collaboration, J. A. Zensus - LOPES
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Precise measurements of the radio emission by cosmic ray air showers require an adequate treatment of noise. Unlike to usual experiments in particle physics, where noise always adds to the signal, radio noise can in principle decrease or increase the signal if it interferes by chance destructively or constructively. Consequently, noise cannot simply be subtracted from the signal, and its influence on amplitude and time measurement of radio pulses must be studied with care. First, noise has to be determined consistently with the definition of the radio signal which typically is the maximum field strength of the radio pulse. Second, the average impact of noise on radio pulse measurements at individual antennas is studied for LOPES. It is shown that a correct treatment of noise is especially important at low signal-to-noise ratios: noise can be the dominant source of uncertainty for pulse height and time measurements, and it can systematically flatten the slope of lateral distributions. The presented method can also be transfered to other experiments in radio and acoustic detection of cosmic rays and neutrinos., Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures, submitted to NIM A, Proceedings of ARENA 2010, Nantes, France
Published: 2010
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48. Update on the correlation of the highest energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic matter

Author: The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Ahn, E. J., Allard, D., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Castillo, J. Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Ambrosio, M., Aminaei, A., Anchordoqui, L., Andringa, S., Antičić, T., Anzalone, A., Aramo, C., Arganda, E., Arisaka, K., Arqueros, F., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Aublin, J., Ave, M., Avenier, M., Avila, G., Bäcker, T., Badagnani, D., Balzer, M., Barber, K. B., Barbosa, A. F., Bardenet, R., Barroso, S. L. C., Baughman, B., Beatty, J. J., Becker, B. R., Becker, K. H., Bellétoile, A., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bergmann, T., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Billoir, P., Blanco, F., Blanco, M., Bleve, C., Blümer, H., Boháčová, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonino, R., Borodai, N., Brack, J., Brogueira, P., Brown, W. C., Bruijn, R., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Burton, R. E., Busca, N. G., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalano, O., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Chauvin, J., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chou, A., Chudoba, J., Clay, R. W., Colombo, E., Coluccia, M. R., Conceição, R., Contreras, F., Cook, H., Cooper, M. J., Coppens, J., Cordier, A., Cotti, U., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Creusot, A., Criss, A., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Dagoret-Campagne, S., Dallier, R., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., de Almeida, R. M., De Domenico, M., De Donato, C., de Jong, S. J., De La Vega, G., Junior, W. J. M. de Mello, Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, De Mitri, I., de Souza, V., de Vries, K. D., Decerprit, G., del Peral, L., Deligny, O., Della Selva, A., Dembinski, H., Denkiewicz, A., Di Giulio, C., Diaz, J. C., Castro, M. L. Díaz, Diep, P. N., Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Dong, P. N., Dorofeev, A., Anjos, J. C. dos, Dova, M. T., D'Urso, D., Dutan, I., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Luis, P. Facal San, Falcke, H., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Ferguson, A. P., Ferrero, A., Fick, B., Filevich, A., Filipčič, A., Fleck, I., Fliescher, S., Fracchiolla, C. E., Fraenkel, E. D., Fröhlich, U., Fuchs, B., Fulgione, W., Gamarra, R. F., Gambetta, S., García, B., Gámez, D. García, Garcia-Pinto, D., Garrido, X., Gascon, A., Gelmini, G., Gemmeke, H., Gesterling, K., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giller, M., Glass, H., Gold, M. S., Golup, G., Albarracin, F. Gomez, Berisso, M. Gómez, Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, D., Gonzalez, J. G., Gookin, B., Góra, D., Gorgi, A., Gouffon, P., Gozzini, S. R., Grashorn, E., Grebe, S., Grigat, M., Grillo, A. F., Guarino, Y. Guardincerri F., Guedes, G. P., Hague, J. D., Harmsma, P. Hansen D. Harari S., Harton, J. L., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Herve, A. E., Hojvat, C., Holmes, V. C., Homola, P., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Hrabovský, M., Huege, T., Insolia, A., Ionita, F., Italiano, A., Jiraskova, S., Kadija, K., Kaducak, M., Kampert, K. H., Karhan, P., Karova, T., Kasper, P., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, B., Keivani, A., Kelley, J. L., Kemp, E., Kieckhafer, R. M., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, J., Koang, D. -H., Kotera, K., Krohm, N., Krömer, O., Kruppke-Hansen, D., Kuehn, F., Kuempel, D., Kulbartz, J. K., Kunka, N., La