1. The European carbon balance. Part 2: croplands
- Author
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Ciais, P., Wattenbach, M., Vuichard, N., Smith, P., Piao, S., Don, A., Luyssaert, S., Janssens, I. A., Bondeau, Alberte, Dechow, R., Leip, A., Smith, P. C., Beer, C., van Der Werf, G., Gervois, S., van Oost, K., Tomelleri, E., Freibauer, A., Schulze, E., Reichstein, M., Jung, M., Carvalhais, N., Rodenbeck, C., Arain, M., Baldocchi, D., Bonan, G., Cescatti, A., Lasslop, G., Lindroth, A., Lomas, M., Margolis, H., Oleson, K., Roupsard, O., Veenendaal, E., Viovy, N., Williams, C., Woodward, F., Papale, D., Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Free University of Berlin (FU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Commission, Department of Oceanography [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Department of Biogeochemical Integration [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Département de Géographie, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia = School of Science & Technology (FCT NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Biometeorology lab [Berkeley], Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management [Berkeley] (ESPM), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Centre for Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics: National Centre for Earth Observation (CTCD), University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Fonctionnement et pilotage des écosystèmes de plantations (UPR Ecosystèmes de plantations), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department of Forest Environment and Resources, Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California-University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, University of Tuscia, Carboeurope Synthesis Team, and Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Biome ,Climate change ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,Agricultural land ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,Environmental Chemistry ,SDG 2 - Zero Hunger ,Biology ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,2. Zero hunger ,Hydrology ,Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,Primary production ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Soil carbon ,15. Life on land ,13. Climate action ,Greenhouse gas ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,Terrestrial ecosystem ,Arable land - Abstract
We estimated the long-term carbon balance [net biome production (NBP)] of European (EU-25) croplands and its component fluxes, over the last two decades. Net primary production (NPP) estimates, from different data sources ranged between 490 and 846 gC m−2 yr−1, and mostly reflect uncertainties in allocation, and in cropland area when using yield statistics. Inventories of soil C change over arable lands may be the most reliable source of information on NBP, but inventories lack full and harmonized coverage of EU-25. From a compilation of inventories we infer a mean loss of soil C amounting to 17 g m−2 yr−1. In addition, three process-based models, driven by historical climate and evolving agricultural technology, estimate a small sink of 15 g C m−2 yr−1 or a small source of 7.6 g C m−2 yr−1. Neither the soil C inventory data, nor the process model results support the previous European-scale NBP estimate by Janssens and colleagues of a large soil C loss of 90 ± 50 gC m−2 yr−1. Discrepancy between measured and modeled NBP is caused by erosion which is not inventoried, and the burning of harvest residues which is not modeled. When correcting the inventory NBP for the erosion flux, and the modeled NBP for agricultural fire losses, the discrepancy is reduced, and cropland NBP ranges between −8.3 ± 13 and −13 ± 33 g C m−2 yr−1 from the mean of the models and inventories, respectively. The mean nitrous oxide (N2O) flux estimates ranges between 32 and 37 g C Eq m−2 yr−1, which nearly doubles the CO2 losses. European croplands act as small CH4 sink of 3.3 g C Eq m−2 yr−1. Considering ecosystem CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes provides for the net greenhouse gas balance a net source of 4247 g C Eq m−2 yr−1. Intensifying agriculture in Eastern Europe to the same level Western Europe amounts is expected to result in a near doubling of the N2O emissions in Eastern Europe. N2O emissions will then become the main source of concern for the impact of European agriculture on climate.
- Published
- 2010
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