Search

The incorporation of Bi2O3 in the Bi2O3–BaO–V2O5 (BBV) glasses leads to higher density and molar volume. The average cross-link density ( n ¯ c ) increases from 4.2 to 4.8 cm−3 whereas the number of bonds per unit volume (nb) decreases from 4.974 × 1022 to 4.753 × 1022 as Bi2O3 is incorporated into the BBV glasses. The high values of elastic moduli indicate that the present glasses are resistant to any kind of the deformations when subjected to any kind of forces. The fractal bond connectivity (d) values indicate the 2D structure of the present glasses. Using Phy-X software, the radiation shielding capabilities were studied when Bi2O3 was used in place of BaO. The authors determined the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) and discussed the change in this parameter due to the addition of Bi2O3 to the glasses. The glass with 20 mol% of Bi2O3 has the highest LAC and also has the highest effective atomic number. The minimum half value layer values was reported at 0.284 MeV and are equal to 1.220, 0.964 and 0.691 cm for the glasses with 5, 10 and 20 mol% of Bi2O3 respectively. The HVL increases with increasing energy, indicating that the samples are more efficient at shielding the low-energy radiation. At 0.347 MeV, the Zeff values are equal to 18.16, 21.09 and 26.05 for the samples with 5, 10 and 20 mol% of Bi2O3 respectively. The tenth value layer decreased with increasing density; for example, at 0.511 MeV, the layer decreased from 6.886 to 4.887 cm as the density increased from 3.6 to 4.281 g/cm3. The mean free path (MFP) was calculated and compared at 0.284 MeV. The authors found that BBV3 has the smallest MFP (0.997 cm) of the three examined glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to identify the radiation shielding capability of ceramics adding CuO, CdO, and Bi2O3 with diverse wt (%). The chemical compositions of the raw ceramics were documented through Energy Dispersive X-ray "EDX" techniques. For aesthetic appeal and solidification, CuO has been chosen to be added to ceramic. Moreover, in the interest of increasing the radiation shielding ability, the high atomic number and density of both CdO and Bi2O3 were suggested for the raw ceramics. To obtain the morphological features of the prepared ceramic samples, a Scanning Electron Microscope, or SEM, was utilized. To verify the experimental results, the MCA value obtained from the Phy-X software was compared to the experimental value collected from the HPGe detector. At energies 0.06 MeV, 0.662 MeV, 1.173 MeV, and 1.333 MeV the linear and mass attenuation coefficients of the prepared ceramics have been measured using a high purity germanium "HPGe" detector as well as three different point sources. Moreover, the relationship between ln(I) and the thickness of the ceramics has been presented here, and the comparison between the LAC of the prepared ceramics with other materials has also been displayed. Bentonite ceramic containing CuO (15 mol %)-CdO (15 mol %)-Bi2O3 (20 mol %) with density 3.6 showed the lowest HVL, MFP, and TVL at all studied energies, yet pure Bentonite ceramic containing only CuO (50 mol %), having density 3.4, presented the greatest values. Hence, it can be concluded that the addition of CdO and Bi2O3 enhances the radiation shielding ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work explores the glass system of (50 + x)PbO–5BaO–5WO3–10Na2O–(30−x)B2O3 (x: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol%) for radiation shielding applications. For this purpose, five distinct glass systems (PbBaW50–PbBaW70) have been fabricated via conventional melting technique. The fabricated glass series was then investigated in terms of physical, mechanical, and photon shielding properties. According to the physical determinations, the glass density increases from 5.22881 to 6.50914 g.cm−3 as the PbO ascends from 50 to 70 mol%. On the other hand, the change of the PbO concentration in the respective samples affects the mechanical properties (Makishima and Mackenzie model) due to the change in composition and density of the samples. That is, the values of Young's, Bulk, Shear, and Longitudinal moduli are nearly the same with the slight decreasing trend for all the moduli, respectively, as the PbO increases. Further, the Poisson's ratio decreases from 0.179 to 0.171 while the value of fractural bond connectivity ranges from 3.516 to 3.624, and the hardness increases from 2.195 to 2.252 GPa with the increase in PbO concentration. For radiation shielding features, the Phy-X/PSD computations revealed that linear attenuation coefficient (LAC)@0.3029 MeV were equal to 1.627, 1.770, 1.921, 2.062, and 2.223 cm−1 for PbBaW50 to PbBaW70 samples, respectively. By considering LAC determinations, other significant parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient, half-value layer, tenth-value layer, mean free path, and effective atomic number were evaluated. As a result of these findings, one can report that the increasing doping rate of PbO leads to achieving more-performanced radiation shielding materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work aims to investigate the radiation shielding ability of a Yb3+-doped calcium borotellurite glass system. The system has the basic composition of CaF2–CaO–B2O3–TeO2–Yb2O3 but is denoted as TeBYbn for simplicity. The effect of increasing the TeO2 content in the glasses from 10 to 54 mol% was investigated, with five different chosen compositions and densities. The Phy-X/PSD program was used to investigate the mass attenuation coefficient (µ/ρ) of the samples. The mass attenuation coefficients were theoretically determined by using an online software for the calculation of shielding parameters. Other parameters were then calculated and analyzed, such as the linear attenuation coefficient (µ), transmission factor (TF), radiation protection efficiency (RPE), effective atomic number (Zeff), and mean free path (MFP). TeBYb5, the glass with the greatest TeO2 content, was shown to have the greatest µ/ρ; however, at greater energies, the differences between the values are practically negligible. µ was shown to increase with density, such as from 0.386 cm−1 to 0.687 cm−1 for TeBYb1 and TeBYb5 at 0.284 MeV, respectively. The least TF was found for samples with a thickness of 1.5 cm, proving an inverse correlation between the thickness of the sample and the TF. The HVL and TVL of the glasses decreased as the density of the samples increased, which means that TeBYb1 is the least effective out of the investigated glasses. The five samples proved to have a lower MFP than some other shielding glasses, demonstrating their capabilities as radiation shields. Based on the calculated parameters, TeBYb5 indicated the greatest photon attenuation ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical and radiation shielding properties for the PbO–MoO3–Li2O–B2O3 glass system were theoretically investigated in this paper. The PbO–MoO3–Li2O–B2O3 glass system (coded as investigated glasses) was fabricated using the melt quenching mechanism. The optical packing density (OPD) increases from 75.563 to 84.366, and oxygen molar volume (OMV) decreases from 13.234 to 11.853 cm3/mol when increasing the PbO concentration. The values of elastic moduli decreased from 47.06 to 39.67 GPa for Young, from 33.51 to 32.41 GPa for bulk, from 19.82 to 16.29 GPa for shear and from 59.94 to 54.14 GPa for longitudinal moduli as the PbO is increased. The radiation attenuation characteristics were reported at the photon energies used in diagnostic radiology. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) was evaluated using the three photoatomic data libraries EPICS2017, EPDL97, and XCOM, available in the EpiXS and Phy-X programs. The MAC for the five investigated glasses at 20 keV was much higher than the MAC at 40, 60 and 80 keV. The MAC for investigated glasses increased with the addition of PbO, with Pb-S1 demonstrating the lowest MAC, and Pb-S5 demonstrating the highest MAC. Additionally, the rate of the increment of MAC at 20 keV as the concentration of PbO increased was higher than that at 40, 60 and 80 keV. The effective atomic number (EAN) was determined using Phy-X program. The EAN follows the trend: Pb-S5 > Pb-S4 > Pb-S3 > Pb-S2 > Pb-S1. The EAN results proved that the glass with low amounts of B2O3 and higher amounts of PbO had good attenuation features. The EAN had the maximum values of 73.55–76.67 at 20 keV, whereas the lowest values occurred at 80 keV and varied between 53.63 and 63.39. The half-value layer (HVL) results showed that the Pb-S1 glass had the greatest HVL, while Pb-S5 had the least. There is a higher discrepancy between the tenth-value layer values at 80 keV than at 20 keV. At 20 keV, the difference between the highest and lowest TVL values (Pb-S1 and Pb-S5) was only 0.004 cm, while the difference at 80 keV was 0.152 cm. Pb-S5 is the most space-efficient radiation shield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper studied the (95-y)P2O5–yBi2O3–5Nb2O5 glass systems where y = 10, 12.5, 15, and 17.5 mol% using EPICS2017 data library to understand the radiation shielding characteristics. The investigated glass systems, PNbBi1 to PNbBi4, were evaluated in terms of linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), and effective atomic numbers (Zeff) at the energy levels of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 keV. According to the theoretical computations, Bi2O3 ensured to improve LAC parameter in all photon energies; hence, PNbBi4 can be regarded as the best. Further, we reported