Rosa, G., Lachaud, C., Lautridou, P., Leão, M. S. A. B., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, P., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Lemiere, A., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Link, K., López, R., Agüera, A. Lopez, Louedec, K., Bahilo, J. Lozano, Lucero, A., Ludwig, M., Lyberis, H., Maccarone, M. C., Macolino, C., Maldera, S., Mandat, D., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Marin, V., Maris, I. C., Falcon, H. R. Marquez, Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martin, L., Bravo, O. Martínez, Mathes, H. J., Matthews, J., Matthews, J. A. J., Matthiae, G., Maurizio, D., Mazur, P. O., McEwen, M., Medina-Tanco, G., Melissas, M., Melo, D., Menichetti, E., Menshikov, A., Meurer, C., Mičanović, S., Micheletti, M. I., Miller, W., Miramonti, L., Mollerach, S., Monasor, M., Ragaigne, D. Monnier, Montanet, F., Morales, B., Morello, C., Moreno, E., Morris, J. C. Moreno C., Mostafá, M., Mueller, S., Muller, M. A., Münchmeyer, M., Mussa, R., Navarra, G., Navarro, J. L., Navas, S., Necesal, P., Nellen, L., Nhung, P. T., Nierstenhoefer, N., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Nožka, L., Nyklicek, M., Oehlschläger, J., Olinto, A., Oliva, P., Olmos-Gilbaja, V. M., Ortiz, M., Pacheco, N., Selmi-Dei, D. Pakk, Palatka, M., Palmieri, J. Pallotta N., Parente, G., Parizot, E., Parra, A., Parrisius, J., Parsons, R. D., Pastor, S., Paul, T., Pavlidou, V., Payet, K., Pech, M., Pȩkala, J., Pelayo, R., Pepe, I. M., Perrone, L., Pesce, R., Petermann, E., Petrera, S., Petrinca, P., Petrolini, A., Petrov, Y., Petrovic, J., Pfendner, C., Phan, N., Piegaia, R., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Ponce, V. H., Pontz, M., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Rautenberg, E. J. Quel J., Ravel, O., Ravignani, D., Revenu, B., Ridky, J., Riggi, S., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rivera, H., Rivière, C., Rizi, V., Robledo, C., Rodriguez, G., Martino, J. Rodriguez, Rojo, J. Rodriguez, Rodriguez-Cabo, I., Rodríguez-Frías, M. D., Ros, G., Rosado, J., Rossler, T., Roth, M., Rouillé-d'Orfeuil, B., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sánchez, F., Santander, M., Santo, C. E., Santos, E., Santos, E. M., Sarazin, F., Sarkar, S., Sato, R., Scharf, N., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schiffer, P., Schmidt, A., Schmidt, F., Schmidt, T., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovancova, J., Schovánek, P., Schroeder, F., Schulte, S., Schüssler, F., Schuster, D., Sciutto, S. J., Scuderi, M., Segreto, A., Settimo, M., Shadkam, A., Shellard, R. C., Sidelnik, I., Sigl, G., Śmiałkowski, A., Šmída, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Sorokin, J., Spinka, H., Squartini, R., Stapleton, J., Stasielak, J., Stephan, M., Strazzeri, E., Stutz, A., Suarez, F., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Šuša, T., Sutherland, M. S., Swain, J., Szadkowski, Z., Tamashiro, A., Tapia, A., Tarutina, T., Taşcău, O., Tcaciuc, R., Tcherniakhovski, D., Tegolo, D., Thao, N. T., Thomas, D., Tiffenberg, J., Timmermans, C., Tiwari, D. K., Tkaczyk, W., Peixoto, C. J. Todero, Tomé, B., Tonachini, A., Travnicek, P., Tridapalli, D. B., Tristram, G., Trovato, E., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Galicia, J. F. Valdés, Valiño, I., Valore, L., Berg, A. M. van den, Cárdenas, B. Vargas, Vázquez, J. R., Vázquez, R. A., Veberič, D., Venters, T., Verzi, V., Videla, M., Villaseñor, L., Wahlberg, H., Wahrlich, P., Wainberg, O., Warner, D., Watson, A. A., Weidenhaupt, K., Weindl, A., Whelan, B. J., Wieczorek, G., Wiencke, L., Wilczyńska, B., Wilczyński, H., Will, M., Williams, C., Winchen, T., Winders, L., Winnick, M. G., Wommer, M., Wundheiler, B., Yamamoto, T., Younk, P., Yuan, G., Yushkov, A., Zamorano, B., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zaw, I., Zepeda, A., and Ziolkowski, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory through 31 August 2007 showed evidence for anisotropy in the arrival directions of cosmic rays above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz'min energy threshold, \nobreak{$6\times 10^{19}$eV}. The anisotropy was measured by the fraction of arrival directions that are less than $3.1^\circ$ from the position of an active galactic nucleus within 75 Mpc (using the V\'eron-Cetty and V\'eron $12^{\rm th}$ catalog). An updated measurement of this fraction is reported here using the arrival directions of cosmic rays recorded above the same energy threshold through 31 December 2009. The number of arrival directions has increased from 27 to 69, allowing a more precise measurement. The correlating fraction is $(38^{+7}_{-6})%$, compared with $21%$ expected for isotropic cosmic rays. This is down from the early estimate of $(69^{+11}_{-13})%$. The enlarged set of arrival directions is examined also in relation to other populations of nearby extragalactic objects: galaxies in the 2 Microns All Sky Survey and active galactic nuclei detected in hard X-rays by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope. A celestial region around the position of the radiogalaxy Cen A has the largest excess of arrival directions relative to isotropic expectations. The 2-point autocorrelation function is shown for the enlarged set of arrival directions and compared to the isotropic expectation., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics on 31 August 2010
