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During five campaigns at sea and 11 on land in 2001–2007, aerosols were measured in the coastal zone and over the open sea in the Gdansk Basin (southern Baltic). Sea salt concentrations were high both over Gdynia (2.0–12.2 μ g m − 3 ) and at sea (1.3–14.5 μ g m − 3 ). The intensity of the generation and transport of marine aerosols increased exponentially with wind speeds > 5 m s − 1 over land and > 3 m s − 1 over the Gulf of Gdansk, this being most noticeable with Baltic and oceanic advection. Sea breezes were conducive to the transport of marine aerosols over land areas. The sea was also the origin of both sea salt and non-sea salt sulphate aerosols. An interesting increase in the proportion of non-sea salt-related sulphates (86.7%) was observed in spring, when the biological processes in the sea were more intense.

The influence of the near-water wind field on the radiance of a marine shallow was studied on the basis of daily SeaWiFS ocean colour scanner data and QuickScat scatterometer wind data collected from 1999 to 2004 in the southern Caspian Sea, where the deep basin borders a vast shallow west of the shore of meridional extent. It was found that radiance distributions, clustered by wind rhumbs, exhibited different long-term mean patterns for winds of opposing directions: within the shallow’s boundaries, the radiances were about twice as high for winds having an offshore component with reference to the onshore wind conditions. The zonal profile of radiance across the shallow resembled a closed loop whose upper and lower branches corresponded to the offshore and onshore winds respectively. The loop was the most pronounced at sites with 10–15 m of water for any wavelength of light, including the red region. On the basis of specific features of the study area, we attributed this pattern to sunlight backscattered from bottom sediments resuspended by bottom compensation currents induced by the offshore winds.

The emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified for two joss paper furnaces burning two kinds of joss papers (recycled paper made and virgin bamboo made). A cyclone and a wet scrubber were installed in series on one of the two furnaces. Particulate and gaseous PAHs were collected with a sampling system meeting the criteria of U.S. EPA Modified Method 5. Twenty-one species of PAH were analyzed by GC/MS. Individual PAH emission factors vary from less than 1 mg kg −1 fuel to several tens of mg kg −1 fuel. The total (sum of 21 compounds) and the carcinogenic PAH (benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3,-cd]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene) emission factors were not statistically different for the two furnaces and averaged 71.0 and 3.2 mg kg −1 , respectively. The PAH profiles showed a predominance of naphthalene (58.1%), phenanthrene (11.7%) and fluorene (7.5%). Of the two joss papers examined, bamboo-made joss paper showed less emission in both particulate and gaseous PAHs. For particulate and gaseous PAHs, the removal efficiencies of total PAHs by the air pollution control devices were 42.5% and 11.7%, respectively. PAH emission factors in high airflow conditions were generally lower than those in low airflow condition.

A primary production model for the Barents Sea shows a hot spot of organic carbon settlement to the sea bed over 100 km long, a shallow pile of highly permeable sediments (mainly large Balanus , Mya and Pecten shell fragments over 1 cm in size) of glacial origin. Hydrodynamic flow models suggest an intensive, deep flow of near-bottom waters into the sediment. Depending on wave height, water in shallow (30 m depth) places may percolate more than 5 m into the sediment. During 10 days of stormy weather as much as 4 to 8 kg wet weight pelagic biomass can be processed per square metre through this extremely permeable sediment. Analogous processes known in coastal waters lead to intense biocatalytic phenomena and metabolism of organic carbon within the seabed, estimated here as more intense than surface consumption. Spitsbergenbanken may be acting as a huge sink for organic carbon and an important source of nutrients in one of the most productive areas of the North Atlantic.

This paper contains a collection of English translations of twenty-one of Hans ERTEL'S papers on geophysical fluid dynamics. The selected papers were originally published between 1942 and 1970 in either German or Spanish. This collection includes the four classic 1942 papers on vorticity and potential vorticity conservation principles and also papers on generalized conservation relations, hydrodynamic commutation formulas, Clebsch and WEBER transformations, and isogons and isotachs in two-dimensional flows.

