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[EN] Rangeland cattle production is the largest agricultural sector of Uruguay. Ranches produce up to three products (beef, sheep-meat, and wool) usually combined into an equivalent meat (EM) index. The objective is to compare the empirical results from the estimation of a single output stochastic production frontier (SPF) and a multi-output stochastic ray frontier (SRF) to provide insights on the useof the EM index to evaluate ranches performance. Results show similar efficiency scores. The average level of TE is 0.769 for the SPF and 0.779 for the SRF. We cannot discard EM index as a simple measure of combined production., [ES] La producción ganadera es el principal sector económico del Uruguay. Los establecimientos producen hasta tres productos (carne vacuna, ovina y lana) usualmente reportados en un indicador de carne equivalente. El objetivo es comparar resultados empíricos de una estimación con frontera estocástica de producción (SPF) y una frontera estocástica de rayo multiproducto (SRF) para aportar información en el uso del indicador para evaluar el desempeño de los establecimientos. Las estimaciones de ET son muy similares, 0,769 (SPF) y 0,779 (SRF), indicando que no hay evidencia suficiente para no usar el indicadorde carne equivalente para evaluar el desempeño de la ganadería., The authors want to thank the Instituto Plan Agropecuario for making the data available for research purposes. García-Suárez and Pérez-Quesada share senior authorship.

Bovine cysticercosis (BCC) is an important disease in Brazil due to its detection in abattoirs, resulting in economic losses for cattle farmers, and a public health corcern. Besides its importance, the knowledge about BCC epidemiology and impact remains not fully described in several areas in this country, requiring more studies. Thus, this study focused on establishing BCC prevalence in the regions and municipalities of the state of Espírito Santo from 2017 to 2019, establishing the associated risk factors, and estimating the economic losses for cattle farmers. A set of 2,330 cases of BCC was detected in the 407,529 bovine inspected by Federal Inspection Service (0.57%; C.I. 95% 0.55 - 0.60%) with a higher detection of unviable cysticercus (66.14%). The beef producers lost at least US$153,000.20 due to BCC through this period. The highest risk for BCC infection occurred in Metropolitana (OR = 9.19), Litoral Sul (OR = 7.77), Caparó (OR = 7.44), and Central Sul (OR = 7.19) mesoregions, respectively. The BCC was detected in animals from 67 municipalities and its prevalence increased in areas with high human population density (OR = 1.58;; p = 0.01). In conclusion, BCC is an important disease for beef production chain in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo and a cause of economic losses, mainly in some areas, and urgently requires the adoption of prophylactic strategies to reduce the ocurrence of this parasite. RESUMO: A cisticercose bovina (CB) é uma doença importante no Brasil devido à sua detecção em abatedouros-frigoríficos que resulta em impactos econômicos aos criadores de bovinos, e um problema de saúde pública. Apesar da sua importância, o conhecimento sobre a sua epidemiologia e impacto persiste não completamente descritos em diversas áreas do país requer mais estudos. Portanto, esse estudo objetivou estabelecer a prevalência nos municípios e regiões do Estado do Espírito Santo de 2017 a 2019; estabelecer os fatores de risco associados; e estimar o impacto econômico aos pecuaristas. Durante o período, 2.330 casos de BC foram dectados entre os 407.529 bovinos inspecionados sob regime de inspeção federal (0,57%; I.C. 95% 0,55 - 0,60%), com maior frequência de cisticercos inviáveis (66,14%). Os pecuaristas perderam pelo menos US$153.000,20 devido à ocorrência de CB durante o período. As áreas de maior risco para a enfermidade nesse estado estão nas mesoregiões Metropolitana (OR = 9,19), Litoral Sul (OR = 7,77), Caparó (OR = 7,44), e Central Sul (OR = 7,19), respectivamente. A doença foi detectada em animais de 67 municípios e a prevalência da enfermidade foi maior em áreas com elevada densidade populacional humana (OR = 1,58; p = 0,01). Assim, conclui-se que a CB é uma importante doença para a cadeia da carne bovina no estado, além de uma importante causa de perdas econômicas, principalmente em algumas áreas, e necessita, urgentemente, da adoação de medidas profiláticas para reduzir a ocorrência desse parasita.

Las preferencias y las preocupaciones de los consumidores, asociadas a la calidad de la carne, su impacto en el medioambiente, su salud y las características de ética de la producción, definen el consumo de carne bovina. Conocer las expectativas de los consumidores nos permite establecer estrategias para su promoción. Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos Fil: Grigioni, Gabriela María. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Tecnología de Alimentos; Argentina. Fil: Grigioni, Gabriela María. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Sistemas Alimentarios Sustentables (UEDD INTA CONICET); Argentina. Fil: Testa, María Laura. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Fil: Testa, María Laura. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Fil: Soteras, Trinidad. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Tecnología de Alimentos; Argentina. Fil: Soteras, Trinidad. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Sistemas Alimentarios Sustentables (UEDD INTA CONICET); Argentina. Fil: Pavan, Enrique. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Fil: Pavan, Enrique. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Fil: Pavan, Enrique. Massey University Campus. Te Ohu Rangahau Kai. AgResearch. Limited; Nueva Zelanda

