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Background: Children with Down Syndrome (DS) have a high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Non-respiratory sleep disorders also occur commonly but are less well recognised. This cross-sectional study evaluates the prevalence of sleep difficulties in a community sample of Australian children with DS (DScomm), using the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), and compares them to children referred to the sleep clinic (DSref). To our knowledge this is the first study to have reported prevalence of sleep problems in Australian children with DS and to compare a community and referred group of children with DS directly.Methods: The CSHQ was completed by parents of children with DS recruited from the community (DScomm) via survey distributed by Down syndrome Queensland and Australia. A second group was recruited through the tertiary sleep clinic at our institution (DSref) and completed the same questionnaire on enrolment. Data from these groups was compared.Results: There were 76 participants in the DScomm group (57% male; median age 9.7yrs) and 42 participants in the DSref group (50% male; median age 6.97yrs). The overall prevalence of sleep disturbances was 90.9% in the DScomm group, and 85.7% in the DSref group (p = 0.54). There was a statistically significant difference in the mean total CSHQ score, with the DScomm having the higher score (p = 0.023).Conclusions: This study reports a high prevalence of sleep problems in both a community and referred group of Australian children with DS and suggests that there are many children with DS with sleep problems, particularly non-respiratory difficulties, who are potentially not receiving adequate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]