According to B.L. Berry’s “harmonic model,” any natural or social process is a superposition of several cosmic rhythms. The author assumes that stability of these rhythms allows prediction of earth phenomena over an unlimited time. We show that the statistical criteria supposedly substantiating the harmonic model were applied incorrectly. The initial data for the analysis were biased and selected incompetently; the adequacy of the methods used was not verified. Predictions of natural catastrophes (earthquakes, weather anomalies, etc.) and various social events according to Berry’s model are unsatisfactory. Statistics do not confirm that these predictions are at least slightly better than random guessing. Berry’s model is unacceptable; it is untenable both in detail and in general.

The remote sensing reflectance R rs , concentrations of chlorophyll a and other pigments C i , suspended particulate matter concentrations C SPM and coloured dissolved organic matter absorption coefficient a CDOM (λ) were measured in the euphotic zones of 15 Pomeranian lakes in 2007–2010. On the basis of 235 sets of data points obtained from simultaneous estimates of these quantities, we classified the lake waters into three types. The first one, with the lowest a CDOM (440 nm) (usually between 0.1 and 1.3 m −1 and chlorophyll a concentrations 1.3 C a −3 ), displays a broad peak on the reflectance spectrum at 560–580 nm and resembles the shape of the remote sensing reflectance spectra usually observed in the Baltic Proper. A set of R rs spectra from the Baltic Proper is given for comparison. The second lake water type has a very high CDOM absorption coefficient (usually a CDOM (440 nm) > 10 m −1 , up to 17.4 m −1 in Lake Pyszne; it has a relatively low reflectance ( R rs −1 ) over the entire spectral range, and two visible reflectance spectra peaks at ca 650 and 690–710 nm. The third type of lake water represents waters with a lower CDOM absorption coefficient (usually a CDOM (440 nm) −1 ) and a high chlorophyll a concentration (usually C a > 4 mg m −3 , up to 336 mg m −3 in Lake Gardno). The remote sensing reflectance spectra in these waters always exhibit three peaks ( R rs > 0.005 sr −1 ): a broad one at 560–580 nm, a smaller one at ca 650 nm and a well-pronounced one at 690–720 nm. These R rs (λ) peaks correspond to the relatively low absorption of light by the various optically active components of the lake water and the considerable scattering (over the entire spectral range investigated) due to the high SPM concentrations there. The remote sensing maximum at λ ≈ 690–720 nm is higher still as a result of the natural fluorescence of chlorophyll a . Empirical relationships between the spectral reflectance band ratios at selected wavelengths and the various optically active components for these lake waters are also established: for example, the chlorophyll a concentration in surface water layer C a = 6.432 e 4.556 X , where X = [max R rs (695 ≤ λ ≤ 720) – R rs (λ = 670)]/max R rs (695 ≤ λ ≤ 720), and the coefficient of determination R 2 = 0.95.

By analyzing COSMIC data, Sharma et al. (2010) found more than 50% reduction in electron density during a solar eclipse at the F2-layer and above, with the peak of similar to 70% at 370 km. So great eclipse effect on topside ionosphere was very abnormal and much different from previous studies. However, by comparing the cosmic data with IRI results, we find that the abnormal reduction comes mainly from the significant local time variation at sunrise, not from the eclipse effect. Furthermore, we simulated the eclipse effect by using a theoretical model to confirm our analysis. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

With the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW), the way people publish, retrieve and synthesise information has totally changed. The Web is a hypertext system consisting of a huge amount of information which has very different forms. The concept of geospatial Web content emphasises the geospatial context of online information. Due to the continued explosive increase in the volume and complexity of geospatial Web content, it is necessary to have some mechanisms through which content can be systematically organised depending on their geospatial characteristics, and can be efficiently accessed and interrelated. This paper presents the design and development of Geo-coded Spatial Navigation System (G-SNS), a geo-referencing and browsing system that aims to provide an integrated user interface for navigation and browsing of geospatial Web content. Three case studies based on the G-SNS architecture in different application domains are developed and described: 1) Local News Reader categorises online news stories based on their geospatial context, 2) Web Sites Finder enables users to find Web sites that are close to users' current locations, and 3) Property List Map provides users with a map-based interface for searching and reviewing of real estate properties.

