Search

External shocks, such as disease occurrence, can be very disruptive in complex food producing value chains. To analyze this, a vertically linked dynamic partial equilibrium model was used to analyze market effects of outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in The Netherlands. Various shock inducing scenarios were analyzed, e.g control strategy, demand shocks and trade bans. The results showed that in densely populated poultry areas (1) market effects usually outweigh direct control costs, (2) vaccination could help mitigating total disease costs, particularly if (3) channeling to industrial processing is included. Moreover, large, and in some cases opposing differences in market effects between the various stakeholders could be observed. The result suggest a number of important policy factors that should be considered in HPAI control, e.g. the poultry density, the production structure and differentiation of stakeholders, the dependency on international trade and the potential capacity of industrial processing of eggs. General implications for other food producing value chains are discussed., International Journal on Food System Dynamics, Vol 12, No 3 (2021)

EFFORT groupHaitske Graveland, Alieda van Essen, Bruno Gonzalez-Zorn, Gabriel Moyano, Pascal Sanders, Claire Chauvin, Julie David, Antonio Battisti, Andrea Caprioli, Jeroen Dewulf, Thomas Blaha, Katharina Wadepohl, Maximiliane Brandt, Dariusz Wasyl, Magdalena Skarzyñska, Magdalena Zajac, Hristo Daskalov, Helmut W Saatkamp, Katharina D.C. Stärk.AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria and associated human morbidity and mortality is increasing. Use of antimicrobials in livestock selects for AMR that can subsequently be transferred to humans. This flow of AMR between reservoirs demands surveillance in livestock as well as in humans. As part of the EFFORT project (www.effort-against-amr.eu), we have quantified and characterized the acquired resistance gene pools (resistomes) of 181 pig and 178 poultry farms from nine European countries, generating more than 5,000 gigabases of DNA sequence, using shotgun metagenomics. We quantified acquired AMR using the ResFinder database and a database constructed for this study, consisting of AMR genes identified through screening environmental DNA. The pig and poultry resistomes were very different in abundance and composition. There was a significant country effect on the resistomes, more so in pigs than poultry. We found higher AMR loads in pigs, while poultry resistomes were more diverse. We detected several recently described, critical AMR genes, includingmcr-1andoptrA, the abundance of which differed both between host species and countries. We found that the total acquired AMR level, was associated with the overall country-specific antimicrobial usage in livestock and that countries with comparable usage patterns had similar resistomes. Novel, functionally-determined AMR genes were, however, not associated with total drug use.

In the version of this Article originally published, the surname of author Oksana Lukjancenko was spelt incorrectly as ‘Lukjacenko’. This has now been corrected.