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This article surveys the mathematical principles essential for understanding the thermal management of Li-ion batteries, the current technological state of the art, and the solution. Since the thermal management of electric drive vehicles has environmental, economic, and safety impacts, this review focuses on the efficient methods of battery thermal management (BTM) that were proposed to overcome the major challenges in the electric vehicle industry. The first section examines the perspective of battery-driven vehicles, the principles of Li-ion batteries with a thermal runaway, and their implication for battery safety. The second section discusses mathematical approaches for effective BTM modeling, including the thermal-fluidic network model, lumped capacitance model, spatial resolution lumped capacitance model, equivalent circuit model, impedance-based model, and data-driven model. The third section presents the current state-of-the-art technologies, including air-based, liquid-based, PCM-based, in situ BTM methods, and heat pipe and thermoelectric module-based methods. The conclusion section summarizes the findings from existing research and the possible future directions to achieve and employ better thermal management techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The time-efficient yet accurate thermal modeling of the battery cells for electric and hybrid electric vehicles is essential improving the performance, safety, and lifetime of the battery system. This paper presents a spatial-resolution, lumped-capacitance (LC) thermal model for cylindrical battery cells under high Biot number (Bi⩾1) conditions where the classical LC thermal model is generally inapplicable because of a significant temperature variation in the cell volume. The spatial-resolution LC model was formulated using zero- and first-order Hermite integral approximations. For model validation, a one-dimensional, transient analytical (exact) solution using Green functions was obtained for a cylindrical Li-ion battery cell with uniform volumetric battery heat generation of Joule and entropic heating under convective cooling boundary conditions. It was found from the comparison of the results that the spatial-resolution LC thermal model can accurately and quickly predicts the cell temperatures (core, skin and area-averaged) under various dynamic battery duty cycles even for high Biot numbers due to highly convective conditions such as liquid cooling. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]