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The number of described species of Brachycephalus has rapidly increased in the last decade (n = 22, which represents 56% of the total). Species of the genus Brachycephalus are mostly distributed in isolated mountaintops from Bahia (northeastern Brazil) to Santa Catarina states (southern Brazil), each one occupying only one or a few adjacent mountaintops. Herein, we described a new species of Brachycephalus of the B. pernix group, from Serra do Tabuleiro in Santa Catarina state, which also represents the southernmost known species. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of characters, including the following: (1) "bufoniform" body; (2) small adult SVL: 9.57–11.10 mm for males and 10.88–12.70 mm for females; (3) head proportionally small (HL/SVL 19–28%) and eye proportionally large (ED/HL 36–56%); (4) dorsum texture rough; (5) snout shape rounded in dorsal and lateral views; (6) general dorsal body color olive green with head, arms and legs yellow-orangish scattered with olive green, and an orangish vertebral stripe spotted with white and brown colors; (7) skull and skeleton without hyperossification; (8) frontoparietal and sphenethmoid not fused; (9) advertisement with one or two high-frequency notes (6,115–6,562 Hz), and 2–4 pulses per note. The type locality is adjacent to Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro, a protected area, but we observed various agricultural activities in this locality, including the presence of exotic plants, which can change the amount and the quality of leaf litter, somehow compromising the population of the new species. Another aggravating factor is that the municipality of São Bonifácio has conflicts over land use with irregular occupation and unfinished expropriation processes in Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro. Considering that Brachycephalus sp. nov. is probably a mountaintop microendemic species, it is paramount that future studies quantifying the new species' full distribution and evaluating population trends to accurately assess its conservation status.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T16:58:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-12-01 Fundacao Grupo Boticario de Protecao a Natureza Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The advent of next-generation sequencing allows researchers to use large-scale datasets for species delimitation analyses, yet one can envision an inflection point where the added accuracy of including more loci does not offset the increased computational burden. One alternative to including all loci could be to prioritize the analysis of loci for which there is an expectation of high informativeness. Here, we explore the issue of species delimitation and locus selection with montane species from two anuran genera that have been isolated in sky islands across the southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest: Melanophryniscus (Bufonidae) and Brachycephalus (Brachycephalidae). To delimit species, we obtained genetic data using target enrichment of ultraconserved elements from 32 populations (13 for Melanophryniscus and 19 for Brachycephalus), and we were able to create datasets that included over 800 loci with no missing data. We ranked loci according to their number of parsimony-informative sites, and we performed species delimitation analyses using BPP with the most informative 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, and 640 loci. We identified three types of phylogenetic node: nodes with either consistently high or low support regardless of the number of loci or their informativeness and nodes that were initially poorly supported where support became stronger as we included more data. When viewed across all sensitivity analyses, our results suggest that the current species richness in both genera is likely underestimated. In addition, our results show the effects of different sampling strategies on species delimitation using phylogenomic datasets. Univ Fed Parana, Dept Zool, BR-81531980 Curitiba, Parana, Brazil Mater Nat Inst Estudos Ambientais, BR-80250020 Curitiba, Parana, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Praca Infante Dom Henrique S-No,Parque Bitaru, BR-11330900 Sao Paulo, Brazil Pontificia Univ Catolica Parana, Escola Ciencias Vida, BR-80215901 Curitiba, Parana, Brazil Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Louisiana State Univ, Museum Nat Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Occidental Coll, Moore Lab Zool, 1600 Campus Rd, Los Angeles, CA 90041 USA Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Praca Infante Dom Henrique S-No,Parque Bitaru, BR-11330900 Sao Paulo, Brazil Fundacao Grupo Boticario de Protecao a Natureza: 0895_20111 Fundacao Grupo Boticario de Protecao a Natureza: A0010_2014 CNPq: 301636/2016-8