that a nearly 14% increase in glass density leads to improve MAC parameters against ascending photon energies. PNbBi4 can be regarded as the lowest thickness ensuring sample at all photon energies amongst the other samples with respect to HVL and TVL parameters. Moreover, inserting Bi2O3 provided lower MFP thicknesses which in turn develops better radiation shielding characteristics. We found out that Zeff shows an increasing trend as the Bi2O3 increases, but displays a decreasing trend as the photon energy increases. Additionally, a comparison of shielding properties using the EpiXS and Phy-X/PSD has been evaluated. It was figured out that there is a good agreement observed between the results of each library. The results in most energies were found to be in good agreement with low (< 1%) relative differences. Overall, the authors concluded that the Bi2O3-reinforced PNb series can be utilized in X-ray shielding applications with satisfactory performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to study the radiation shielding features of TeO2–WO3–RO systems (where RO =PbO and Bi2O3). The glasses were theoretically evaluated by using the simulation code Phy–X/PSD. Four TeO2–WO3–Bi2O3 glasses and three TeO2–WO3–PbO glasses were tested in this study. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), effective atomic number (Zeff), half value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL), and mean free path (MFP) of the glasses were calculated and analyzed. WTeBi3 and WTeBi4 have the greatest LAC and MAC values at all energies, while WTePb1 had the least LAC and MAC values. At 0.347 MeV, the MAC of the glasses is equal to 0.115 0.117, and 0.107 cm2/g for WTeBi3, WTeBi4, and WTePb1, respectively. The Zeff of the glasses decreased and increased based on the photon interaction phenomena present in low, medium, and high energy ranges. WTeBi2 has the greatest HVL, equal to 2.070 cm and 2.594 cm at 1.333 and 2.506 MeV, respectively, while WTeBi3 has the least, 1.943 cm and 2.532 cm for the same energies, respectively. The TVL values followed the order of WTePb1 < WTePb2 < WTeBi2 < WTePb3 < WTeBi1 < WTeBi3 < WTeBi4 at both the tested energies. The greatest MFPs were observed at the greatest selected energy, 2.506 MeV. The TeO2–WO3–Bi2O3 glasses and TeO2–WO3–PbO glasses were compared against each other and with some other radiation glasses to determine the most effective attenuator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The highly dense PbO-TeO 2 -CdO glasses have been fabricated by the melt quenching procedure. The prepared samples are light yellow in colour and are highly transparent. The density of the samples is very high and it lies in the range of 5.576–6.082 g/cm3. The molar volume is showing downtrend from 35.488 to 33.705 cm3 accounting towards the compactness of the samples with addition of PbO. Oxygen packing density increases from 30.996 to 32.637 whereas the oxygen molar volume is decreasing from 32.262 to 30.641 cm3 mol−1 with increase in PbO content. As PbO grows, E's modulus rises from 18.517 to 19.368 GPa, B's from 6.903 to 7.705 GPa, G's from 9.504 to 9.662 GPa, and L's from 19575 to 20.558 GPa. We used the Phy-X software to estimate the radiation shielding properties for the prepared glasses in a wide energy range of 0.015–15 MeV. We reported an enhancement in the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) values when the PbO level increases from 70 to 77.5 mol %, this he highest MAC is found for PTC4, while the lowest MAC is reported for PTC1 sample. The photon energy has an impact on Linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) and the Greatest values of this parameter is reported at 0.015 MeV and equalling 501.64, 521.84, 549.53 and 569.17 cm−1 for the PTC1 to PTC4 glasses. In contrast, the lowest LAC is reported at 15 MeV (in the range of 0.283–0.313 cm−1). According to the LAC, the studied samples are able to attenuate more photons in the low energy region. The effective atomic number (Z eff) is also evaluated and similar to LAC, we found that the Z eff is increased due to the addition of PbO. From the results of different shielding factors, the inclusion of PbO alters the radiation attenuation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical properties, optical properties, and shielding properties were reported herein by varying the amount of bismuth (III) oxide (Bi 2 O 3) and boron oxide (B 2 O 3) on the PbO-Bi 2 O 3 -CdO- B 2 O 3 glass systems through Melt quenching technique. After altering the amount of Bi 2 O 3 density studied glass systems have varied from 4.3 g/cm3 - 5.7 g/cm3. With the addition of bismuth oxide, the density, molar volume, and oxygen packing density all rise. As bismuth concentration increases, the indirect band gap reduces, indicating