This review provides insights into the main products from goat and sheep farming, as well as their relevance to sociocultural development in Northeast Brazil. This study makes it possible to know the local production chain; it provides an understanding of how the types of management, culture, and level of technologies affect the final product, and how this directly affects the producer; and, therefore, makes it possible to identify useful strategies for improvements in the different production systems. The work was carried out from a descriptive approach and based on a literature review on the object of study, through the collection of electronic data (books and scientific publications). In conclusion, it is observed that there is a promising market at the national and international level that still needs to be explored and adequate, thus ensuring the expansion of products (meat and dairy) and by-products (skin, manure, and viscera) of goats and sheep. Essa revisión proporciona información sobre los principales productos de la ganadería caprina y ovina, así como su relevancia para el desarrollo sociocultural en el noreste de Brasil. Este estudio permite conocer la cadena productiva local; proporciona una comprensión de cómo los tipos de gestión, la cultura y el nivel de tecnologías afectan el producto final, y cómo esto afecta directamente al productor; y, por tanto, permite identificar estrategias úteis de mejora en los diferentes sistemas productivos. El trabajo se realizó desde un enfoque descriptivo y basado en una revisión bibliográfica sobre el el objeto de estudio, a través de la recopilación de datos electrónicos (libros y publicaciones científicas). Como conclusión, se observa que existe un mercado promisorio a nivel nacional e internacional que aún necesita ser explorado y adecuado, asegurando así la expansión de productos (carne y lácteos) y subproductos (piel, estiércol y vísceras) de caprinos y ovejas. Essa revisão fornece insights sobre os principais produtos oriundos da caprinovinocultura, bem como sua relevância para o desenvolvimento sociocultural no Nordeste brasileiro. Esse estudo permite conhecer a cadeia produtiva local; faculta entender como os tipos de manejo, cultura e nível de tecnologias implicam no produto final, e como isso afeta diretamente o produtor; e, portanto, viabiliza identificar estratégia úteis de melhorias nos diferentes sistemas de produção. O trabalho foi realizado a partir de uma abordagem descritiva e embasada por uma revisão de literatura sobre o objeto de estudo, por meio do levantamento de dados eletrônicos (livros e publicações científicas). Em conclusão, observa-se que existe um mercado promissor a nível nacional e internacional que ainda precisa ser explorado e adequado, garantindo assim a expansão dos produtos (cárneos e lácteos) e subprodutos (pele, esterco e vísceras) de caprinos e ovinos.

[EN] Rangeland cattle production is the largest agricultural sector of Uruguay. Ranches pro-duce up to three products (beef, sheep-meat, and wool) usually combined into an equivalent meat (EM) index. The objective is to compare the empirical results from the estimation of a single output stochastic production frontier (SPF) and a multi-output stochastic ray frontier (SRF) to provide insights on the use of the EM index to evaluate ranches performance. Results show similar efficiency scores. The average level of TE is 0.769 for the SPF and 0.779 for the SRF. We cannot discard EM index as a simple measure of combined production. [ES] La producción ganadera es el principal sector económico del Uruguay. Los establecimien-tos producen hasta tres productos (carne vacuna, ovina y lana) usualmente reportados en un indicador de carne equivalente. El objetivo es comparar resultados empíricos de una estimación con frontera estocástica de producción (SPF) y una frontera estocástica de rayo multiproducto (SRF) para aportar información en el uso del indicador para evaluar el desempeño de los establecimientos. Las estimaciones de ET son muy similares, 0,769 (SPF) y 0,779 (SRF), indicando que no hay evidencia suficiente para no usar el indicador de carne equivalente para evaluar el desempeño de la ganadería., https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2022.01.04

Resumo: O presente trabalho buscou analisar o nível da intensificação da pecuária nos anos de 2006 e 2017, nos quais estão disponibilizados os dados do Censo Agropecuário realizados pelo IBGE, no estado de Goiás – GO (Centro-Oeste). Utilizando técnicas de análise fatorial, aglomerados hierárquicos e não hierárquicos com base em dados do Censo Agropecuário, LAPIG/UFG e Agrodefesa – GO, foi possível gerar um índice de intensificação da pecuária para as atividades de corte e de leite. Os resultados indicam uma intensificação significativa da pecuária com aumento de 45% na taxa de lotação animal, além de aumento de 66% na suplementação animal e 49% de produtividade de leite por vaca. A pecuária é uma atividade setorizada, que se desenvolve de maneira mais intensa em zonas específicas. Além disso, a atividade leiteira possui um nível de intensificação superior à atividade de corte. Em 2006 foram classificados com alta intensificação 47 municípios para pecuária de corte e 104 municípios para pecuária leiteira. Já em 2017, o número de municípios com alta intensificação foram de 49 e 111, respectivamente. Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the level of livestock intensification in the years 2006 and 2017, in which data from the Agricultural Census conducted by IBGE are available, in the state of Goiás – GO (Central-West region). Using factor analysis techniques, hierarchical and non-hierarchical clusters based on data from the Agricultural Census, LAPIG/UFG and Agrodefesa – GO, it was possible to generate an index of intensification of livestock for beef and dairy cattle. The results indicate a significant intensification of livestock with an increase of 45% in stocking rate, in addition to an increase of 66% in animal supplementation, and 49% in milk productivity per cow. Livestock is a sectorized activity, which develops more intensely in specific areas. In addition, dairy activity has a higher level of intensification than beef cattle activity. In 2006, 47 counties for beef cattle and 104 counties for dairy farming were classified as high intensification. In 2017, the number of municipalities with high intensification was 49 and 111, respectively.

The objective of this work was to identify the causes and effects of contamination in a cattle slaughter production line. And consequently develop practices so that the same mistakes do not occur on the production line. The present work is a quantitative research using structured procedures and formal instruments for data collection, emphasizing objectivity, in collecting and analyzing data, analyzing numerical data through statistical procedures. The Ishikawa Diagram was used to illustrate the causes and effects. The main results include improvements in the process, discovery of bottlenecks in the production line, improved communication between employees, among others. Another outstanding contribution from the studio is the proposals to correct the fallas found, seeking to maintain the standard of quality of the product. Through the Ishikawa diagram, it was possible to identify the main causes of contamination in the dispatch, enabling a proposal for non-production processes, in order to add quality to the final product. Keywords: Quality; Contamination; Beef., El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar las causas y efectos de la contaminación en una línea de producción de faena de ganado. Y consecuentemente desarrollar prácticas para que no ocurran los mismos errores en la línea de producción. El presente trabajo es una investigación cuantitativa que utiliza procedimientos estructurados e instrumentos formales para la recolección de datos, enfatizando la objetividad, en la recolección y análisis de datos, analizando datos numéricos mediante procedimientos estadísticos. Se utilizó el diagrama de Ishikawa para ilustrar las causas y los efectos. Los principales resultados incluyen mejoras en el proceso, descubrimiento de cuellos de botella en la línea de producción, mejora de la comunicación entre empleados, entre otros. Otro aporte destacado del estudio son las propuestas para corregir las fallas encontradas, buscando mantener el estándar de calidad del producto. A través del diagrama de Ishikawa, fue posible identificar las principales causas de contaminación en el despacho, posibilitando una propuesta de procesos no productivos, con el fin de agregar calidad al producto final. Palabras clave: Calidad; Contaminación; Carne.

