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In order to overview the impact of climate change on runoff from forested catchments over Asian countries, we collected water balance data from fifteen long-term catchment monitoring stations (total monitoring period 1975–2018, not continuous), spanning from Sabah, Malaysia (our southernmost site), to Hokkaido, Japan (our northernmost site). We then employed an elasticity analysis to the dataset to examine how the annual runoff from each catchment responded to inter-annual fluctuations in annual rainfall and annual mean air temperature. As a result, we found that (1) the annual runoff was sensitive to annual rainfall for all the catchments examined. In addition, (2) the annual runoff from seven of the fifteen catchments was sensitive to inter-annual changes in the mean air temperature, which was likely due to changes in forest evapotranspiration. Three catchments, however, exhibited an increased runoff in a hot year. Finally, (3) the annual rainfall from the previous year (carry-over soil moisture) was important in explaining the variation in annual runoff in two tropical montane forest catchments. This study may serve as one of the pilot studies toward a comprehensive understanding of the climate elasticity of runoff in countries over Asia, because the examined catchments are unevenly and sparsely distributed over the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that a logging/harvesting practice in a forested catchment induces evapotranspiration (ET) decline and a subsequent runoff increase. In addition, most previous paired-catchment studies have revealed that, after re-planting the same tree species in the logged catchment, the post-logging runoff increase gradually diminished and returned to pre-logging level within short time period (typically 5-15 years), due to increasing water use by the planted trees with their growths. However, there is relatively little information on how longer-term catchment water balance changes with maturity of trees in the catchment. Marc and Robinson (2007) is one the few studies, in which, based on long-term catchment water balance data in UK, they reported that ET reduced by 140 mm per year in spruce/pine catchments with increasing forest ages. In order to fill the knowledge gap further, we revisited long-term water balance data for a Japanese catchment in which the soil and vegetation had been disturbed due to forest overuse, until its establishment in 1929 by University of Tokyo. Initially, the catchment was covered by young pines with scattered denuded ridges. After the catchment establishment, the poor vegetation had gradually been matured and the scattered denuded ridges had been decreased particularly after 1960s. Because the matured pine trees in the catchment had been largely declined due to an epidemic (pine wilt disease) during 1980s, we examined annual loss of the catchment from 1930s to 1970s. The result showed that the annual loss decreased with the decades, i.e., pine maturing, by about 100-150 mm per year. A further event-basis water balance analysis (Linsley et al. 1982) showed that the decline in the annual loss was caused by ET decline in the mid-growing season while ET in the dormant season exhibited almost no change throughout decades. Though, in order to draw a solid conclusion, a further investigation is still needed considering fluctuations in meteorological factors (such as air temperature) controlling ET, we currently attribute the ET decline in the mid-growing season to age-related transpiration decline, as was found for maritime pine stands in France (Delzon and Loustau 2005), because canopy interception would be augmented in later decades due to larger above-ground biomass and leave amount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]