structural changes in the glasses. As bismuth concentration rises, so do the refractive index (n), optical dielectric constant, and reflection loss (R L) characteristics. Ionic nature of current samples is supported by the reduction in electronegativity and rise in polarizability, which reduces the band gap. Linear attenuation coefficients (LAC), mass attenuation coefficients (MAC), half value layers (HVL), and mean free path (MFP) were calculated for photon energy range 0.015–15 MeV via exploiting Phy-X software. Containing supreme amount of Bi 2 O 3 (25% mol) studied glass systems have shown higher values of effective atomic number (Z eff), LAC, MAC along with least values of HVL and MFP considering with other studied glass systems. Results showed that deposition of Bi 2 O 3 on the studied glass systems has boosted their shielding ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has been done on the effect of TiO 2 on the physical and optical characteristics of Li 2 O-Li 2 MoO 4 -TiO 2 -P 2 O 5 glasses. With an increase in concentration of TiO 2 , the density values drop from 3.68 g/cm3 to 3.27 g/cm3. With the inclusion of TiO 2 , the current glasses have smaller mean distance between Ti ions and polaron radius. Increasing non-bridging oxygens raise the refractive index, dielectric constant (ε) and optical dielectric constant. Reflection loss and transmission coefficient are found to inversely proportional. The molar refractivity increases from 24.242 to 27.817 (cm3 mol−1) which in turn increases the molar polarizability and electronic polarizability of the system from 9.616 to 11.033 (x 10−24 cm3) and 0.957 – 1.051 (x 1024). The metallization value less than unity predicts non-metallic nature of glasses. The other parameters such as optical electronegativity (χ∗), non-linear refractive index (n 2) and non-linear optical susceptibility (χ3) values decrease from 0.569 to 0.363, 11.860 − 4.367 × 10−15 (esu) and 8.454 – 3.581 × 10−16 with addition of TiO 2. Additionally, the shielding aspects were also explored, as well as the influence of titanium dioxide (TiO 2) on attenuation factors were discussed. The linear attenuation coefficients (LAC) are at their highest values at the low energy and rapidly diminish. The effective atomic number (Z eff) decreases with the energy except at 1.333 and 2.51 MeV, where the Z eff at these two energies increases due to the pair production process. The Ti3 sample has a Z eff of 11.04 at 0.28 MeV, 10.22 at 0.83 MeV and 10.34 at 2.51 MeV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ordinary method of melt quenching was utilized to manufacture 55B 2 O 3 – 30Pb 3 O 4 -(15 - x) Al 2 O 3 - xFe 2 O 3 , glasses where x: (0≤x ≤ 5). The amorphous state of this system was investigated using X-ray diffraction. The structure of each sample was examined using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). As Fe 2 O 3 levels increased, FTIR revealed that connectivity increased, and the FT-IR spectral shifts to higher wavenumbers. The MCNP5 code was utilized to simulate the fabricated glasses' radiation protection parameters. The highest mass attenuation coefficient (μ m) values were observed at 0.015 MeV, varied between 80.67 and 80.918 cm2/g with increasing the Fe 2 O 3 concentration between 0 and 5 mol%, respectively. Moreover, the lowest μ m values achieved glass without Fe 2 O 3 content, reduced from 80.67 to 0.0457 cm2/g between 0.015 and 15 MeV. The effective and equivalent atomic numbers, as well as the buildup factors, were calculated using the BXCOM. • Five glass samples were fabricated as a mixture of B 2 O 3 –Pb 3 O 4 – Al 2 O 3 – Fe 2 O 3. • The density of the fabricated glasses increased with substituting of Al 2 O 3 by Fe 2 O 3. • The Monte Carlo simulation code (MCNP-5) used to evaluate the fabricated glasses' shielding factors. • The mass attenuation coefficient enhanced with the Fe 2 O 3 addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The melt quenching method has been utilized to prepare the TeO 2 -CdO-PbO-B 2 O 3 glass system. The optical packing density and the various elastic moduli increase as the as PbO increases from 30 to 40 mol%. The number of bonds per unit volume increases from 8.96 × 1022 cm−3 to 11.91 × 1022 cm−3 as the concentration of PbO increases. The indirect and direct band gap energies decrease from 2.828 to 2.705 eV and 3.112–2.931 eV respectively with increasing mol% of the PbO. The mass attenuation coefficient has been derived using EPICS2017 library. Below 0.284 MeV, the mass attenuation coefficient obtained by EPICS2017 are higher than that determined by Phy-X/PSD by approximately 2.5% for the five glass samples. In contrast, the mass attenuation coefficient determined by Phy-X/PSD are higher than that calculated from EPICS2017 at