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Aims: We aimed to gain insight into the underlying pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in obesity patients and the improvement of cardiac function after weight loss., Methods: This is a longitudinal study in which 92 cardiovascular biomarkers were measured by multiplex immunoassays in obesity patients without known cardiovascular disease, before and one year after bariatric surgery., Results: Out of 100 eligible patients, 72 patients completed the follow-up. A total of 72 (78%) biomarkers changed significantly. The biomarkers with the highest relative changes represented processes linked mainly to insulin resistance and inflammation. In the patients with persistent subclinical cardiac dysfunction, the baseline values of 10 biomarkers were different from values in patients with normalization of cardiac function. Most of these biomarkers were linked to inflammation or atherosclerosis. Finally, a model was developed to investigate the relationship between changes in the biomarkers and persistent subclinical cardiac dysfunction. Seven biomarkers were retained in this model, mainly linked to inflammation, atherosclerosis, and hypercoagulability., Conclusion: The majority (78%) of cardiovascular biomarkers changed, pointing mainly to modulation of insulin resistance and inflammation. The baseline levels of 10 biomarkers, as well as pre- to post-bariatric surgery changes in seven biomarkers, were related to persistent subclinical cardiac dysfunction after bariatric surgery.

Aims: Although prospective studies have unequivocally shown that C-reactive protein (CRP) is an independent predictor of future cardiovascular events, studies on the association between CRP and atherosclerosis have provided inconsistent results. We investigated the association of CRP with extent and progression of atherosclerosis in multiple vessel beds in a large, population-based cohort study., Methods: In the Rotterdam Study, standardized measurements of coronary and extra-coronary atherosclerosis were performed in 1962 persons and 6582 persons, respectively. Progression of extra-coronary atherosclerosis during a mean follow-up period of 6.4 years was assessed in 3757 persons., Results: Independent and graded associations were found of CRP with the number of carotid plaques and carotid plaque progression ((OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.14-2.59) for severe progression in participants with CRP>3mg/dl versus participants with CRP<1mg/dl). Similarly, CRP was independently and graded related to ankle-brachial-index (ABI) and worsening ABI over the years ((OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.37-2.88) for severe progression in participants with CRP>3mg/dl versus participants with CRP<1mg/dl). Although CRP was independently related to the highest level of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), the association with change in IMT was not significant. Furthermore, there was an independent, graded relation between CRP and aortic calcification, but no independent association was observed with progression of aortic calcification, nor with the amount of coronary calcification., Conclusion: In this population-based study, independent and graded associations were present of CRP with extent and progression of carotid plaques and ABI, while associations with carotid IMT and aortic and coronary calcification were less pronounced.

The female advantage in coronary heart disease occurrence is not completely understood. To characterize gender differences in cardiovascular disease by vascular site, the authors compared degrees of coronary, carotid, peripheral, and aortic atherosclerosis in men and women aged>or=55 years from the population-based Rotterdam Study (Rotterdam, the Netherlands). Data were collected between 1997 and 2000. A subset of 2,013 participants had data on both coronary calcification and one or more measures of extracoronary atherosclerosis, including intima-media thickness (IMT), carotid plaques, ankle-arm index (AAI), and aortic calcification. The multivariable-adjusted male:female odds ratios for calcium score>1,000 were 7.8 (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.2, 19.3), 5.4 (95% CI: 2.8, 10.2), and 3.0 (95% CI: 1.7, 5.2) in the lowest, middle, and highest age tertiles, respectively. For IMT>1.0 mm, severe carotid plaques, AAI<0.90, and severe aortic calcification, ratios did not decline with age. Overall multivariable-adjusted male:female odds ratios for these measures were 2.9 (95% CI: 2.0, 4.1), 2.0 (95% CI: 1.4, 2.8), 0.9 (95% CI: 0.7, 1.3), and 1.0 (95% CI: 0.8, 1.5), respectively. The authors conclude that the gender difference in atherosclerosis is larger in the coronary vessels than in other vascular beds. Remarkably, it is absent in the aorta and the lower-extremity vessels. Factors causing this site-specific gender difference require further investigation.