In order to evaluate the use of paper as a mulch for plant production, this research investigated the optical characteristics of two recycled papers (Emboss and Eco, beige 120 g/m2, and dark brown 55 g/m2, respectively) and a silver-polyethylene film (Silver, containing aluminum powder). We measured transmittance and reflectance of these materials as mulches under light controlled and open field (Tottori Sand Dune) conditions. Reflectance was defined as a ratio of reflective radiance of the mulch surface to that of the reflection standard surface.Used as mulches, all three materials would inhibit weed growth as they prevented the penetration of light at 660 nm, which stimulates weed germination. Mean transmittance at 400-700 nm for all three was less than 1%. The reflectance of Emboss and Eco was low for ultraviolet (350-400 nm). but high for visible (400-700 nm) and near infrared rays (700-2, 500 nm). The opposite was found with Silver. The radiances of the three mulches on fair and cloudy days were compared. The radiance of the three mulches on the cloudy day were high for ultraviolet but low for visible and near infrared rays. The light scattering property of each material was measured hemispherically at 5 angles: 30°, 60°, 90°, 120° and 150°. Silver reflected light more strongly in the direction against the angle of the sun. In contrast, Emboss generally reflected more light than Eco in all directions, both had no significant differences among the directions. Because Emboss reflects photosynthetically active radiation (400-700nm) at a wider angle than Silver, it may be better for plant photosynthesis.

A lifecycle assessment to estimate greenhouse gas emissions in Australia from the paper cycle is summarised. The greenhouse gas emissions from paper in Australia in 1999/2000 were estimated to be 12.1 million tonnes (Mt) of CO2 equivalent. Nearly half of this amount consisted of CH4 emissions from landfilled waste paper. Various waste management options were modelled to investigate the greenhouse impact of a tonne of paper over its whole lifecycle. Options that keep paper out of landfills significantly reduce greenhouse emissions, waste-to-energy recovery being most effective. Recycling is also beneficial, and is of particular interest from a management perspective because it can be controlled by the pulp and paper industry. These findings can be extended to other wood-based and organic wastes.

In the paper of A.G. Ryaboshapko [5], unfortunately, the author evaded the main question contained in the name of the paper criticized by him [4], namely, “Is Aerosol Scattering in the Stratosphere a Safety Technology Preventing Global Warming?” Instead of this, having named his paper “On the Taboo on Researching in the Field of Global Climate Geoengineering,” he discussed a completely different question which was not formulated by the authors. A thesis on “the taboo on researching” disputed by the author of the critical paper and the doubtfulness (from the point of view of the Russian science priorities) of some researches 1 discussed by us is far from being the same. In other words, not the actual position is under critique but that ascribed to the authors. Reverting to the discussion opened in [4], let us first of all specify its topic. A term “geoengineering” which came to us from the English-language literature embraces a wide range of various techniques of climate warming prevention. In order to preclude a potential confusion, in the report [7], for example, it is proposed to divide all kinds of climate regulation into two classes: techniques directed at the direct removal of CO2 from the atmosphere and techniques of the solar radiation control for the purpose of decreasing its absorption by the Earth’s surface. Recent investigations demonstrated that the use of technique of the second class is able to bring a large-scale damage to the environment and economic development of certain regions of the globe. These are the deliberate aerosol scattering in the stratosphere to control the solar radiation coming to the Earth’s surface and problems associated with this technique were discussed in our paper. Thus, the author of [5] substitutes the discussion of stratospheric aerosol scattering by the discussion of the great variety of techniques embraced usually by the general term “geoengineering” which we did not deal with. By the way, the authors avoided this term in [4] concentrating on the concrete technique.

Ash formation during industrial-scale bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) and circulating fluidized-bed (CFB) combustion of bark, waste wood and paper mill sludges has been studied. The principal ash formation mechanism was the sintering of 0.2–4 μ m paper filler mineral particles into larger, porous ash agglomerates from 10 to 200 μ m in size which dominated the fly ash total mass and specific surface area. Fly ash total mass concentration at the electrostatic precipitator inlet conditions varied from 4.5 g N -1 m -3 at BFB to 8.3 g N -1 m -3 at CFB while the respective total surface area concentrations as determined with nitrogen absorption were 32 and 83 m 2 N -1 m -3 . During bark combustion in the BFB, we observed an ultrafine mode at 0.05 μ m consisting of spherical particles and their chain-type agglomerates. Ultrafine mode mass and surface area concentrations were 3 and 0.1 m 2 N -1 m -3 , respectively, as determined with the electrical low-pressure impactor and with the differential mobility analyzer. Ultrafine particles were formed via nucleation of volatilized ash species followed by particle growth via collision and coalescence and via vapor condensation. During waste wood combustion in the CFB, ultrafine particle concentration was significantly lower than during bark combustion in BFB, indicating reduced ash volatilization during CFB combustion. When co-firing sludge with bark in the BFB and with waste wood in the CFB ultrafine particle concentration was further reduced. Results from continuous aerosol measurements by the electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI), by the scanning differential mobility analyzer (SMPS) and by the tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) as the function of BFB process conditions suggest that co-combustion of sludge reduces significantly the ultrafine particle formation rate. No significant enrichment of alkali and trace metals in the ultrafine particles was observed.