Published: 2010
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49. New method for the time calibration of an interferometric radio antenna array

Author: Schröder, F. G., Asch, T., Bähren, L., Blümer, J., Bozdog, H., Falcke, H., Haungs, A., Horneffer, A., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Krömer, O., and Nehls, S.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Digital radio antenna arrays, like LOPES (LOFAR PrototypE Station), detect high-energy cosmic rays via the radio emission from atmospheric extensive air showers. LOPES is an array of dipole antennas placed within and triggered by the KASCADE-Grande experiment on site of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany. The antennas are digitally combined to build a radio interferometer by forming a beam into the air shower arrival direction which allows measurements even at low signal-to-noise ratios in individual antennas. This technique requires a precise time calibration. A combination of several calibration steps is used to achieve the necessary timing accuracy of about 1 ns. The group delays of the setup are measured, the frequency dependence of these delays (dispersion) is corrected in the subsequent data analysis, and variations of the delays with time are monitored. We use a transmitting reference antenna, a beacon, which continuously emits sine waves at known frequencies. Variations of the relative delays between the antennas can be detected and corrected for at each recorded event by measuring the phases at the beacon frequencies., Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures, 1 table, pre-print of article published in Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A, available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TJM-4Y9CF4B-4/2/37bfcb899a0f387d9875a5a0729593ae
Published: 2010
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50. Lateral Distribution of the Radio Signal in Extensive Air Showers Measured with LOPES

Author: LOPES Collaboration, Apel, W. D., Arteaga, J. C., Asch, T., Badea, A. F., Baehren, L., Bekk, K., Bertaina, M., Biermann, P. L., Bluemer, J., Bozdog, H., Brancus, I. M., Brueggemann, M., Buchholz, P., Buitink, S., Cantoni, E., Chiavassa, A., Cossavella, F., Daumiller, K., de Souza, V., Di Pierro, F., Doll, P., Engel, R., Falcke, H., Finger, M., Fuhrmann, D., Gemmeke, H., Ghia, P. L., Glasstetter, R., Grupen, C., Haungs, A., Heck, D., Hoerandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Huege, T., Isar, P. G., Kampert, K. H., Kang, D., Kickelbick, D., Kroemer, O., Kuijpers, J., Lafebre, S., Luczak, P., Ludwig, M., Mathes, H. J., Mayer, H. J., Melissas, M., Mitrica, B., Morello, C., Navarra, G., Nehls, S., Nigl, A., Oehlschlaeger, J., Over, S., Palmieri, N., Petcu, M., Pierog, T., Rautenberg, J., Rebel, H., Roth, M., Saftoiu, A., Schieler, H., Schmidt, A., Schroeder, F., Sima, O., Singh, K., Toma, G., Trinchero, G. C., Ulrich, H., Weindl, A., Wochele, J., Wommer, M., Zabierowski, J., and Zensus, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The antenna array LOPES is set up at the location of the KASCADE-Grande extensive air shower experiment in Karlsruhe, Germany and aims to measure and investigate radio pulses from Extensive Air Showers. The coincident measurements allow us to reconstruct the electric field strength at observation level in dependence of general EAS parameters. In the present work, the lateral distribution of the radio signal in air showers is studied in detail. It is found that the lateral distributions of the electric field strengths in individual EAS can be described by an exponential function. For about 20% of the events a flattening towards the shower axis is observed, preferentially for showers with large inclination angle. The estimated scale parameters R0 describing the slope of the lateral profiles range between 100 and 200 m. No evidence for a direct correlation of R0 with shower parameters like azimuth angle, geomagnetic angle, or primary energy can be found. This indicates that the lateral profile is an intrinsic property of the radio emission during the shower development which makes the radio detection technique suitable for large scale applications., Comment: accepted by Astroparticle Physics
Published: 2009
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