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This paper proposes a comprehensive methodology for the design of a controllable electric vehicle charger capable of making the most of the interaction with an autonomous smart energy management system (EMS) in a residential setting. Autonomous EMSs aim achieving the potential benefits associated with energy exchanges between consumers and the grid, using bidirectional and power-controllable electric vehicle chargers. A suitable design for a controllable charger is presented, including the sizing of passive elements and controllers. This charger has been implemented using an experimental setup with a digital signal processor to validate its operation. The experimental results obtained foresee an adequate interaction between the proposed charger and a compatible autonomous EMS in a typical residential setting. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents an energy management architecture for small urban electric vehicles based on hybrid energy sources and its real-time implementation. The energy management strategy uses an integrated rule-based metaheuristic approach to obtain solutions for sharing energy and power between two sources with different characteristics, namely, one with high specific energy and another with high specific power. A comprehensive real-time architecture for the energy management system is presented considering different management levels. The proposed approach determines an optimized real-time energy sharing between the sources without prior knowledge of the power demand profile. The multilevel energy management strategy has been validated using power-level reduced-scale hardware-in-the-loop simulations for a normalized urban driving cycle. The experimental results show the effectiveness of a real-time implementation based on particle swarm optimization supported by a set of rules restricting the search space. This strategy is effective in controlling the energy sources to work in their higher efficiency region and in satisfying the dynamic performance of the vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]