Introduction Patients who have experienced an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are at risk of a recurrent event, but their level of risk varies. Because of their close temporal relationship with vascular injury, longitudinal measurements of circulating endothelial cells (CECs) carry potential to improve individual risk assessment. Methods We conducted an explorative nested case-control study within our multicenter, prospective, observational biomarker study (BIOMArCS) of 844 ACS patients. Following an index ACS, high-frequency blood sampling was performed during 1-year follow-up. CECs were identified using flow cytometric analyses in 15 cases with recurrent event, and 30 matched controls. Results Cases and controls had a median (25th-75thpercentile) age of 64.1 (58.1-75.1) years and 80% were men. During the months preceding the endpoint, the mean (95%CI) CEC concentration in cases was persistently higher than in controls (12.8 [8.2-20.0] versus 10.0 [7.0-14.4] cells/ml), although this difference was non-significant (P = 0.339). In controls, the mean cell concentration was significantly (P = 0.030) lower in post 30-day samples compared to samples collected within one day after index ACS: 10.1 (7.5-13.6) versus 17.0 (10.8-26.6) cells/ml. Similar results were observed for CEC subsets co-expressing CD133 and CD309 (VEGFR-2) or CD106 (VCAM-1). Conclusion Despite their close relation to vascular damage, no increase in cell concentrations were found prior to the occurrence of a secondary adverse cardiac event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to study temporal changes in metabolite profiles in patients with post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS), in particular prior to the development of recurrent ACS (reACS). Methods: BIOMArCS (BIOMarker study to identify the Acute risk of a Coronary Syndrome) is a prospective study including patients admitted for ACS, who underwent high-frequency blood sampling during 1-year follow-up. Within BIOMArCS, we performed a nested case-cohort analysis of 158 patients (28 cases of reACS). We determined 151 metabolites by nuclear magnetic resonance in seven (median) blood samples per patient. Temporal evolution of the metabolites and their relation with reACS was assessed by joint modelling. Results are reported as adjusted (for clinical factors) hazard ratios (aHRs). Results: Median age was 64 (25th–75th percentiles; 56–72) years and 78% were men. After multiple testing correction (p < 0.001), high concentrations of extremely large very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles (aHR 1.60/SD increase; 95%CI 1.25–2.08), very large VLDL particles (aHR 1.60/SD increase; 95%CI 1.25–2.08) and large VLDL particles (aHR 1.56/SD increase; 95%CI 1.22–2.05) were significantly associated with reACS. Moreover, these longitudinal particle concentrations showed a steady increase over time prior to reACS. Among the other metabolites, no significant associations were observed. Conclusion: Post-ACS patients with persistent high concentrations of extremely large, very large and large VLDL particles have increased risk of reACS within 1 year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate relations of several circulating chemokines with extent and phenotype of coronary atherosclerosis and with 1-year clinical outcome. Methods: Intravascular ultrasound virtual histology (IVUS-VH) imaging of a coronary artery was performed in 581 patients. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), MIP-1β and regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) were measured in plasma. Results: Higher MCP-1, MIP-1α and lower RANTES were associated with coronary plaque burden. Higher MCP-1, MIP-1α and lower RANTES were associated with the presence of IVUS-VH-derived thin-cap fibroatheroma lesions. RANTES was associated with major adverse cardiac events. Conclusions: RANTES is a promising biomarker that is inversely associated with coronary plaque burden and vulnerability, as well as with death and acute coronary syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are mostly caused by plaque rupture. This study aims to investigate the prognostic value of in vivo detection of high-risk coronary plaques by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Methods and results Between November 2008 and January 2011, IVUS of a non-culprit coronary artery was performed in 581 patients who underwent coronary angiography for ACS (n = 318) or stable angina (n = 263). Primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) defined as mortality, ACS, or unplanned coronary revascularization. Culprit lesion-related events were not counted. Cumulative Kaplan–Meier