Background: Rehydration of grains, such as corn and sorghum, is used to increase nutrient absorption. However, the effect of this practice on meat quality is poorly understood. Objective: To evaluate the effects of type of grain and processing on the meat quality of Nellore steers in a feedlot. Methods: Twenty-four non-castrated Nellore steers (270 ± 53 kg initial body weight) were distributed in a completely randomized 2×2 factorial design, with six replicates. The first factor was cereal type (corn or sorghum), and the second was the grain processing (dry or rehydrated and ensiled). The diets were composed of 30% corn silage and 70% concentrate. Sixty days before the beginning of the experiment, corn and sorghum grains were rehydrated and ensiled. The animals were slaughtered after 140 days of confinement. Meat quality analyses were determined in samples of fresh and aged meat (7 days) from the Longissimus lumborum muscle. Results: no difference between treatments was observed for carcass pH and L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) values, shear force, thawing and cooking losses, and chemical composition of meat (p>0.05). The b* (yellowness) value of subcutaneous fat was higher in steers fed corn, regardless of grain processing (p=0.03). Sarcomere length was higher in aged meat of steers fed sorghum, regardless of processing method (p=0.01). Conclusions: the grain processing method does not affect beef quality; however, grain type can affect subcutaneous fat color and sarcomere length of aged beef. Resumen Antecedentes: La rehidratación de granos, tales como maíz y sorgo, se usa para aprovechar mejor sus nutrientes. Sin embargo, es poco conocido el efecto de esta práctica sobre la calidad de la carne. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos del tipo de cereal y su procesamiento sobre la calidad de carne de toretes Nelore en confinamiento. Métodos: Veinticuatro novillos Nelore enteros con un peso promedio inicial de 270 ± 53 kg, se distribuyeron en un diseño factorial 2×2 completamente aleatorizado (n=6). El primer factor fue el tipo de cereal (maíz o sorgo) y el segundo fue su procesamiento (seco o rehidratado y ensilado). Las dietas estuvieron compuestas por 28,44% de ensilaje de maíz y 71,56% de concentrado. Sesenta días antes de iniciar el experimento, los granos de maíz y sorgo se rehidrataron y ensilaron. Los animales se sacrificaron después de 140 días de confinamiento. La calidad de la carne se determinó en muestras de carne fresca y madurada (7 días) obtenidas del músculo Longissimus lumborum. Resultados: No hubo diferencias entre tratamientos para el pH de las canales, ni para los valores de color (L* “luminosidad”, a* “intensidad de rojo” y b* “intensidad de amarillo”), fuerza de corte, composición química, o pérdidas de agua por descongelamiento o cocción (p>0,05). El valor de b* de la grasa subcutánea fue mayor en los novillos alimentados con maíz, independientemente del tipo de procesamiento (p=0,03). La longitud de sarcómero fue más alto en la carne madurada de novillos alimentados con sorgo, sin importar el método de procesamiento (p=0,01). Conclusiones: El método de procesamiento del grano no afecta la calidad de la carne; sin embargo, el tipo de cereal afecta el color de la grasa subcutánea y la longitud del sarcómero de la carne madurada. Resumo Antecedentes: A reidratação de grãos, como milho e sorgo, tem sido usada para aumentar a utilização de seus nutrientes. Contudo, o efeito dessa prática na qualidade da carne é pouco compreendido. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do tipo de grão de cereais e seu processamento sobre a qualidade da carne de bovinos confinados. Métodos: Vinte e quatro bovinos Nelore não castrados, com peso corporal médio inicial de 270 ± 53 kg foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, fatorial 2×2, com seis repetições. O primeiro fator foi o tipo de grão de cereal no concentrado (milho ou sorgo), e o segundo foi o processamento destes grãos (seco ou reidratado e ensilado). As dietas foram compostas por 28,44% de silagem de milho e 71,56% de concentrado. Sessenta dias antes do início do experimento, os grãos de milho e sorgo foram reidratados e ensilados. Os animais foram abatidos após 140 dias de confinamento. As análises de qualidade da carne foram determinadas em amostras não maturadas e maturadas (7 dias) obtidas do músculo Longissimus lumborum. Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos para pH da carcaça e L* (luminosidade), a* (intensidade de vermelho), b* (intensidade de amarelo), força de cisalhamento, perdas por descongelamento, perdas por cocção, perdas totais e composição química da carne. O valor de b* da gordura subcutânea foi maior (p=0,03) em bovinos alimentados com dietas contendo grãos de milho, independentemente do tipo de processamento. O comprimento de sarcômero foi maior na carne maturada de novilhos alimentados com sorgo, independente do método de processamento (p=0,01). Conclusões: O método de processamento dos grãos não afetou a qualidade da carne bovina, no entanto, a cor da gordura subcutânea e o comprimento de sarcômero da carne maturada foram afetados pelo tipo de grão.

