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Abstract: Rhesus monkeys immunized with MOG34–56, a dominant T-cell epitope from myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, develop an acute neurological disease resembling acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in humans. The typical large demyelinated lesions and mononuclear infiltrates in the monkey brains are caused by MOG34–56 T-cells. We show that MOG34–56-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells are induced in monkeys immunized with a peptide from the human CMV major capsid protein (UL86; 981–1003), that shares sequence similarity with MOG34–56. Monkeys sensitized against the viral peptide and subsequently challenged with MOG34–56 display histological signs of encephalitis, but do not show overt neurological signs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]