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Others A recent study reported that the risk of malignancy in SAPHO patients was higher than that in patients with psoriatic arthritis (hazard ratio 6.70; 95% confidence interval 2.227-20.13).[30] The etiology is not completely understood, but the chronic inflammation caused by SAPHO syndrome may play a critical role.[30] CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE In conclusion, a wide range of manifestations are associated with SAPHO syndrome besides synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis. Moreover, other pulmonary manifestations, such as patchy shadows (32.8%), ground-glass opacity (16.4%), and pleural thickening (13.4%), were not uncommon in SAPHO patients.[29] The etiology of brain and pulmonary manifestation within SAPHO syndrome is not understood. SAPHO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis) syndrome is a rare clinical entity. A recent case-control study compared the bone mass and prevalence of osteoporosis between healthy persons and SAPHO patients.[14] Twenty-seven SAPHO patients and 70 healthy persons were included. [Extracted from the article]