This short note is a reply to the comments by Le et al. (accepted for publication) on the paper by Sharma et al. (2010) that is concerned with the eclipse time observation of ionospheric TEC and electron density.

Massman in his paper derives an analytical formula for eddy covariance flux corrections, based on equivalent first-order co-spectral transfer functions both at low and high frequencies. At low frequencies flux attenuation due to digital recursive filtering, frequently applied in eddy covariance systems for trend removal, and spectral cut off due to finite averaging time were considered. This comment discusses the form of the transfer function of high-pass digital recursive filter and consequences of block averaging on flux estimate.

In this paper several statements of Kandlikar and Ramachandran concerning the one-to-one correspondence between the spectrometric channels and aerosol size classes, overlaps of the kernels of integral equation, errors of the algebraic systems’ solutions and some inversion algorithms are discussed. It is shown that expression A −1 e ( A -linear algebraic system matrix, e -vector of the experimental errors) cannot be interpreted as the standard deviation of random errors and its adequate interpretation is given. The expressions for standard deviation of the system's solution are derived using the error propagation formula. It is indicated that known inequality for the errors of linear systems’ solutions including condition number of matrix cond is not applicable to the random errors, and the new inequality is given. The approach of smooth continuous size distribution function concept is shown to meet with difficulties since its actual realization is discrete, stochastic and has only two values: 0 and 1.

International audience; No abstract available

High ozone levels are regularly reached during summer period in South-European urban areas, calling for careful design of primary pollutants emission reduction strategies. In this perspective the CALGRID modelling system has been applied to Milan metropolitan area, located in the Po Valley, the most industrialised and populated area in Italy. For the first modelling exercise, a simulation domain of 100×100 km2 has been considered and a summer period, characterised by high photochemical activity, has been selected. Hourly emissions have been derived by spatially and temporally disaggregating national inventories data, while standard upper-air and ground-based meteorological data have been used as input to the CALMET pre-processor. A careful analysis of simulation results versus local network monitoring data has revealed some critical points, related to both modelling assumptions and practical data availability. A satisfactory reproduction of daytime ozone behaviour has been, in fact, accomplished, both in urban and suburban sites, while nighttime primary pollutants accumulations and consequent ozone consumption simulated by the model have not found correspondence in the measurements. Nitrogen dioxide has been also successfully modelled, mostly in city surroundings, whereas higher discrepancies have been found in some urban stations. Possible explanations of these facts are discussed in the paper, giving an insight for further work.

Anders K. Angstrom was known primarily for his contributions to the field of atmospheric radiation. However, his scientific interests encompassed many diverse topics. This paper describes the contents of two early, remarkable, and, until recently, largely unknown papers by Angstrom on probability forecasting and the use/value of weather forecasts. These papers, entitled “Sannolikhet och Praktisk Vaderleksprognos” (“Probability and Practical Weather Forecasting”) and “On the Effectivity of Weather Warnings,” were published in 1919 and 1922, respectively. Noteworthy features of these two papers include 1) a discussion of the sources of uncertainty in weather forecasting, 2) discourses on the problems of estimating probabilities by means of empirical relative frequencies and forecasters' subjective judgments, 3) the use of a Gaussian model to describe the accuracy of minimum temperature forecasts, 4) the identification of the ratio of the protection costa to the “risked value” if protective action is not tak...

The action required to stem the environmental and social implications of climate change depends crucially on how humankind shapes technology, economy, lifestyle and policy. With transport CO2 emissions accounting for about a quarter of the total, we examine the contribution of CO2 output by scientific travel. Thankfully for the reputation of the scientific community, CO2 emissions associated with the trips required to present a paper at a scientific conference account for just 0.003% of the yearly total. However, with CO2 emissions for a single conference trip amounting to 7% of an average individual’s total CO2 emissions, scientists should lead by example by demonstrating leadership in addressing the issue.