Residual feed intake is a method used to measure the efficiency of food use by animals, regardless of the level of production, which allows the identification of animals that consume less food without affecting productive performance. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior, the estimated methane production, the performance and post- slaughter characteristics of steers with low, medium or high residual feed intake (RFI). They used data from studies in Laboratório de Bovinocultura de Corte of Federal University of Santa Maria, from 2006 to 2015, which comprised 157 steers information castrated feedlot and slaughtered at 24 months of age, made in a meta-analytical approach. The animals belonged to the experimental herd of the property, originating from the alternating rotational cross between the Charolais and Nellore breeds and were divided into three treatments: Low - animals with RFI values less than half (-0.5) standard deviation lower than the general average (n = 54); Medium - animals whose RFI values were located between the limits of low and high RFI animals (n = 55); High - animals that presented values of residual food consumption half (+0.5) standard deviation above the general average (n = 48). High treatment steers had a higher initial weight (302.29 kg) and Medium treatment steers had a lower average (279.31 kg), while the Low treatment did not differ (287.84 kg). The dry matter intake absolute and relative and feed conversion ratio were higher in the Alto treatment (10.95 kg / day, 2.99 kg / 100 kg of body weight and 7.84 kg DM / kg of gain, respectively), followed by Medium (9.43 kg / day, 2.66 kg / 100 kg of body weight and 6.55 kg DM / kg of gain) and Low (8.44 kg / day, 2.30 kg / 100 kg of weight) and 6.23 kg DM / kg gain). The estimated daily production of enteric methane was higher in the High treatment (248.01 L / day), lower in the Low treatment (197.03 L/ day) and the Medium treatment showed an intermediate behavior (218.46 L/ day). Steers with low RFI remained approximately 115 days in feedlot against 100 and 96 days for Medium and High. Low RFI steers showed longer carcass length (125.68 cm) compared to Medium RFI steers (123.40 cm). The relative weight of the forehead was higher in the Low RFI steers (37.22 kg / 100 kg cold carcass) compared to the High steers (36.65 kg / 100 kg cold carcass). In the relative rear weight, the reverse occurred (52.76 kg / 100 kg of cold carcass in Alto treatment and 52.05 kg / 100 kg of cold carcass in Low). Animals with Low and Medium RFI showed greater relative weight of heart, total internal fat, cardiac, renal and abomasal fat. Medium RFI animals obtained a higher relative weight of intestinal fat. While animals with Medium and High RFI had higher liver weight. High RFI animals had higher relative weights of lungs, abomasum and intestines. Marbling was higher in the High RFI treatment (6.77 points), followed by the Medium one (5.73 points) and lower in the Low one (4.90 points). Steers with negative residual feed intake demonstrate better-feed efficiency, without impairing their productive performance, but have a higher content of internal fat and less marbling in the meat. O consumo alimentar residual é um método utilizado para medir a eficiência de utilização dos alimentos pelos animais, independentemente do nível de produção, que permite a identificação de animais que consomem menor quantidade de alimentos sem afetar o desempenho produtivo. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento ingestivo, a produção estimada de metano, o desempenho e características pós-abate de novilhos com baixo, médio ou alto consumo alimentar residual (CAR). Foram utilizados dados de estudos realizados no Laboratório de Bovinocultura de Corte da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, entre 2006 a 2015, os quais compreenderam informações de 157 novilhos castrados terminados em confinamento, abatidos aos 24 meses de idade, constituídos em uma abordagem meta-analítica. Os animais pertenciam ao rebanho experimental da propriedade, sendo oriundos do cruzamento rotativo alternado entre as raças Charolês e Nelore e foram divididos em três tratamentos: Baixo - animais com valores de CAR menos meio (-0,5) desvio padrão inferiores à média geral (n=54); Médio - animais cujos valores de CAR se localizaram entre os limites dos animais de baixo e alto CAR (n=55); Alto - animais que apresentaram valores de consumo alimentar residual meio (+0,5) desvio padrão acima da média geral (n=48). Os novilhos do tratamento Alto apresentaram maior peso inicial (302,29 kg) e os do Médio menor (279,31 kg), sendo que o tratamento Baixo não diferiu (287,84 Kg). Os consumos de matéria seca absoluto e relativo e a conversão alimentar foram maiores no tratamento Alto (10,95 kg/dia, 2,99 kg/ 100 kg de peso corporal e 7,84 kg MS/ kg de ganho, respectivamente), seguidos pelo Médio (9,43 kg/dia, 2,66 kg/ 100 kg de peso corporal e 6,55 kg MS/ kg de ganho) e Baixo (8,44 kg/dia, 2,30 kg/ 100 kg de peso corporal e 6,23 kg MS/ kg de ganho). A produção diária de metano entérico estimada foi maior no tratamento Alto (248,01 L/ dia), menor no Baixo (197,03 L/ dia) e o tratamento Médio apresentou comportamento intermediário (218,46 L/dia). Novilhos com baixo CAR permaneceram, aproximadamente, 115 dias em confinamento contra 100 e 96 dias para Médio e Alto. Novilhos com Baixo CAR apresentaram maior comprimento de carcaça (125,68 cm) em relação aos com Médio CAR (123,40 cm). O peso relativo de dianteiro foi maior nos novilhos de Baixo CAR (37,22 kg/ 100 kg de carcaça fria) em comparação com o Alto (36,65 kg/ 100 kg de carcaça fria). No peso relativo de traseiro ocorreu o inverso (52,76 kg/ 100 kg de carcaça fria no tratamento Alto e 52,05 kg/ 100 kg de carcaça fria no Baixo). Animais com Baixo e Médio CAR demonstraram maior peso relativo de coração, total de gorduras internas, gordura cardíaca, renal e abomasal. Animais com Médio CAR obtiveram maior peso relativo de gordura intestinal. Enquanto animais com Médio e Alto CAR apresentaram maior peso de fígado. Já animais com Alto CAR tiveram maiores pesos relativos de pulmões, abomaso e intestinos. O marmoreio foi maior no tratamento Alto CAR (6,77 pontos), seguido pelo Médio (5,73 pontos) e menor no Baixo (4,90 pontos). Novilhos com consumo alimentar residual negativo demonstram melhor eficiência alimentar, sem apresentar prejuízos no seu desempenho produtivo, porém apresentam maior teor gordura interna e menor marmoreio na carne.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária Este estudo teve como objetivos analisar a distribuição de partos na raça Mertolenga e a influência dos principais efeitos ambientais no intervalo entre partos (IEP) em bovinos da mesma raça. Foram utilizados os registos de 8 explorações de criadores, inscritas no livro genealógico da Associação de Criadores de Bovinos Mertolengos (ACBM), correspondendo a 17 090 partos e 13 510 IEP de 2 655 fêmeas, ocorridos entre 1990 e 2019. Os registos foram submetidos a várias análises preliminares com o programa SAS®, utilizando-se o PROC UNIVARIATE, o PROC MEANS e o PROC FREQ. Com um modelo misto, através do PROC MIXED do mesmo programa, analisou-se o IEP com um modelo que incluiu os efeitos fixos da exploração, ano e mês de parto, sexo e raça do vitelo e como covariável o efeito linear e quadrático da idade ao parto; a fêmea (vaca) foi considerada como efeito aleatório no modelo misto. A idade média ao primeiro parto (IPP) foi de 34,3 meses, a idade média de morte foi de 13,76 anos e o número médio de partos por vaca ao longo da vida foi de 5,3±3,4 partos/vaca. Neste estudo observou-se um IEP médio de 436,9 ±116,2 dias e as variáveis “exploração”, “mês do parto”, “ano do parto”, “raça do vitelo” e “idade da vaca ao parto” influenciaram significativamente o IEP (p

