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International audience; We developed a chemical method to covalently functionalize cellulose nanofibers and cellulose paper with mannoside ligands displaying a strong affinity for the FimH adhesin from pathogenic E. coli strains. Mannose-grafted cellulose proved efficient to selectively bind FimH lectin and discriminate pathogenic E. coli strains from non-pathogenic ones. These modified papers are valuable tools for diagnosing infections promoted by E.coli, such as cystitis or inflammatory bowel diseases, and the concept may be applicable to other life-threatening pathogens. The worldwide spread of antibiotic resistances raises serious health problems, and has driven the identification of new virulence factors and development of alternative antibacterial therapeutics. Mannose-binding FimH adhesin, expressed by Escherichia coli strains has been extensively studied as a target for disrupting bacterial attachment to the host cells. 1 Impressive results were obtained in the context of urinary tract infections (UTI), a prevalent infection type generally mediated by the attachment of uropathogenic E. coli strains (UPEC) to the highly mannosylated uroplakin transmembrane protein of urothelial lining cells. FimH antagonists orally administered to in vivo UTI mouse models, were shown to decrease the E.coli load in the bladder by several orders of magnitude, 2-4 making them competitive with conventional antibiotic treatment. 5,6 This concept was more recently extended to Crohn's disease (CD), an inflammatory disorder of the intestine where an altered gut microbiota, particularly the presence of adherent-invasive E. coli strains (AIEC), is suspected to play a key role in the pathogenesis. 7 Synthetic derivatives of heptylmannoside (HMan), a nanomolar FimH antagonist, 8 were shown to lower the AIEC bacterial level, signs of colitis and gut inflammation when administered per os (10 mg/kg) in CD mouse models. 9,10 Sensitive and rapid diagnostic systems are essential to evaluate the presence of E. coli expressing FimH adhesin in gut microenvironments in order to properly stratify patients before treatment. While the high prevalence of UPEC in the normally sterile urinary tract environment facilitates diagnosis, the AIEC niche is more complex, located at the ileal mucosa in 21 to 63% of CD patients, 11,12 within an ecological community of hundreds of symbiotic microorganisms. Furthermore, no specific biomarkers are currently effective at distinguishing AIEC from other commensal E. coli of the gut microbiota. Previously, it has been shown that AIEC pathobiont possesses specific allelic variants in the fimH gene, conferring them a high ability to adhere in vitro and to colonize the gut of CEABAC10 mice. 13 Establishing an approach to discriminate the strong mannose-binders from other bacteria would therefore be of tremendous importance for efficient diagnosis. In this work, we developed a heterogeneous support to specifically trap and accumulate pathogenic E.coli from biological fluids. Heptyl-α-D-mannoside (HMan) was grafted by click chemistry techniques onto cellulose nanofibers (CN) and cellulose paper (CP). HMan was previously identified as a potent binder of the isolated FimH lectin domain. 8 It should be noted that the lectin domain represents the high-affinity state of FimH under mechanical force and that full-length FimH display a lower affinity for mannosides. 14,15 Covalently functionalized CN or CP were characterized by Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis, X-ray photo-electron spectrometry (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). HMan-CN was first compared in vitro against CN grafted with lower FimH affinity ligands i.e. Man-CN lacking the hydrophobic heptyl chain, and HGlc-CN an analog with a glucose sugar that is not recognized by FimH lectin (Scheme 1). In addition, we switched the anomeric oxygen atom to a sulfur and synthesized HSMan-CN to prevent potential sugar hydrolysis from the surface by mannosidases. The modified CN were first assessed for their faculty to bind FimH and to prevent AIEC adhesion to intestinal cells. HMan-CN was then orally administered to the CEABAC10 mouse model of CD to assess its capacity to decrease AIEC in the feces of AIEC-infected mice and to act as a potential CD therapeutic. HM was next coated on CP and the capacity of the HMan-CP to selectively catch AIEC in solution was analyzed. Scheme 1. Chemical synthesis of the sugar-coated cellulose fibers.

