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Дипломний проект виконаний на 90 аркуші та містить 38 рисунків, 1 таблицю, 3 листи графічної частини, 10 додатків та 45 літературних посилань. Актуальність теми – впровадження сучасних систем та технологій автоматизованого обліку електричної енергії на підстанції. Об’єкт дослідження – підстанція «Нікольська» 110/35/10 кВ. Мета дослідження – характеристика обладнання і розрахунок струмів КЗ підстанції «Нікольська» 110/35/10 кВ та характеристика програмного забезпечення і функціональної структури АСОЕ підстанції. Предмет дослідження – характеристика підстанції «Нікольська» 110/35/10 кВ. Методи дослідження – характеристика підстанції 110/35/10 кВ та її програмного забезпечення. The diploma project is presented on 90 sheets and contains 38 drawings, 1 table, 3 sheets of the graphic part, 10 appendices and 45 references. Relevance of the topic – the introduction of modern systems and technologies of automated electricity metering at the substation. Object of research – 110/35/10 kV Nikolskaya substation. The purpose of the study – the characterization of the equipment and the calculation of short-circuit currents of the 110/35/10 kV Nikolskaya substation and the characterization of the substation software and functional structure of the Automated electricity metering system. The subject of research – the 110/35/10 kV Nikolskaya substation characterization. Research methods – characterization of the 110/35/10 kV Nikolskaya substation and its software.

The deployment of infrastructures related to the Smart Grid concept introduces data communication networks in the grid operation systems (control, communication, and monitoring). The implementation of data communication networks facilitates and improves the efficiency of the tasks related to the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical energy. In turn, network management is being permeated by new technologies such as Software Defined Networking (SDN) and network virtualization, that promote automation and innovation of communication networks aiming to overcome the lack of flexibility and the difficulties to evolve that are present in current communication networks. In this context, this paper proposes a reconceptualization of the power substations communications network architecture based on the IEC 61850 standard. Here, we present a complete view of the Smart Solution for Substation Networks (S3N) architecture, which allows modeling the future power substations communication networks taking advantage of the benefits introduced by SDN and virtualization technologies. In addition, in order to provide a better understanding of the challenges arising in this area, and to generate new research interest in this field, a review of several studies oriented to determine the feasibility of incorporating SDN as a key element to improve the management and operation of the power substations communication networks is presented.

This paper identifies the emerging cybersecurity issues of the smart grid ICT component in the implementation of control and monitoring systems at the substation level.The attack surface originates from a local network across different levels of interoperability, communication (data) model standard, and digital data collection. Given the level of complexity and overall exposure, the system is vulnerable to numerous cyber threats, resulting in significant consequences for system stability and availability. Since there is no absolute security or ultimately safe methods of cyber threat protection, an appropriate approach must be applied that will focus on prevention from the very design of the system, regular operation, and maintenance. In this paper, we propose a set of security measures that can be applied to elevate the security at the substation level.