The Brazilian agricultural market has grown and occupies more and more space in the world economy. Brazil is the second largest producer and consumer of beef, behind only the United States. The intrinsic factors of meat contribute to microbial proliferation and rapid deterioration, and there is a need to produce a natural alternative for food preservation, being accessible and at a low cost to the population. The objective of this work was to evaluate the conservation potential of Manihot esculenta gel added with copaiba essential oil (Copaifera officinalis) and beet extract (Beta vulgaris L.) in extending the shelf life of beef. The antimicrobial potential of copaiba oil was determined by disc diffusion, determination of the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal restrictions of the oil by microdilution, chemical composition, shelf life through color, pH and microbiota during the period of storage of controls and control. Among the results, the initial pH of the control sample was 5.25 ± 0.05 and the final 5.93 ± 0.03, the OCB sample 5.28 ± 0.01 at the end 5.37 ± 0.008 and the BET sample between 5 , 21 ± 0.08 to 5.39 ± 0.05. An initial microbiological analysis of the control sample of mesophiles at 20 minutes from 3.06 to 5.27 log UFC / g on the 7th day, the OCB sample started 3.26 to 5.14 log UFC / g and the BET sample, started from 3.39 to 4.73 log UFC / g. The results obtained arouse studies to explore new dosages in this matrix. El mercado agrícola brasileño ha crecido y ocupa cada vez más espacio en la economía mundial. Brasil es el segundo mayor productor y consumidor de carne vacuna, solo detrás de Estados Unidos. Los factores intrínsecos de la carne contribuyen a la proliferación microbiana y al rápido deterioro, y existe la necesidad de producir una alternativa natural para la conservación de alimentos, accesible y de bajo costo para la población. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el potencial de conservación del gel de Manihot esculenta agregado con aceite esencial de copaiba (Copaifera officinalis) y extracto de remolacha (Beta vulgaris L.) para extender la vida útil de la carne vacuna. El potencial antimicrobiano del aceite de copaiba se determinó mediante difusión en disco, determinación de las restricciones mínimas inhibitorias y bactericidas del aceite por microdilución, composición química, vida útil a través del color, pH y microbiota durante el período de almacenamiento de controles y control. Entre los resultados, el pH inicial de la muestra de control fue 5.25 ± 0.05 y el final 5.93 ± 0.03, la muestra OCB 5.28 ± 0.01 al final 5.37 ± 0.008 y la muestra BET entre 5 , 21 ± 0,08 a 5,39 ± 0,05. Un análisis microbiológico inicial de la muestra de control de mesófilos a los 20 minutos de 3.06 a 5.27 log UFC / g en el séptimo día, la muestra de OCB comenzó 3.26 a 5.14 log UFC / gy la muestra BET, comenzó de 3,39 a 4,73 log UFC / g. Los resultados obtenidos despiertan estudios para explorar nuevas dosificaciones en esta matriz. O mercado agropecuário brasileiro tem crescido e ocupado cada vez mais espaço na economia mundial. O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor e consumidor de carne bovina, atrás apenas dos Estados Unidos. Os fatores intrínsecos da carne contribuem para a proliferação microbiana e rápida deterioração, surgindo a necessidade produzir uma alternativa natural para a conservação de alimentos, sendo acessível e com baixo custo para a população. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial de conservação do gel da Manihot esculenta adicionado óleo essencial de copaíba (Copaifera officinalis) e extrato de beterraba (Beta vulgaris L.) na extensão da vida de prateleira da carne bovina. O potencial antimicrobiano do óleo de copaíba foi determinado com a difusão em disco, determinação das concentrações inibitórias e bactericidas mínimas do óleo por microdiluição, composição química, vida de prateleira através da cor, pH e microbiota durante o período de armazenamento das amostras controles e tratamento. Dentre os resultados, o pH inicial da amostra controle foi 5,25 ± 0,05 e final 5,93 ± 0,03, a amostra OCB 5,28 ± 0,01 ao final 5,37 ± 0,008 e a amostra BET entre 5,21 ± 0,08 a 5,39 ± 0,05. Já, a análise microbiológica inicial da amostra controle dos mesófilos aos 20 minutos de 3,06 para 5,27 log UFC/g no 7º dia, a amostra OCB iniciou 3,26 para 5,14 log UFC/g e a amostra BET, partiu de 3,39 a 4,73 log UFC/g. Os resultados obtidos despertam próximos estudos para exploração de novas dosagens nesta matriz.

A partir del uso de periódicos y memorias institucionales, se estudia el vínculo entre la pobreza y la infancia en el periodo entre 1950 y1978, haciendo un énfasis en lo relacionado con la nutrición infantil, entendida esta como un componente de la salud de la niñez y a la vez, como un factor estrechamente relacionado con las condiciones de vida de los niños. Luego se explica el consumo de leche y carne de res por parte de la de la niñez pobre, las críticas emanadas desde la izquierda hacia ciertos alimentos, el gobierno, sus políticas sobre la nutrición infantil así como el estado nutricional de los niños. Finalmente, se hará un balance de las respuestas y medidas institucionales hacia la desnutrición infantil, específicamente en el caso de los comedores y los centros de nutrición. Using newspapers and institutional memories, this paper studies the relationship between poverty and childhood between 1950 and 1978, making an emphasis in the child nutrition, understood as a component of the child health, but at the same time, as an important factor related with the life conditions of children. Then, we analyze milk and beef consumption by poor children, the critics from the left to certain foods and to the Government, its policies toward child nutrition, and also the nutritional status of children. Finally, a balance will be made between the institutional responses and the actions to the child malnutrition, specially on the case of the nutritional centers and the school cafeterias. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Sociales::Facultad de Ciencias Sociales::Escuela de Historia