Point-of-care (POC) detection and diagnostic platforms provide critical information about health and safety conditions in austere and resource-limited settings in which medical, military, and disaster relief operations are conducted. In this work, low-cost paper materials commonly used in POC devices are coated with liquid-infused polymer surfaces and folded to produce geometries that precisely localize complex liquid samples undergoing concentration by evaporation. Liquid-infused polymer surfaces were fabricated by infusing silicone-coated paper with a chemically compatible polydimethylsiloxane oil to create a liquid overlayer. Tests on these surfaces showed no remaining bacterial cells after exposure to a sliding droplet containing a concentrated solution of Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus, while samples without a liquid layer showed adhesion of both microdroplets and individual bacterial cells. Folding of the paper substrates with liquid-infused polymer surfaces into several functional 3D geometries enabled a clean separation and simultaneous concentration of a liquid containing rhodamine dye into discrete, predefined locations. When used with bacteria, which are known for their ability to adhere to nearly any surface type, functional geometries with liquid-infused polymer surfaces concentrated the cells at levels significantly higher than geometries with dry control surfaces. These results show the potential of synergistically combining paper-based materials with liquid-infused polymer surfaces for the manipulation and handling of complex samples, which may help the future engineering of POC devices.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the probiotic attributes of Bacillus subtilis AMS6 isolated from fermented soybean (Churpi). This isolate exhibited tolerance to low pH (pH 2.0) and bile salt (0.3%), capability to autoaggregate and coaggregate. AMS6 also showed highest antibacterial activity against the pathogenic indicator strain Salmonella enterica typhimurium (MTCC 1252) and susceptibility towards different antibiotics tested. The isolate was effective in inhibiting the adherence of food borne pathogens to Caco-2 epithelial cell lines, and was also found to be non-hemolytic which further strengthen the candidature of the isolate as a potential probiotic. Further studies revealed B. subtilis AMS6 showed cellulolytic activity (0.54±0.05 filter paper units mL(-1)) at 37°C. The isolate was found to hydrolyze carboxymethyl cellulose, filter paper and maize (Zea mays) straw. The maize straw digestion was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy studies. The isolate was able to degrade filter paper within 96h of incubation. A full length cellulase gene of AMS6 was amplified using degenerate primers consisting of 1499 nucleotides. The ORF encoded for a protein of 499 amino acids residues with a predicted molecular mass of 55.04kDa. The amino acids sequence consisted of a glycosyl hydrolase family 5 domain at N-terminal; Glycosyl hydrolase catalytic core and a CBM-3 cellulose binding domain at its C terminal. The study suggests potential probiotic B. subtilis AMS6 as a promising candidate envisaging its application as an animal feed additive for enhanced fiber digestion and gut health of animal.

Biofilm samples collected from inside and outside the press and former sections of paper machines in a Northwestern Ontario paper mill for a period of 2 years were characterized microbiologically and electrochemically. Bacterial community profiling was done using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and selected bacterial isolates were identified using 16S rDNA analysis. The bacterial community showed the presence of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. Sphingomonas sp. was found to be the most common bacterial species, which showed the highest production of extracellular polymeric substances. Bacteria isolated from biofilms showed better adhesion properties than those from water samples. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies showed that bacteria isolated from biofilms and feed water collected from inside the machine were more easily oxidized than those from outside, suggesting the need for a more rigorous biofilm abatement strategy for inside paper machines.

Deinococcus geothermalis has frequently been isolated from pink colored deposits of paper industry processes. Laboratory studies have shown that D. geothermalis is capable of forming on nonliving surfaces patchy biofilms that are resistant to adverse agents such as extreme pH, desiccation, solubilising detergents and biocides. This study was done to quantitatively assess the role of D. geothermalis as a biofouler in paper industry. Colored deposits were collected from 24 European and North American paper and board machines and the densities of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes and those of the red slime producers D. geothermalis and Meiothermus spp. were measured by QPCR (quantitative real time PCR). D. geothermalis was found at nine machines, usually from splash area deposits, but its contribution was minor, 0.001-1%, to the total bacterial burden of 8.3 to log 10.5 log units per gram wet-weight of the deposits. When D. geothermalis was found in a measurable quantity, Meiothermus spp. also was found, often in bulk quantity (7-100% of the total bacteria). The data are in line with the properties of D. geothermalis known from laboratory biofilm studies, indicating this species is a pioneer coloniser of machine surfaces and may help other bacteria to adhere and grown into biofilms, rather than competing with them.