IEC61850 gaur egun dauden azpiestazioetako komunikazio-estandar ugariak bateratzeko beharrak sortutako estandar berritzailea da. Hain zuzen, lan honek estandar berri horretan oinarritzen den banaketa-azpiestazio baten automatizazio-sistemaren diseinua egitea du helburu nagusia, babes-sistema ardatz duela. Horretarako, hasiera batean azpiestazioen funtsezko teoria aztertuko da, ondoren azpiestazioen automatizazio-sistemetan sakontzeko; batez ere IEC61850 estandarrean, eta zehazki estandar horrek definitzen duen GOOSE seinaleetan. Horren ostean, automatizatutako babes-sistemaren diseinua egiteko eman diren pausuak eta honen deskribapena azalduko da. Amaitzeko, azpiestazioko irteerako lineako eta transformadoreko erreleen arteko GOOSE seinale bat programatuko da, akats baten aurrean erreleen hautakortasuna ahalik eta era azkarrenean bermatzeko. Programazio hau Bilboko Ingeniaritza Eskolako Ingeniaritza Elektrikoko Saileko laborategian frogatu da, lineako eta transformadoreko errele bana Ethernet sare batean konektatuz, eta korronte-simulagailu batez erreleetan gaintentsioak simulatuz. Era honetan, lineako erreleak korrontea moztu behar duenean transformadoreko erreleari GOOSE mezu bat bidaliko dio, azken hau blokeatuz eta era honetan barra osoa energiarik gabe uztea ekidinez, sistemaren hautakortasuna bermatuz. La norma IEC61850 es un nuevo estándar de comunicación en subestaciones creado por la necesidad de unificar los múltiples estándares usados hoy en día. Precisamente, este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal el diseño de un sistema de automatización de una subestación de distribución basado en este nuevo estándar y centrado en el sistema de protección. Se comenzará estudiando la teoría fundamental de las subestaciones, para a continuación profundizar en los sistemas de automatización de subestación; especialmente en la norma IEC61850 y concretamente en las señales GOOSE que define este estándar. Posteriormente, se detallarán los pasos dados para el diseño del sistema automatizado de protección, así como la descripción del mismo. Finalmente, se programará una señal GOOSE entre los relés de línea de salida y los de transformador con el objetivo de garantizar la selectividad lo más rápidamente posible. Esta programación se ha probado en el laboratorio del Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica de la Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao, conectando un relé de línea y otro de transformador a una red Ethernet, y simulando sobreintensidades con un simulador de corriente. De esta forma, cuando el relé de línea proceda a cortar la corriente, enviará una señal GOOSE al relé de transformador, bloqueándolo y así evitando cortar la corriente a toda la barra, garantizando la selectividad del sistema. IEC61850 is a new substation communications standard created from the need of unifying the several standards existing today. Indeed, the primary goal of this project is to design the automation system of a distribution substation, focused in the protection system. To do so, the fundamental theory of substations will be studied, to then delve into substation automation systems; especially into the IEC61850 standard and, in particular, into GOOSE messages, which are defined by this standard. Afterwards, the steps for the design of the protection system will be explained, as well as the protection system itself. Finally, the programming of a GOOSE signal between the outgoing feeder relays and the transformer relays will be described, in order to ensure the selectivity of the system in the case a fault appears. This programming has been tested in the laboratory of the Electrical Engineering Department of the Engineering School of Bilbao. More specifically, this test consists in connecting an outgoing feeder relay and a transformer relay via an Ethernet network and simulating overcurrents in the relays using a current simulator. In this way, the outgoing feeder relay will send a GOOSE signal when an overcurrent is detected, blocking the transformer relay and preventing cutting the current to the whole bus, ensuring the selectivity of the system.

The standard IEC61850 is presented, considering its implementation and application as a platform, from the point of view of electrical engineers rather than software and electronic engineers. This is important since electrical engineers are the staff responsible for the design, construction, operation and maintenance of the electrical substations. © 2016 IEEE.

Розглянута цифрова підстанція як локальний рівень автоматизованої системи комерційного обліку електричної енергії. Автоматизована система комерційного обліку електричної енергії на цифровій підстанції енерго-постачальних підприємств можна прийняти як отримання достовірного балансу електроенергії. Робота енергетичної галузі в умовах функціонування енергоринку висуває підвищені вимоги до системи обліку, а саме, до рівня її автоматизації, точності, надійності і цілісності. Впровадження автоматизованої системи комерційного обліку електроенергії на цифровій підстанції, дозволяє перехід до тарифів реального часу, отримання достовірного балансу виробництва, розподілу і споживання електричної потужності або енергії та оцінка показників якості електричної енергії. Digital substation is considered as the local level of the automated system of commercial accounting of electric power. Automated system of commercial electric power accounting for digital substation energy - supplying companies can take as obtaining reliable energy balance. The work of the energy sector in the functioning of the energy market puts higher demands on the accounting system, namely, to the level of its automation, accuracy, reliability and integrity. Implementation of an automated system for commercial accounting of electric power on digital substation, allows the transition to real-time rates, obtain a true balance of production, distribution and consumption of electrical power or energy and evaluation of the quality of electric energy.

Many substation applications require accurate time-stamping. The performance of systems such as Network Time Protocol (NTP), IRIG-B and one pulse per second (1-PPS) have been sufficient to date. However, new applications, including IEC 61850-9-2 process bus and phasor measurement, require accuracy of one microsecond or better. Furthermore, process bus applications are taking time synchronisation out into high voltage switchyards where cable lengths may have an impact on timing accuracy. IEEE Std 1588, Precision Time Protocol (PTP), is the means preferred by the smart grid standardisation roadmaps (from both the IEC and US National Institute of Standards and Technology) of achieving this higher level of performance, and integrates well into Ethernet based substation automation systems. Significant benefits of PTP include automatic path length compensation, support for redundant time sources and the cabling efficiency of a shared network. This paper benchmarks the performance of established IRIG-B and 1-PPS synchronisation methods over a range of path lengths representative of a transmission substation. The performance of PTP using the same distribution system is then evaluated and compared to the existing methods to determine if the performance justifies the additional complexity. Experimental results show that a PTP timing system maintains the synchronising performance of 1-PPS and IRIG-B timing systems, when using the same fibre optic cables, and further meets the needs of process buses in large substations Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Projecte final de carrera fet en col.laboració amb l'empresa CITCEA (Centro de Innovación Tecnológica en Convertidores Energéticos y Accionamientos)