We examine the analysis by Lee (1998) of the scalar conservation budget in advective flows. Lee treated the budget in a one-dimensional framework, neglected horizontal derivatives of turbulent quantities and proposed that mean flow advection, simplified to its vertical component, can be used to improve budget closure, when data from only a single tower are available. We conclude: • that the appropriate analysis framework for constructing such budgets is unavoidably two- or three-dimensional because 2D and 3D mean velocity fields always induce streamwise variation in the eddy fluxes of scalars. • that in such flow fields it is generally incorrect to assume that the vertical component of advection w ∂ c /∂z is everywhere much larger than the horizontal component u ∂ c /∂x The vertical component can only provide a good measure of total advective flux divergence in the special circumstance where the tower is located beneath the vertical stagnation streamline of a recirculating flow. By referring to a linear model of scalar transport over a hill we show that the relationship between u ∂ c /∂x and w ∂ c /∂z is entirely dependent on particular flow conditions and that, in general, w ∂ c /∂z cannot even be used to provide a bound on the magnitude of total advection. • that for measurements at heights small compared to the horizontal scale of the advective flow, the horizontal gradient of turbulent flux ∂ u’c’ /∂x can probably be neglected relative to its vertical equivalent ∂ w’c’ /∂z and, • by using simple hydrodynamic models of 2D flows it can be shown that the vertical gradient of mean vertical velocity is approximately constant over tower heights small compared to the horizontal scale of the advective flow. We also comment on the proper choice of coordinate frame for analysis.

It has recently been brought to our attention by members of the scientific community that a paper published in Climate (ISSN 2225-1154, https://www.mdpi.com/journal/climate) has raised some controversy regarding its originality, overall quality, and the scientific validity of the data presented. Moreover, two members have resigned from the Editorial Board, stating they are not willing to be associated with a journal where such articles are published. The paper they referred to was “Akasofu, S.-I. On the Present Halting of Global Warming. Climate 2013, 1, 4–11”, published in the first issue of Climate in May 2013 [1], available online at: https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/1/1/4. [...]

While conducting a randomized seeding experiment, a storm was selected whose microphysical characteristics were so far from what was expected, given the existing thermodynamic environment, that some explanation was needed to account for the apparent errant behavior of this storm. More than a decade of sampling at −10°C using the project Lear jet has led to a simple classification technique, based on cloud-base temperature and buoyancy, which predicts the absence or presence, and to some extent the degree of coalescence (coalescence-freezing) precipitation growth in local convective storms. The unusual nature of this storm was recognized against this extensive microphysical database. The probable cause is attributed to emissions from a Kraft paper mill 10 km south of the storm's position. The mill had recently undergone an expansion program that had quadrupled its output of paper products. Using the radar characteristics of this unusual storm as a guide, a search of one season of radar data reveal...

Relationship between latex yield of natural rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) and climatic variables have been derived. Under humid tropical rainfed conditions, observed latex yields of rubber trees (clone RRII 105) are highly variable from 19.8 to 90.5 g per tree per tap. Maximum temperature experienced during 1 day, 7 days and 30 days prior to the tapping explains about 32%, 42% and 64%, respectively, of the day-to-day variability in latex yields. The multiple regression models to estimate latex yield on a tapping day, with different antecedent weather conditions are developed. The weekly weather conditions associated with optimum yields were maximum temperature of 30.4°C, minimum temperature of 22.8°C, 5.9 h sunshine and 72 mm of rainfall. Any deviation from these meteorological conditions up to 6 months duration may significantly influence latex production. In general, maximum temperature, sunshine duration, vapour pressure deficit and pan evaporation showed significant negative correlation with yield, irrespective of the time period considered. Whereas, significant positive association was observed between rainfall beyond a month period and the latex yield of rubber trees.