Experiments were designed (1) to investigate the bioadhesion, biofilm formation, foxing, and micropitting in documentary collections, (2) to assess the risk of biodeterioration, (3) to investigate the environmental microbial concentration, and (4) to study the influence of environmental factors in biodeterioration of documentary heritage in three archives. The importance of this work in the field of biodeterioration of documentary heritage was verified by bioadhesion and biofilm formation by microorganisms isolated from the collections under study. Bacillus sp. and Scopulariopsis sp. isolated from paper books showed considerable evidence of attacking the paper structure and of pigment production, constituting a hazard to the loss of documentary heritage. Fil: Lavin, Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico la Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina Fil: Gómez de Saravia, Sandra Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico la Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina Fil: Guiamet, Patricia Sandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico la Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina

The microbial content of printing paper machines, running at a temperature of 45-50 degrees C and at pH 4.5-5, was studied. Bacteria were prevalent colonizers of the machine wet end and the raw materials. A total of 390 strains of aerobic bacteria were isolated and 86% of these were identified to genus and species by biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic methods. The most common bacteria found at the machine wet end were Bacillus coagulans and other Bacillus species, Burkholderia cepacia, Ralstonia pickettii, and in pink slimes, accumulating in the wire area and press section, species of Deinococcus, aureobacterium and Brevibacterium. Paper-making chemicals also contained species of Aureobacterium, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. sphaericus, Bordetella, Hydrogenophaga, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pantoea agglomerans, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Staphylococcus and sometimes other enteric bacteria, but these did not colonize the process water. Yeasts and moulds were not present in significant numbers. A total of 131 strains were tested for their potential to degrade paper-making raw materials; 91 strains were found to have degradative activity, mainly species of Burkholderia and Ralstonia, Sphingomonas and Bacillus, and enterobacteria produced enzymes which degraded paper-making chemicals. Stainless steel adhering strains occurred in slimes and wire water and were identified as Burkholderia cepacia, B. coagulans and Deinococcus geothermalis. Coloured slimes were formed on the machine by species of Deinococcus, Acinetobacter and Methylobacterium (pink), Aureobacterium, Pantoea and Ralstonia (yellowish) and Microbulbifer-related strains (brown). The impact of the strains and species found in the printing paper machine community on the technical quality of paper, machine operation, and as a potential biohazard (Hazard Group 2 bacteria), is discussed.

Phosphate is an essential nutrient for heterotrophic bacteria, affecting bacterioplankton in aquatic ecosystems and bacteria in biofilms. However, the influence of phosphate limitation on bacterial competition and biofilm development in multispecies populations has received limited attention in existing studies. To address this issue, we isolated 13 adhesive bacteria from paper machine aggregates. Intergeneric inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa WW5 by Serratia marcescens WW4 was identified under phosphate-limited conditions, but not in Luria–Bertani medium or M9 minimal medium. The viable numbers of the pure S. marcescens WW4 culture decreased over 3 days in the phosphate-limited medium; however, the mortality of S. marcescens WW4 was significantly reduced when it was co-cultured with P. aeruginosa WW5, which appeared to sustain the S. marcescens WW4 biofilm. In contrast, viable P. aeruginosa WW5 cells immediately declined in the phosphate-limited co-culture. To identify the genetic/inhibitory element(s) involved in this process, we inserted a mini-Tn5 mutant of S. marcescens WW4 that lacked inhibitory effect. The results showed that an endonuclease bacteriocin was involved in this intergeneric inhibition by S. marcescens WW4 under phosphate limitation. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of nutrient limitation in bacterial interactions and provides a strong candidate gene for future functional characterisation.

