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An adaptive model is proposed to describe time-varying seasonal effects. The seasonal average function is constructed using an iterative algorithm that provides a neat decomposition of the signal into a generalized trend, seasonal and residual components. By a trend, we mean long-term evolutionary changes in the average signal level, both unidirectional and chaotic, in the form of a slow random drift. This algorithm allows one to obtain unbiased estimates for each of the signal components, even in the presence of a significant number of missing observations. The series length is not required to be a multiple of an integer number of years. In contrast to the usual "Climate Normals" (CN) model, the considered adaptive model of seasonal effects assumes a continuous slow change in the properties of the seasonal component over time. The degree of allowable variability in seasonal effects from year to year is entered as a tunable parameter of the model. In particular, this allows one to show the dynamics of the growth of the amplitude of seasonal fluctuations in time in the form of a continuous (smooth) function without necessarily linking these changes to predetermined calendar epochs. The algorithm was tested on the atmospheric CO2 concentration monitoring series at Barrow, Mauna Loa, Tutuila, and South Pole stations located at different latitudes. The form of the seasonal variation was estimated, and the average amplitude of the seasonal variation and the rate of its change at each station were calculated. Noticeable differences in the dynamics of the studied parameters between stations are demonstrated. Mean amplitude of seasonal variation in CO2 concentration at Barrow, Mauna Loa, Tutuila, and South Pole stations in the epoch 2010–2019 was estimated as 18.15, 7.08, 1.30, and 1.26 ppm, respectively, and the average rate of increase in the amplitude of the seasonal variation in the increase in CO2 concentration in the interval 1976–2019 is 0.085, 0.0100, 0.0165, and 0.0031 ppm/year. In relative terms, the increase is 0.57 ± 0.03, 0.11 ± 0.02, 2.24 ± 0.24, and 0.27 ± 0.04% per year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers various information related to energy and environment from October-December 2008 in the U.S. The value for carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa in Hawaii Island, Hawaii was 384.7 ppmv, depicting the normal upward trend and an annual rise of 3.33 ppmv. The global sea ice area for the period was the same as in 1979 while human resources contribute about five percent of the annual carbon dioxide input into atmosphere. The European Union (EU) summit declaration dropped all reference to the legal implementation of the climate targets.