energies higher than 0.284 MeV, ranging from 0.09% to 0.36%. Moreover, we determined the linear attenuation coefficient and the results showed that the PbB5 glass (with 50 mol% of PbO) has a higher value of this parameter. The effective atomic number values at 122 keV span from 61.06 to 69.98, while at 1458 MeV span from 17.26 to 25.23. The mean free path results proved that the photons with low energy have small penetration ability thus the glasses have a good attenuation performance when exposed to radiation with low energy. For the glass with 30 mol% of PbO (coded as PbB1), the value of mean free path increased from 0.120 cm at 122 keV to 4.305 cm at 1458 keV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gamma-ray shielding features of Bi2O3-CaO-K2O-Na2O-P2O5 glass systems were experimentally reported. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) for the fabricated glasses was experimentally measured at seven energy values (between 0.0595 and 1.33 MeV). The compatibility between the practical and theoretical results shows the accuracy of the results obtained in the laboratory for determining the MAC of the prepared samples. The mass and linear attenuation coefficients (MACs) increase with the addition of Bi2O3 and A4 glass possesses the highest MAC and LAC. A downward trend in the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) with increasing the energy from 0.0595 to 1.33 MeV is found. The highest LAC is found at 1.33 MeV (in the range of 0.092–0.143 cm−1). The effective atomic number (Zeff) follows the order B1 > A1 > A2 > A3 > A4. This order emphasizes that increasing the content of Bi2O3 has a positive effect on the photon shielding proficiencies owing to the higher density of Bi2O3 compared with Na2O. The half value layer (HVL) is also determined and the HVL for the tested glasses is computed between 0.106 and 0.958 cm at 0.0595 MeV. The glass with 10 mol% of Bi2O3 has lower HVL than the glasses with 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 mol% of Bi2O3. So, the A4 glass needs a smaller thickness than the other glasses to shield the same radiation. As a result of the reported shielding parameters, inserting B2O3 provides lower values of these three parameters, which in turn leads to the development of superior photons shields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role La2O3 on the radiation shielding properties of La2O3-CaO-B2O3-SiO2 glass systems was investigated. The energies were selected between 0.284 and 1.275 MeV and Phy-X software was used for the calculations. BLa10 glass had the least linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) at all the tested energies, while BLa30 had the greatest, which indicated that increasing the content of La2O3 in the BLa-X glasses enhances the shielding performance of these glasses. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of BLa15 decreases from 0.150 cm2/g to 0.054 cm2/g at energies of 0.284 MeV and 1.275 MeV, respectively, while the MAC of BLa25 decreases from 0.164 cm2/g to 0.053 cm2/g for the same energies, respectively. At all energies, the effective atomic number (Zeff) values follow the trend BLa10 < BLa15 < BLa20 < BLa25 < BLa30. The half value thickness (HVL) of the BLa-X glass shields were also investigated. The minimum HVL values are found at 0.284 MeV. The HVL results demonstrated that BLa30 is the most space-efficient shield. The tenth value layer (TVL) results demonstrated that the glasses are more effective attenuators at lower energies, while decreasing in ability at greater energies. These mean free path results proved that increasing the density of the glasses, by increasing the amount of La2O3 content, lowers MFP, and increases attenuation, which means that BLa30, the glass with the greatest density, absorbs the most amount of radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radiation shielding competence was examined for a binary glass system xLa2O3 + (1 − x) TeO2 where x = 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20 mol% using MCNP-5 code. The linear attenuation coefficients (LACs) of the glasses were evaluated, and it was found that LT20 glass has the greatest LAC, while LT5 had the least LAC. The transmission factor (TF) of the glasses was evaluated against thicknesses at various selected energies and was observed to greatly decrease with increasing thickness; for example, at 1.332 MeV, the TF of the LT5 glass decreased from 0.76 to 0.25 as the thickness increased from 1 to 5 cm. The equivalent atomic number (Zeq) of the glasses gradually increased with increasing photon energy above 0.1 MeV, with the maximum values observed at around 1 MeV. The buildup factors were determined to evaluate the accumulation of photon flux, and it was found that the maximum values for both can