We describe a latex wet coalescence method for gas-phase immobilization of microorganisms on paper which does not require drying for adhesion. This method reduces drying stresses to the microbes. It is applicable for microorganisms that do not tolerate desiccation stress during latex drying even in the presence of carbohydrates. Small surface area, 10–65 μm thick coatings were generated on chromatography paper strips and placed in the head-space of vertical sealed tubes containing liquid to hydrate the paper. These gas-phase microbial coatings hydrated by liquid in the paper pore space demonstrated absorption or evolution of H2, CO, CO2 or O2. The microbial products produced, ethanol and acetate, diffuse into the hydrated paper pores and accumulate in the liquid at the bottom of the tube. The paper provides hydration to the back side of the coating and also separates the biocatalyst from the products. Coating reactivity was demonstrated for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC124, which consumed CO2 and produced 10.2 ± 0.2 mmol O2 m−2 h−1, Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009, which consumed acetate and produced 0.47 ± 0.04 mmol H2 m−2 h−1, Clostridium ljungdahlii OTA1, which consumed 6 mmol CO m−2 h−1, and Synechococcus sp. PCC7002, which consumed CO2 and produced 5.00 ± 0.25 mmol O2 m−2 h−1. Coating thickness and microstructure were related to microbe size as determined by digital micrometry, profilometry, and confocal microscopy. The immobilization of different microorganisms in thin adhesive films in the gas phase demonstrates the utility of this method for evaluating genetically optimized microorganisms for gas absorption and gas evolution.

Bacterial pathogens have evolved two major strategies to colonise the intestinal epithelium. Adherent microorganisms bind to the apical pole of the intestinal epithelium, whereas invasive microorganisms disrupt and invade the epithelium. Recognition of the genetic bases of bacterial pathogenicity and analysis of the molecular cross talks established between pathogens and their mammalian target cells have illuminated this diversity of interactions. We have compared the strategies of enteroinvasive pathogens, with emphasis on bacterial species such as Shigella, Yersinia, and Salmonella, that represent paradigms of interaction. Cross talks leading to alteration of the epithelial cell actin cytoskeleton appear as a recurrent theme during entry and dissemination into epithelial cells. Other cross talks alter the trafficking of cellular vesicles and induce changes in the intracellular compartment in which they reside, thus creating niches favourable to bacterial survival and growth. Finally, a variety of strategies also exist to deal with other components of the epithelial barrier, such as macrophages. Pro-phagocytic, anti-phagocytic, and pro-apoptotic processes appear to be of particular importance.

Paper machine biofilms formed in situ on stainless steel surfaces were studied. A robust flow cell was fitted to side stream (1.8 m s(-1)) of the spray water circuit of a paper machine. This on-site tool allowed for assessing the efficacy of antifoulants and the adequacy of steel polishing under mill conditions. A rapid fluorescence-based assay was developed to quantify the biomass of shallow biofilms on machine steel. The fluorescence matched the ATP content measured for the same biofilms. Electrolytic polishing reduced the tendency of biofouling of 500 grit surface steel. Biofilm grew under machine conditions as clusters on the steels, showing uniformly coccoid, filaments or short rods; only one cell type in each cluster. The biofilm clusters excluded latex beads of 0.02 microm with hydrophilic or with hydrophobic surfaces from penetrating more than three to four layers of cells. Under the high hydraulic flow at the machine (1.8 m s(-1)), the biofilm grew in 7 days 6-10 microm thick. The high flow rate guided the shape of the biofilm clusters emerging after the primary attachment of cells. Adhered individual bacteria were the platform on steel to which solids such as paper machine fines then accumulated.

Mechanisms for the undesired persistence of Bacillus species in paper machine slimes were investigated. Biofilm formation was measured for industrial Bacillus isolates under paper machine wet-end-simulating conditions (white water, pH 7, agitated at 45°C for 1–2 days). None of the 40 tested strains of seven Bacillus species formed biofilm on polished stainless steel or on polystyrene surfaces as a monoculture. Under the same conditions, Deinococcus geothermalis E50051 covered all test surfaces as a patchy thick biofilm. The paper machine bacilli, however, formed mixed biofilms with D. geothermalis E50051 as revealed by confocal microscopy. Biofilm interactions between the bacilli and the deinococci varied from synergism to antagonism. Synergism in biofilm formation of D. geothermalis E50051 was strongest with Bacillus coagulans D50192, and with the type strains of B. coagulans, B. amyloliquefaciens or B. pumilus. Two B. licheniformis, one B. amyloliquefaciens, one B. pumilus and four B. cereus strains antagonized biofilm production by D. geothermalis. B. licheniformis D50141 and the type strain of B. licheniformis were the strongest antagonists. These bacteria inhibited deinococcal growth by emitting heat-stable, methanol-soluble metabolite(s). We conclude that the persistence of Bacillus species in paper machine slimes relates to their ability to conquer biofilms formed by primary colonizers, such as D. geothermalis. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 27, 343–351.