ilustraciones, diagramas Un factor crítico en los procesos de gestión de la calidad para la producción de carne y leche es evaluar el desempeño actual de los sistemas de producción bovina a nivel de finca para establecer indicadores reales que reflejan el comportamiento de unidades eficientes e ineficientes con el fin de realizar una adecuada gestión de los recursos disponibles y maximizar la productividad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficiencia técnica relativa de 224 unidades de producción de leche y carne bovina localizadas en el Piedemonte del Departamento de Arauca mediante la metodología del análisis envolvente de datos (DEA), una herramienta no paramétrica que presenta ventajas en su aplicación frente a la utilización de técnicas paramétricas como la estimación de fronteras estocásticas. El análisis se realizó empleando un modelo de rendimientos variables a escala (VRS) que permitió descomponer la medida de eficiencia técnica global (CRS) en eficiencia técnica pura (VRS) y de escala (EE); considerando una orientación output, buscando la maximización de la producción anual de carne y leche a partir de los niveles actuales en la utilización de inputs. Para evitar problemas en la especificación del modelo, se utilizó el método de regresión Stepwise para seleccionar el conjunto de variables de entrada que tenían una asociación más fuerte con la obtención de los productos mencionados. De esta forma se definieron como inputs la superficie agraria útil (ha), el inventario animal (UFS) y el uso de mano de obra (UTA). Debido a la sensibilidad del DEA ante la presencia de datos atípicos, se utilizó la metodología de identificación de outliers en modelos no paramétricos encontrando 13 observaciones atípicas y eliminándolas del conjunto de datos con el fin de generar resultados robustos. Con los puntajes de eficiencia técnica se realizó un análisis de segunda etapa mediante un modelo de regresión Tobit con el fin de determinar las variables que se relacionan con la eficiencia de las fincas evaluadas. Los resultados mostraron un índice medio de eficiencia técnica global (CRS) de 0.429, pura (VRS) de 0.505 y de escala de 0.867, generándose una mayor ganancia en la eficiencia derivada de un incremento en la producción de carne y leche (45.5%) respecto a un ajuste en la escala de producción (13.3%). Estas diferencias evidenciaron la existencia de ineficiencias de escala, con 139 (62%) fincas operando con rendimientos decrecientes (62%) y 59 (26%) con rendimientos crecientes a escala. El análisis de los rendimientos a escala permitió definir como tamaño óptimo de producción una utilización de 59 ha, 57 UFS y 3.2 UTA, con una producción anual promedio de 68,217 kg de leche y 7,518 kg de carne. Se determinaron los conjuntos de referencia para cada unidad ineficiente a partir de los cuales se pueden generar procesos de benchmarking para identificar las mejoras prácticas asociadas con el desempeño óptimo del proceso de producción. Los valores objetivos y proyectados para las fincas ineficientes indicaron porcentajes de mejora potencial en la obtención de leche y carne de 57% y 63%, respectivamente; y para el consumo de inputs, las mayores reducciones se obtuvieron en las entradas referentes a la superficie agraria útil (-20%) y el inventario animal (-26%). En el modelo de regresión Tobit, el número de vacas en ordeño, cría y levante, el uso de mano de obra por hectárea y la producción de leche mostraron una relación significativa y negativa con la ineficiencia. Por el contrario, la utilización de la superficie en pastos tuvo una relación significativa y directa con la ineficiencia, representando un factor crítico para la adecuada gestión de las unidades evaluadas. (Texto tomado de la fuente) A critical factor in the quality management processes in the dairy and beef cattle production systems is to evaluate the current performance of the farms to establish key performance indicators that demonstrates the behavior of efficient and inefficient units in order to achieve a correct management of available resources and maximize productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the technical efficiency of 224 dairy and beef production units located in the Arauca´s Piedemonte microregion through the methodology of data envelopment analysis (DEA), a non-parametric tool that presents advantages over use of parametric techniques such as stochastic frontier estimation. The analysis was developed using an output orientated variable returns to scale model (VRS) that allowed decomposing the global technical efficiency measure (CRS) into pure technical efficiency (VRS) and scale efficiency (EE); focus on the maximization of the milk and beef meat annual production from the current levels in the use of inputs. To avoid problems in specifying the model, the Stepwise regression method was used to select the set of input variables that had a stronger association with the outputs. In this way, the land (ha), the number of livestock units (UFS) and the labor (UTA) were defined as inputs. Because to efficiency scores produced by DEA may be severely influenced by the presence of outliers in the data, the methodology for identifying outliers in non-parametric models was applied, identifying 13 outliers that were eliminated from the data set in order to obtain robust results. A second-stage analysis was carried out using a Tobit regression model to determine the factors that contribute to efficiency scores of the farms evaluated. The results showed an average global technical efficiency index (CRS) of 0.429, pure (VRS) of 0.505 and scale of 0.867, respectively; with a greater gain in efficiency derived from an increase in milk and beef meat production (45.5%) with respect to an adjustment in the scale of production (13.3%). These differences evidenced the existence of scale inefficiencies, with 139 (62%) farms operating with decreasing returns to scale (62%) and 59 (26%) with increasing returns to scale. The analysis of returns to scale allowed defining as optimal production size a use of 59 ha, 57 UFS and 3.2 UTA, with an average annual production of 68,217 kg of dairy and 7,518 kg of beef. Benchmarks were determined for each inefficient DMU for performance benchmarking processes to identify best practices associated with an optimal performance of the production process. The current and target levels of outputs for inefficient farms indicated percentages of potential improvement in milk and beef meat production of 57% and 63%, respectively; and for the inputs, the greatest reductions were obtained in the land (-20%) and livestock units (-26%). In the Tobit regression model, the number of milking cows, calves, growing cattle, labor per hectare and milk production showed a significant and negative relationship with inefficiency. Otherwise, the land had a significant and direct relationship with inefficiency, representing a critical factor in the management of the DMUs. (Text taken from source) Maestría Magíster en Producción Animal Gestión Empresarial

Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides, highly conserved among species, which modulate gene expression by cleaving messenger RNA target or inhibiting translation. MiRNAs are involved in the regulation of many processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Beef tenderness is an organoleptic characteristic of great influence in the acceptance of meat by consumers. Previous studies have shown that collagen level, marbling, apoptosis and proteolysis are among the many factors that affect beef tenderness. Considering that miRNAs can modulate gene expression, this study was designed to identify differentially expressed miRNAs that could be modulating biological processes involved with beef tenderness. Results Deep sequence analysis of miRNA libraries from longissimus thoracis muscle allowed the identification of 42 novel and 308 known miRNAs. Among the known miRNAs, seven were specifically expressed in skeletal muscle. Differential expression analysis between animals with high (H) and low (L) estimated breeding values for shear force (EBVSF) revealed bta-mir-182 and bta-mir-183 are up-regulated (q value

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feed restriction on the carcass and meat characteristics of finished feedlot under high grain diets. Twenty - seven surgically castrated cattle, from the crossing of the Charolais and Nelore races, were used, with age and average slaughter weights of 30 months and 410 kg of live weight respectively. The experimental design was completely randomized. The animals were balanced by initial body weight and genetic predominance and afterwards they were divided into three treatments: high grain diet fed ad libitum (Control Treatment, CT); with a restriction of 7.5% of consumption (TR-7.5%); and with a 15% restriction on consumption (TR-15%). Cattle fed with or without food restriction did not significantly affect farm weight, empty body weight, warm and cold carcass weight, and warm and cold carcass yield, cooling breakage, subcutaneous fat thickness, area loin eye, yields of commercial cuts and compactness, proportions between tissues, production of fatty tissues, and for meat quality attributes. However, for the gastric-intestinal content, there was a greater participation in the animals fed at will and a reduction occurred with the inclusion of the food restriction 7.5%. Omaso and abomaso when expressed in absolute weight, there was a decrease in their weight, with increased food restriction, with omaso (2.55, 2.46 and 2.23) and abomaso (1.92, 1, 78 and 1.32), due to this behavior the absolute total digestive tract was lower than the animals that suffer food restriction. Regarding the liver in absolute weight, the mean values (3.90 kg) for CT were higher for TR-15% (3.47 kg). The relative weight spleen also showed a difference between treatments, with 0.29% for animals ad libitum, 0.25% and 0.24% for animals that received 7.5% and 15% of restriction. The different proportions of the treatments also influenced the blood volume, animals fed at will showed higher blood volume (11.23 kg, 3.06%) than those fed with a restriction of 15% (10.53kg, 2.88%). The total number of vital organs showed significant differences for the relative weight, since the organs that make up this total value also presented similar behavior. Higher levels of feed restriction for cattle did not compromise carcass and meat characteristics. However, in relation to the content of the digestive tract and vital organs was lower in animals fed with food restriction. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da restrição alimentar sobre as características da carcaça e carne de bovinos terminados em confinamento sob dieta de alto grão. Foram utilizados 27 bovinos castrados cirurgicamente, produto do cruzamento das raças Charolês e Nelore, com idade e pesos médios de abate de 30 meses e 410 kg de peso vivo respectivamente. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado. Os animais foram balanceados por peso corporal inicial e predominância genética e após foram divididos em três tratamentos assim compostos: dieta de alto grão com alimentação ad libitum (Tratamento Controle, TC); com restrição de 7,5% do consumo (TR-7,5%); e com restrição de 15% do consumo (TR-15%). Os bovinos alimentados com uso da restrição alimentar não impactou de maneira significativas no peso de fazenda, peso de corpo vazio, peso de carcaça quente e fria, e rendimento de carcaça quente e fria, quebra ao resfriamento, espessura de gordura subcutânea, área de olho de lombo, rendimentos dos cortes comerciais e compacidade, proporções entre os tecidos, produção de tecidos gordurosos, e para os atributos de qualidade de carne. Para o conteúdo gastricointestinal constata-se maior participação nos animais alimentados á vontade e ocorreu redução com a inclusão da restrição alimentar 7,5%. O omaso e abomaso quando expressos em peso absoluto, ocorreu um declínio no peso dos mesmos, com o aumento da restrição alimentar, sendo o omaso (2,55, 2,46 e 2,23) e abomaso (1,92, 1,78 e 1,32), devido este comportamento o trato digestivo total absoluto foi menor aos animais que sofrem restrição alimentar de 15%. O fígado em peso absoluto, apresentaram maiores valores médios (3,90kg) para o TC, em relação aos animais do TR-15% (3,47kg). Quanto ao baço em peso relativo também demonstrou diferença entre os tratamentos, sendo 0,29% para os animais ad libitum, 0,25% e 0,24% para os animais que receberam 7,5% e 15% de restrição. As diferentes proporções dos tratamentos também influenciaram no volume de sangue, animais alimentados á vontade demonstraram maior volume de sangue (11,23kg, 3,06%) em relação aos alimentados com restrição de 7,5% (10,38kg, 2,85%). O total de órgãos vitais demonstrou diferenças para o peso relativo, uma vez que os órgãos que compõem este valor total também apresentaram comportamento semelhante. Níveis mais elevados de restrição alimentar para bovinos não comprometeram as características da carcaça e carne. Porém em relação ao conteúdo do trato digestivo e aos órgãos vitais foi menor em animais alimentados com restrição alimentar.

Beef tenderness, a complex trait affected by many factors, is economically important to beef quality, industry, and consumer?s palatability. In this study, RNA-Seq was used in network analysis to better understand the biological processes that lead to differences in beef tenderness. Skeletal muscle transcriptional profiles from 24 Nellore steers, selected by extreme estimated breeding values (EBVs) for shear force after 14 days of aging, were analyzed and 22 differentially expressed transcripts were identified. Among these were genes encoding ribosomal proteins, glutathione transporter ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 4 (ABCC4), and synaptotagmin IV (SYT4). Complementary co-expression analyses using Partial Correlation with Information Theory (PCIT), Phenotypic Impact Factor (PIF) and the Regulatory Impact Factor (RIF) methods identified candidate regulators and related pathways. The PCIT analysis identified ubiquitin specific peptidase 2 (USP2), growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (GBR10), anoctamin 1 (ANO1), and transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing 4 (TMBIM4) as the most differentially hubbed (DH) transcripts. The transcripts that had a significant correlation with USP2, GBR10, ANO1, and TMBIM4 enriched for proteasome KEGG pathway. RIF analysis identified microRNAs as candidate regulators of variation in tenderness, including bta-mir-133a-2 and bta-mir-22. Both microRNAs have target genes present in the calcium signaling pathway and apoptosis. PIF analysis identified myoglobin (MB), enolase 3 (ENO3), and carbonic anhydrase 3 (CA3) as potentially having fundamental roles in tenderness. Pathways identified in our study impacted in beef tenderness included: calcium signaling, apoptosis, and proteolysis. These findings underscore some of the complex molecular mechanisms that control beef tenderness in Nellore cattle. Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-20T00:35:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 8GeneCoexpressionAnalysis.pdf: 9628281 bytes, checksum: e29e4cd73ae532b854633fb4d1d788c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-02-19

