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Aim Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD) is a disorder that is associated with accidental injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between ADHD and bone fracture in children. Method The study cohort comprised 3640 children (2874 males, 766 females; mean age 8y 5mo, SD 3y) with ADHD (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision) who were matched to children without ADHD at a ratio of 1:4 ( n=14 560; 11 496 males, 3064 females; mean age 8y 5mo, SD 3y). A Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was conducted to estimate how ADHD affected the risk of bone fracture. Results The incidence of fracture among the ADHD cohort was 197.67 per 10 000 person-years, and was 1.3-fold greater than in the comparison cohort (147.54 per 10 000 person-years). The risk in children with ADHD was higher than that in children without ADHD (p value for log-rank test < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the ADHD cohort was 1.32 times more likely to have bone fracture accidents than the comparison cohort (hazard ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval 1.17-1.49). Interpretation Children with ADHD have a higher risk of experiencing bone fracture accidents than do children without ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study presents an evaluation of the bidirectional correlation between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and epilepsy using 2 cohorts from the same population database. Methods: We used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database to establish 2 separate cohort studies with participants <19 years old. We subdivided Cohort 1 in 2 groups: (1) 2468 patients initially diagnosed with epilepsy during the period 1999–2008, and (2) 9810 randomly selected sex- and age-matched non-epileptic controls. We subdivided Cohort 2 into 2 groups: (1) 3664 patients with newly diagnosed ADHD and (2) 14 522 sex- and age-matched non-ADHD patients. We evaluated the risk of subsequent ADHD in relationship to epilepsy and vice versa in the 2 cohorts at the end of 2008. Results: The ADHD incidence in Cohort 1 was 7.76 in patients with epilepsy and 3.22 in those without epilepsy (per 1000 person-years) after a median follow-up of 7–7.5 years. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for ADHD was 2.54 (95% CI 2.02–3.18) in the epilepsy group compared to the non-epilepsy group. In Cohort 2, the incidence of epilepsy was 3.24 in patients with ADHD and 0.78 in those without ADHD (per 1000 person-years) after a median follow-up of 3–3.5 years and an HR of 3.94 (95% CI 2.58–6.03). Conclusion: This study shows a bidirectional association between ADHD and epilepsy in the 2 cohort studies. Causative factors may be common between these 2 disorders, leading to a cascade of transcriptional changes in the brain that alter behavior or cognition prior to seizures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Febrile seizure (FS) is the most prevalent childhood seizure; it is significantly related to subsequent epilepsy and has possible links to childhood neurodevelopmental disorders. Separately, premature births are believed to increase the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Therefore, this study investigated whether preterm birth is a risk factor for subsequent epilepsy, ASD, and ADHD in children with FS. We retrospectively collected data for children aged < 5 years with FS from 1 January 2005, to 31 December 2013. We divided these children into two groups—the premature birth group and the full-term group—and compared their incidence rates of epilepsy, ASD and ADHD. The data of 426 patients with history of febrile convulsion were retrospectively collected. The premature birth group (FS+/preterm+) had 108 patients and the full-term group (FS+/preterm−) had 318 patients. The overall epilepsy risk in the FS+/preterm+ group was higher than in the FS+/preterm− group (odds ratio [OR], 2.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14–5.58; p = 0.02). The overall risk of ADHD in the FS+/preterm+ group was higher than that in the FS+/preterm− group (OR, 6.41; 95% CI, 3.39–12.09; p = 0.0001). In addition, children with FS+/preterm+ had 16.9 times (95% CI, 4.79–59.7; p = 0.0001) higher odds of having ASD compared with those with FS+/preterm−. Preterm birth may be a risk factor for subsequent epilepsy, ASD and ADHD in children with FS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]