incidence of 1-year MACE was 7.8%. The presence of IVUS virtual histology-derived thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) lesions (present 10.8% vs. absent 5.6%; adjusted HR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.09–3.60; P = 0.026) and lesions with a plaque burden of ≥70% (present 16.2% vs. absent 5.5%; adjusted HR: 2.90, 95% CI: 1.60–5.25; P < 0.001) were independently associated with a higher MACE rate. Thin-cap fibroatheroma lesions were also independently associated with the composite of death or ACS only (present 7.5% vs. absent 3.0%; adjusted HR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.15–5.49; P = 0.021). Thin-cap fibroatheroma lesions with a plaque burden of ≥70% were associated with a higher MACE rate within (P = 0.011) and after (P < 0.001) 6 months of follow-up, while smaller TCFA lesions were only associated with a higher MACE rate after 6 months (P = 0.033). Conclusion In patients undergoing coronary angiography, the presence of IVUS virtual histology-derived TCFA lesions in a non-culprit coronary artery is strongly and independently predictive for the occurrence of MACE within 1 year, particularly of death and ACS. Thin-cap fibroatheroma lesions with a large plaque burden carry higher risk than small TCFA lesions, especially on the short term. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background and Aims Previous lipidomics analyses have demonstrated that several lipid molecules in plasma are associated with fatal outcome in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This study aims to investigate the associations of previously identified high risk lipid molecules in plasma with coronary plaque characteristics derived from intravascular ultrasound virtual histology (IVUS-VH) imaging, with coronary lipid core burden index (LCBI) on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and with one year cardiovascular outcome in patients with CAD. Methods Between 2008 and 2011, IVUS-VH imaging of a non-culprit coronary artery was performed in 581 patients who underwent coronary angiography for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or stable CAD. NIRS imaging was additionally performed in 191 patients. Plasma concentrations of molecular lipids were measured with mass spectrometry. Results Several cholesteryl ester, ceramide and lactosylceramide species and ceramide ratios were associated with vulnerable plaque characteristics on IVUS-VH and NIRS imaging and with 1-year major adverse cardiac events (MACE, defined as all-cause mortality, ACS and unplanned coronary revascularization). In particular, ceramide d18:1/16:0 was consistently associated with higher necrotic core fraction on IVUS-VH (p = 0.001), higher LCBI (p = 0.024) on NIRS and higher MACE rate (adjusted HR 1.79 per standard deviation increase in log-transformed lipid concentration, 95%CI 1.24–2.59, p = 0.002). Conclusion Several molecular lipid species, and particularly ceramide(d18:1/16:0), are associated with the fraction of necrotic core tissue and lipid core burden in coronary atherosclerosis, and are predictive for 1-year clinical outcome after coronary angiography. These molecular lipids may improve risk stratification in CAD and may also be interesting therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerotic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims We investigated whether plasma cystatin C (CysC) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are associated with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-derived characteristics of coronary atherosclerosis and 1-year adverse coronary events in patients with normal and mildly-to-moderately impaired kidney function. Methods Between 2008 and 2011, virtual histology (VH)-IVUS of a non-culprit coronary artery was performed in 581 patients undergoing coronary angiography. Creatinine, CysC and NGAL were measured in pre-procedural blood samples. Presence of VH-IVUS-derived thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) lesions, lesions with plaque burden (PB)≥70% and lesions with minimal luminal area (MLA)≤4 mm 2 was assessed. Major adverse coronary events (MACE) comprised the composite of all-cause mortality, acute coronary syndrome, or unplanned coronary revascularization. Analyses were stratified using eGFR Cr of 90 ml/min/1.73 m 2 as the cut-off. Results In patients with normal kidney function, those with higher CysC levels had fewer lesions with PB ≥ 70% and fewer VH-TCFA lesions (adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 0.46 [0.30–0.69] and 0.59 [0.44–0.83], respectively, per standard deviation (SD) ln[ng/mL] CysC). Those with higher NGAL levels also had fewer lesions with PB ≥ 70% (adjusted OR [95% CI]:0.49 [0.29–0.82]) In patients with impaired kidneys, no differences in high-risk lesions were observed for CysC or NGAL. However, those with higher CysC had higher risk of MACE (hazard ratio (HR):1.4, 95% CI [1.03–1.92]). This was not the case in patients with normal kidney function. NGAL did not influence risk of MACE. Conclusions : Mild-to-moderate kidney dysfunction modifies the relationship between CysC and high-risk coronary lesions. This has not been established before, and offers an explanation for the difference in findings between experimental and epidemiologic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Conflicting results exist regarding the association between a common Haptoglobin (Hp) polymorphism and risk of coronary artery disease. We investigated the association of three functionally different anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory Hp phenotypes (Hp1-1, Hp2-1, Hp2-2) with invasively measured degree and composition of coronary atherosclerosis as determined by intravascular ultrasound (-virtual histology) (IVUS(-VH)) as well as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Methods Non-culprit coronary artery segments of 581 patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or stable angina pectoris were imaged with IVUS(-VH). In 203 patients, the segments were also imaged with NIRS. Pre-procedural blood samples were drawn for Hp phenotyping. Degree (segment plaque volume, segment plaque burden (PB); presence of lesions with PB ≥ 70%) and composition (segment fractions of fibrous, fibro-fatty, dense calcium, and necrotic core tissue; presence of IVUS-VH derived thin-cap fibroatheroma lesions) of coronary atherosclerosis were measured. Results No differences were present between the three Hp phenotypes with regard to degree and composition of coronary atherosclerosis in the full cohort. However, ACS patients with a Hp2-1 or Hp2-2 phenotype had a higher segment PB percentage (β[95% CI]: 3.88[0.31–7.44], p = 0.033), increased prevalence of lesions with PB ≥ 70% (OR[95% CI]: 3.61[1.06–12.30], p = 0.040), and a tendency towards a higher segment plaque volume (β[95% CI]: 1.29[− 0.04–2.62], p = 0.056) in multivariable analyses. Conclusions Although in the full cohort no associations could be demonstrated between Hp phenotypes and plaque characteristics, a significant association was present between phenotypes resulting from a genotype containing a Hp2 allele (Hp2-1 or Hp2-2) and a higher degree of atherosclerosis in patients with ACS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims Experimental studies have suggested that proprotein convertase substilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) might directly promote inflammatory processes contributing to atherosclerosis by mechanisms independent of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. This study aims to investigate the association between serum PCSK9 levels and the fraction and amount of necrotic core tissue in coronary atherosclerotic plaque, as assessed by intravascular ultrasound virtual histology (IVUS-VH) imaging. Methods Between 2008 and 2011, IVUS-VH imaging of a non-culprit coronary artery was performed in 581 patients who underwent coronary angiography for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or stable angina. PCSK9 concentrations were measured in serum samples that were drawn prior to coronary angiography. None of the patients received PCSK9 inhibitors. Results After adjustment for established cardiac risk factors, statin use and serum LDL cholesterol, serum PCSK9 levels were linearly associated with the fraction of plaque consisting of necrotic core tissue (β = 1.24% increase per 100 μg/L increase in PCKS9, 95%CI 0.55–1.94, p = 0.001) and with the absolute volume of necrotic core tissue (β = 0.09, 95%CI 0.01–0.18, p = 0.033), but were not significantly associated with plaque burden (p = 0.11), plaque volume (p = 0.22) or the presence of IVUS-VH-derived thin-cap fibroatheroma lesions (p = 1.0). Conclusion Serum PCSK9 levels were linearly associated with the fraction and amount of necrotic core tissue in coronary atherosclerosis, independently of serum LDL cholesterol levels and statin use. Therefore, PCSK9 may be an interesting therapeutic target for the treatment of atherosclerotic disease beyond LDL cholesterol regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims To assess the relationship between the extent and phenotype of coronary atherosclerosis, as assessed by in-vivo grayscale and radiofrequency intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), and circulating Troponin levels in patients with established stable coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods In this single-center, cross-sectional analysis, high-sensitivity Troponin T (hsTnT) was measured and IVUS was performed in a predefined non-stenotic segment of a non-culprit coronary artery in 231 patients with stable CAD undergoing elective angiography. Results HsTnT was detectable (>3 pg/mL) in 212 patients (92%) and a concentration above 14 pg/mL was observed in 19.5%. Normalised segmental plaque volumes were positively associated with hsTnT levels (25.0 mm 3 increase in segmental plaque volume per SD increase in ln-transformed hsTnT, 95% CI: 6.0–44.0, p = 0.010). Higher hsTnT levels were measured in patients with a virtual histology derived thin-cap fibroatheroma (VH-TCFA, adj. odds ratio for presence of VH-TCFA = 1.52 per SD increase in ln-transformed hsTnT, 95% CI: 1.10–2.11, p = 0.011). Patients with a VH-TCFA had a 2-fold increased prevalence of hsTnT concentration ≥14 pg/mL (adj. OR 2.35, 95% CI: 1.12–4.91, p = 0.024). In addition, a 3-fold increased prevalence of hsTnT concentration ≥14 pg/mL was observed in patients with a VH-TCFA with a lesional plaque volume higher than the median (adj. OR 3.36, 95% CI: 1.44–7.84, p = 0.005). Conclusions Segmental plaque volume and presence of VH-TCFA lesions are associated with higher circulating hsTnT concentrations in stable CAD patients. Subclinical plaque rupture or erosion and distal embolisation may be hypothesized as a potential pathophysiological mechanism with respect to Troponin elevation and its relation with adverse outcome in this patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We examined whether the acute phase proteins (APPs): Alpha-1-Antitrypsin, Alpha-2-Macroglobulin, Complement C3, ferritin, haptoglobin, and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) are associated with cardiovascular outcome, as well as with the extent and composition of coronary atherosclerosis as determined by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) virtual histology (VH). Methods: In 2008–2011, IVUS(-VH) imaging of a non-culprit coronary artery was performed in 581 patients from the ATHEROREMO-IVUS study undergoing coronary angiography for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (n = 318) or stable angina pectoris (SAP) (n = 263). Coronary atherosclerotic plaque volume, composition (fibrous, fibro-fatty, dense calcium and necrotic core) and vulnerability (VH-derived thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) lesions) were assessed. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE; all-cause mortality, ACS or unplanned coronary revascularization) were assessed during 1-year follow-up. We applied linear, logistic and Cox regression. Results: Mean age was 61.5 ± 11.4 years and 75.4% were men. Higher ferritin was associated with higher coronary plaque volume (beta [95% CI]: 0.19 [0.07–0.31] percent atheroma volume), for the highest vs the lowest tertile of ferritin; p for linear association = 0.013. Higher PAI-1 was associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality or ACS (hazard ratio [95% CI]: 2.98 [1.10–8.06]), for the highest vs the lowest tertile of PAI-1. No clear-cut associations could be demonstrated between APPs and composition of atherosclerosis or plaque vulnerability. Conclusions: Higher circulating ferritin was associated with higher coronary plaque volume, and higher PAI-1 was associated with higher incidence of all-cause mortality or ACS. None of the APPs displayed consistent associations with composition of atherosclerosis or plaque vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is capable of identifying lipid core-containing plaques, which can subsequently be quantified as a lipid core burden index (LCBI). Currently, no data are available on the long-term prognostic value of NIRS in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Objectives This study sought to determine the long-term prognostic value of intracoronary NIRS as assessed in a nonculprit vessel in patients with CAD. Methods In this prospective, observational study, NIRS imaging was performed in a nonculprit coronary artery in 203 patients referred for angiography due to stable angina pectoris (SAP) or acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The primary endpoint was the composite of all-cause mortality, nonfatal ACS, stroke, and unplanned coronary revascularization. Results The 1-year cumulative incidence of the primary endpoint was 10.4%. Cumulative 1-year rates in patients with an LCBI equal to and above the median (43.0) versus those with LCBI values below the median were 16.7% versus 4.0% (adjusted hazard ratio: 4.04; 95% confidence interval: 1.33 to 12.29; p = 0.01). The