Gardner (1996, henceforth G96), examines a number of theories that seek to account for the vertical-wavenumber (m) spectrum of horizontal wind perturbations (u′) induced by gravity waves in the middle atmosphere. He notes that all the theories predict much the same spectra, and so he seeks to “identify the experimental data required to test the fundamental physics upon which these theories are based …” While I applaud Gardner's goal and will at a later stage contribute to it, I must first comment adversely on some aspects of his preliminary summaries and of his observational inferences. My remarks are limited almost exclusively to his discussion of the linear instability theory of Dewan and Good (1986, henceforth DG86) and Smith et al. (1987, henceforth SFV87), called by him the LIT, the diffusive filtering theory (DFT) of Gardner (1994, henceforth G94), and the Doppler spread theory (DST) initiated by Hines (1991b). In all of the theories under discussion, the u′ power spectral density (PSD) is taken in G96 to exhibit an increase with m at m values less than some characteristic value m∗ and a decrease, more-or-less proportional to m−3, in a ‘tail’ region at greater m values up to some upper limit mM, whereafter turbulence is said to set in. The transition at m∗ may be thought of, for convenience of discussion, as being abrupt, though each theory in fact either assumes or derives a smooth transition. The various theories differ from one another in the physical processes that are assumed to establish the tail portion of the spectrum, the tail's range in m, and the intensity of the PSD of the tail. That intensity has been said observationally to be invariant under changes of circumstance and height, a characteristic that is widely attributed to a ‘saturation’ of the spectrum or of the corresponding waves. The tail portion of the spectrum is therefore said by many to be saturated, though the theory of G94 purports to disagree with this concept and in fact provides possible alternatives to the m−3 form (as, indeed, does DG86). The LIT, DFT and DST will be discussed below in sequence.

If stratospheric temperature trends are to be understood, coupled chemistry climate models will need to be run. Simulations with fixed ozone trends might provide a misleading indication of future temperature trends. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society

The winner of the Journal of Spatial Science award for the Best Research and Review Paper in 2013 is Improving Lidar-based Forest Structure Mapping with Crown-level Pit Removal, published in Volume...

International audience; The Sun is at the origin of life on the Earth, and it influences all the Earth's environment, human life, climate, geomagnetism as well as many new technologies systems as for example navigation system. This is why the time varying sun deserves to a trans-disciplinary approach of many topics. In the following 8 papers, we will consider the sun itself its relation with the earth (geomagnetism and climate). (...)

Some additional data are given for the development of solar-terrestrial physics during the 19th and 20th centuries.

[1] Rain splash transport of sediment on a sloping surface arises from a downslope drift of grains displaced ballistically by raindrop impacts. We use high-speed imaging of drop impacts on dry sand to describe the drop-to-grain momentum transfer as this varies with drop size and grain size and to clarify ingredients of downslope grain drift. The ‘‘splash’’ of many grains involves ejection of surface grains accelerated by grain-to-grain collisions ahead of the radially spreading front of a drop as it deforms into a saucer shape during impact. For a given sand size, splash distances are similar for different drop sizes, but the number of displaced grains increases with drop size in proportion to the momentum of the drop not infiltrated within the first millisecond of impact. We present a theoretical formulation for grain ejection which assumes that the proportion of ejected grains within any small azimuthal angular interval dq about the center of impact is proportional to the momentum density of the spreading drop within dq and that the momentum of ejected grains at angle q is, on average, proportional to the momentum of the spreading drop at q. This formulation, consistent with observed splash distances, suggests that downslope grain transport involves an asymmetry in both quantity and distance: more grains move downslope than upslope with increasing surface slope, and, on average, grains move farther downslope. This latter effect is primarily due to the radial variation in the surface-parallel momentum of the spreading drop. Surface-parallel transport increases approximately linearly with slope.

The discussion reviews the prevailing pattern of energy demand and supply in the MINK states, speculates on the region's long-term energy future in the absence and presence of greenhouse warming, and, in the latter case, considers energy sector adaptation to such a prospect. Climate-sensitive energydemand is dominated by heating and cooling in various sectors of the regional economy (around 20% of regional energy consumption) and by such agricultural applications as irrigation pumping and crop drying (around 5%). A climate-sensitive energysupply issue of some importance is the region's partial dependence on hydroelectric capacity in the upper Missouri river basin. The analysis finds that, unlike the rather significant impacts likely to be experienced by other sectors of the regional economy, the hypothesized warming trend will translate into only small net increases in energy demand; and that technological possibilities and policy measures are available to mute any serious climatic effects on the energy sector.