be seen at around 0.8 MeV. This research concluded that LT20 has the greatest potential in radiation shielding applications out of the investigated glasses due to the glass having the most desirable parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gamma radiation shielding ability for CaO-K2O-Na2O-P2O5 glasses were experimentally determined between 0.0595 and 1.41 MeV. The experimental MAC results were compared with theoretical results obtained from the XCOM software to test the accuracy of the experimental values. Additionally, the effect of increasing the P2O5 in the glass composition, or reducing the Na2O content, was evaluated at varying energies. For the fabricated glasses, the experimental data strongly agreed with the XCOM results. The effective atomic number (Zeff) of the fabricated glasses was also determined. The Zeff values start out at their maximum (12.41–12.55) at the lowest tested energy, 0.0595 MeV, and decrease to 10.69–10.80 at 0.245 MeV. As energy further increases, the Zeff values remain almost constant between 0.344 and 1.41 MeV. The mean free path (MFP) of the fabricated glasses is investigated and we found that the lowest MFP value occurs at the lowest tested energy, 0.0595 MeV, and lies within the range of 1.382–1.486 cm, while the greatest MFP can be found at the highest tested energy, 1.41 MeV, within the range of 8.121–8.656 cm. At all energies, the KCNP40 sample has the lowest MFP, while the KCNP60 sample has the greatest. The half value layer (HVL) for the KCNP-X glasses is determined. For all the selected energies, the HVL values follow the order of KCNP40 < KCNP45 < KCNP50 < KCNP55 < KCNP60. The HVL of the KCNP50 sample increased from 0.996 to 2.663, 3.392, 4.351, and 5.169 cm for energies of 0.0595, 0.245, 0.444, 0.779, and 1.11 MeV, respectively. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) results reveal that decreasing the P2O5 content in the glasses improves the radiation shielding ability of the samples. Thus, the KCNP40 sample has the best potential for photon attenuation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication of TePbMgX glass system has been done using the standard melt quenching method. The number of bonds per unit volume (n b) increases from 7.77 x 1022 cm−3 to 8.02 x 1022 cm−3. The values of E, K, G and L moduli decreases from 31.58 to 23.22 GPa for E, 14.79 to 11.76 GPa for K, 14.82 to 10.63 GPa for G and 34.55 to 25.93 GPa for L respectively as the PbO increases from 35 to 55%. The σ lies in the range of 0.145–0.172. The indirect and direct band gap energies decrease from 2.832 to 2.673 eV and 3.120–3.005 eV respectively with increasing mol% of the PbO. Moreover, with the help of FLUKA code, we reported the mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ) for the prepared samples between 0.122 and 1.458 MeV. The FLUKA results were compared with those generated from Phy-X software and a good agreement was reported and this validated the simulated μ/ρ results. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) was determined to examine the influence of adding PbO on the shielding performance of the prepared samples. The LAC result suggested that the attenuation performance for the TePbMgX glass systems is highly effective when exposed to low energy radiation, and, by contrast, the glasses become worse attenuators when exposed to high energy radiation. Also, the glass with 55 mol% of PbO (MgO free) has a higher LAC than the glasses with 35–50 mol% of PbO (5-20 mol% of MgO). The half value layer (HVL) of the glasses greatly increase with increasing energy. For TePbMg1, the HVL increases from 0.050 cm at 0.122 MeV, to 1.559 cm at 0.779 MeV, and 2.573 cm at 1.458 MeV. This HVL results demonstrated that increasing the PbO content in the glasses improves the shielding ability of the glass system, with TePbMg5 having the best HVL at all energies. At 0.3443 MeV, the effective atomic number (Z eff) values increase from 48.40 for 35 mol% PbO, to 49.87 for 40 mol% PbO, 51.28 for 45 mol% PbO, 52.62 for 50 mol% PbO, and 53.89 for 55 mol% PbO. We calculated the Relative reduction in transmission (RRT) and we found that at 0.245 MeV, the RTT values at 0.245 MeV have the following values: 17% and 81% for the samples with thickness of 0.25 and 2.25 cm respectively. • The fabrication of TePbMgX glasses has been done using the melt quenching method. • The n b increases from 7.77 x 1022 cm−3 to 8.02 x 1022 cm−3. • The indirect band gap energy decreases from 2.832 to 2.673 eV with adding PbO. • The glass with 55 mol% of PbO (MgO free) has a higher LAC than the other glasses. • The values of E, K, G and L moduli decreases as the PbO increases from 35 to 55%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical and gamma ray shielding characteristics of (20-x) K 2 O-xBaO-30TiO 2 -50P 2 O 5 glasses were shown to be affected by the addition of BaO. The optical band gap energy are increases, refractive index shows a small decrement with addition of BaO in the phosphate-based glasses. With the substitution of BaO, the two parameters, molar refractivity and molar electronic polarizability are both decreased. Reflection loss (R L) is known to range from about 0.171 to 0.153, whereas transmission (T) is reported to fall between 0.7078 and 0.7339. When BaO is added to the oxide ion matrix, the polarizability of the oxide ions increases. The manufactured glass systems have a metallisation of less than one, suggesting that they are non-metallic in nature. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) of the tested glasses is investigated between 0.0395 MeV and 0.411 MeV. The LAC values also follow the order of KBTP20 > KBTP15 > KBTP10 > KBTP5 > KBTP0. The glass with composition of 20 BaO-30 TiO 2 -50 P 2 O 5 has the greatest LAC. The effective atomic number of the KBTP10 sample is equal to 36.66 at 0.0395 MeV, and decreases to 35.35, and 12.27 at 0.0395 MeV and 0.4111 MeV, respectively. The half value layer values at 0.1218 MeV lies within 0.564 and 1.644 cm. The results proved that increasing the BaO content in the glass system leads to more desirable radiation shielding properties for the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an HPGe detector and multiradioactive point source (60Co, 133Ba, 137Cs, and 241Am), the photon attenuation properties of 40P 2 O 5 –20CaO–10K 2 O-(30-x)Na 2 O-xPbO (x = 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol%) glasses were experimentally tested. The practical findings matched the theoretical results from the online XCOM program extremely well. It was shown that the linear attenuation coefficient may be utilized to assess the efficacy of photon protection as well as the effective atomic number, half-value layer, mean free pass, transmission factor, and radiation protection efficiency parameters. The chemical compositions of the glass system and the incident energies of the radiation source influenced all these factors. At low energies, the photon protection efficiency of the PCNKPb20 and PCNKPb15 samples was approximately 100%. Thus, these samples could block nearly all the low-energy radiation directed at them. The shielding competence was also compared to other recently reported commercial glasses. This shows that the PCNKPb20 glass can be an effective barrier against X-ray or gamma-ray radiation. • The photon attenuation properties of P 2 O 5 –CaO–K 2 O–Na 2 O–PbO glasses were reported. • As energy levels rise, the shielding capacity of the glasses decreases. • The HVL for PCNKPb20 and PCNKPb0 at 0.0595 MeV are 0.099 and 0.958 cm. • PCNKPb20 glass can be an effective barrier against gamma-ray radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work novelty pointed to fabricate new clay bricks doped with heavy minerals to be used in the building materials as a candidate for radiation shielding. The bricks were manufactured as (y) Iron mineral + (1-y) clay , where y = 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 fractional weight. The prepared bricks' chemical composition and density were introduced to the MCNP-5 code to assess the prepared bricks' protection capacity. The simulated linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) was confirmed by comparing the simulated results with those calculated by the Phy-X/PSD program. We found that the simulated and calculated LAC were close together. The diff (%) between the MCNP-5 and Phy-X/PSD is in the range ±2% for all the fabricated bricks. The maximum LAC values occurred at 0.015 MeV, varied between 21.540 and 39.553 cm−1 for bricks N0 and N30. The lowest LAC achieved at 15 MeV varied between 0.068 and 0.090 cm−1. Bricks without heavy mineral addition have the lowest LAC values at all energies, ranging from 21.540 cm−1 to 0.068 cm−1, while bricks with 30 wt% heavy minerals have the highest LAC. The half-value layer (HVL) values decreased gradually with increasing the mineral ratio in the fabricated bricks. The thinner brick HVL achieved for the sample N 30 with 30 wt % heavy mineral, growing from 0.017 to 7.675 cm. The effective atomic number (Z eff) was reported, and we found that the minimum Z eff values equal to 14.006, 14.865, 15.705, and 16.394 for bricks N 0, N 10, N 20, N 30, respectively. • Four bricks samples were prepared as a mixture of clay and natural mineral. • The density of the fabricated bricks increased with the mineral ratio. • The Monte Carlo simulation code (MCNP-5) used to evaluate the shielding parameters of the fabricated bricks. • The linear attenuation coefficient enhanced with the iron ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]