relation between LCBI and the primary endpoint was similar in SAP and ACS patients (p value for heterogeneity = 0.14). Similar differences between high and low LCBI were observed in pre-specified secondary endpoints. Conclusion CAD patients with an LCBI equal to or above the median of 43.0, as assessed by NIRS in a nonculprit coronary artery, had a 4-fold risk of adverse cardiovascular events during 1-year follow-up. This observation warrants confirmation by larger studies with extended follow-up. (The European Collaborative Project on Inflammation and Vascular Wall Remodeling in Atherosclerosis – Intravascular Ultrasound Study [AtheroRemoIVUS]; NCT01789411 ) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Previous studies have suggested positive associations between periodontal infection and cardiovascular disease. We aimed to investigate the associations of circulating antibodies against periodontal pathogens with 1-year cardiovascular outcome, as well as the extent of coronary atherosclerosis, plaque vulnerability and lesion remodeling on intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging. Methods Between 2008 and 2011, radiofrequency IVUS imaging of a non-culprit coronary artery was performed in 581 patients who underwent coronary angiography. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and A (IgA) against Porphyromonas gingivalis , Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , Tannerella forsythia and Prevotella intermedia were measured in plasma. Results None of the antibody levels were associated with coronary plaque burden, radiofreqeuncy-IVUS-derived thin-cap fibroatheroma lesion morphology or 1-year incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), which included all-cause mortality, acute coronary syndrome and unplanned coronary revascularization. IgA against A. actinomycetemcomitans , T. forsythia and P. intermedia were inversely associated with extent of positive lesion remodeling (OR for highest versus lowest tertile 0.55, 95%CI 0.35–0.88, p = 0.012; 0.53, 95%CI 0.32–0.87, p = 0.012; and 0.64, 95%CI 0.40–1.02, p = 0.061, respectively). In diabetic patients specifically, IgG against P. gingivalis tended to be associated with coronary plaque burden ( p = 0.080), while IgA against P. gingivalis tended to be associated with incident MACE ( p = 0.060). Conclusion Plasma IgG and IgA against major periodontal pathogens were not associated with the extent of coronary atherosclerosis (with the exception of a trend in diabetics) nor with coronary plaque vulnerability. IgA against periodontal pathogens were inversely associated with extent of coronary remodeling. Altogether, these results do not add evidence for a substantial role of systemic exposure to periodontal pathogens in coronary artery disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective We investigated whether concentrations of TNF-α, TNF-β, TNF-receptor 2, interferon-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-18 are associated with extent and composition of coronary atherosclerosis determined by grayscale and virtual histology (VH)- intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Methods Between 2008 and 2011, IVUS(-VH) imaging of a non-culprit coronary artery was performed in 581 patients (stable angina pectoris (SAP), n = 261; acute coronary syndrome (ACS), n = 309) undergoing coronary angiography from the ATHEROREMO-IVUS study. Plaque burden, presence of VH-IVUS-derived thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) lesions, and presence of VH-TCFA lesions with plaque burden ≥70% were assessed. Blood samples for cytokine measurement were drawn from the arterial sheath prior to the angiography procedure. We applied linear and logistic regression. Results TNF-α levels were positively associated with plaque burden (beta (β) [95%CI]: 4.45 [0.99-7.91], for highest vs lowest TNF-α tertile) and presence of VH-TCFA lesions (odds ratio (OR) [95%CI] 2.30 (1.17-4.52), highest vs lowest TNF-α tertile) in SAP patients. Overall, an inverse association was found between IL-10 concentration and plaque burden (β [95%CI]: -1.52 [-2.49 to -0.55], per Ln (pg/mL) IL-10) as well as IL-10 and VH-TCFA lesions with plaque burden ≥70% (OR: 0.31 [0.12-0.80],highest vs lowest IL-10 tertile). These effects did not reach statistical significance in the separate SAP and ACS groups. Conclusion Higher circulating TNF-α was associated with higher plaque burden and VH-TCFA lesions in SAP patients. Lower circulating IL-10 was associated with higher plaque burden and large VH-TCFA lesions. These in-vivo findings suggest a role for these cytokines in extent and vulnerability of atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]