Fernandes H.R., Oliveira L.C., Ribeiro S.C.A. & Lourenço L.F.H. [Physical chemistry and microscopic characteristics of matured beef peccary (Tayassu tajacu).] Características físicas e microscópicas da carne maturada de caititu (Tayassu tajacu). Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 37(2):167-172, 2015. Universidade do Estado do Pará, Travessa Enéas Pinheiro, 2626, Marco, Belém, PA 66113-200, Brasil. Email: suziar@yahoo.com The objective of this article was to analyze the physical and microscopic matured beef peccary. Were performed analyses of shear force, water holding capacity, weight loss by cooking and scanning electron microscopy in matured beef. The matured beef presented values of shear force between 3.76 and 5.26 %, water activity between 0,96 to 0,98 and weight loss by cooking between 19,46 and 21,17%. Therefore, it was found that the matured beef peccary, were considered soft according to analysis of shear force. The matured beef at 0ºC for 12 days was considered the best product for having less weight loss by cooking and softness according to analysis of shear force and scanning electron microscopy., O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar as características físicas e microscópicas da carne maturada de caititu. Foram realizadas análises de força de cisalhamento, capacidade de retenção de água, perda de peso por coção e microscopia eletrônica de varredura na carne maturada. A carne maturada apresentou valores de força de cisalhamento entre 3,76 e 5,26%, atividade de água entre 0,96 a 0,98 e perda de peso por cocção entre 19,46 e 21,17%. Portanto, verificou-se que a carne de caititu carne maturada foram consideradas macias de acordo com análise de força de cisalhamento. A carne maturada à 0ºC por 12 dias foi considerada o melhor produto por apresentar menor perda de peso por cocção e maior maciez de acordo com análise de força de cisalhamento e microscopia eletrônica de varredura.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet (grazing vs. pasture silage with concentrate) and changes in diet on n-alkane concentrations in cattle feces. The experiment lasted 35 d (15 d of adaptation and 20 d of sampling). Thirty Holstein-Friesian steers were divided into three groups of ten, and each group was randomly allocated to one of the following three treatments: GZ, diet consisting of 100% pasture; SC, diet consisting of pasture silage: concentrate in a 60:40 ratio; and MX, diet consisting of a gradual decrease in pasture and a gradual increase in SC. Fecal samples were taken daily from every animal, and their n-alkane content was analyzed using gas chromatography. The data obtained in this study showed detectable changes in n-alkane concentrations in steer feces. The changes were noticeable within two to three d after a change in diet, whereas concentrations of n-alkanes remained stable in the feces of animals that did not experience any change in diet. These results can be used as the basis for developing a tool that can determine the type of feed bovines received prior to slaughter. Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto del tipo de dieta (pastoreo vs. alimentación tipo feedlot) y de los cambios en la dieta en la concentración de n-alcanos en las heces de vacunos alimentados con estas dietas. El ensayo duró 35 días (15 de adaptación y 20 de toma de muestras). Se dividieron treinta novillos de raza Holstein Friesian en tres grupos de diez, los cuales fueron asignados a uno de los tres tratamientos: GZ: dieta consistente en 100% pastoreo; SC: dieta consistente en ensilaje de pradera: concentrado en proporción 60:40; y MX: dieta con disminución gradual del pastoreo e inclusión de cantidades crecientes de ensilaje y concentrado cada cinco días hasta alcanzar la misma dieta del tratamiento SC en los últimos 5 días del estudio. Se tomaron diariamente muestras fecales de cada animal, que fueron analizadas mediante cromatografía gaseosa para determinar su concentración de n-alcanos. Bajo las condiciones del presente estudio, los datos obtenidos mostraron cambios evidentes en la concentración de n-alcanos en las heces de los novillos de dos a tres días después de un cambio de dieta, mientras que las concentraciones permanecieron estables en las heces de los animales que no sufrieron cambios en la dieta. Los resultados obtenidos pueden utilizarse como base para desarrollar una herramienta que determine la dieta recibida por los animales los días previos al sacrificio.

With the increasing concerns of beef production being the first cause of Amazonian deforestation, the Brazilian beef industry has taken major steps in recent years towards a more sustainable production. In this very competitive market, producers, industrials and retailers are each acting at their own level for this common cause. The aim of this qualitative research is to find out how the interests of these stakeholders can be aligned. The literature review covers a brief history of sustainable beef in the country, main concepts associated and the role and perception of each of the stakeholders of the beef value chain. Selected case studies and interviews of the actors of a given supply chain highlighted that it is urgent to accord on common objectives and on a practical action plan to unify monitoring systems. If there is no price premium for sustainable beef products, production becomes more efficient and this translates into profitability gains after the initial investment is repaid. Moreover, this effort should include small players who need financial support and technical assistance to integrate new technologies in their business to be able to control their social and environmental impact. Com a crescente preocupação de que a produção de carne bovina é a primeira causa do desmatamento amazônico, a indústria brasileira produtora de carne bovina deu passos importantes nos últimos anos para uma produção mais sustentável. Neste mercado muito competitivo, os produtores, as indústrias e os varejistas estão agindo por essa causa comum. O objetivo desta pesquisa qualitativa é descobrir como os interesses dessas partes interessadas podem ser alinhados. A revisão da literatura abrange um breve histórico da produção de carne bovina de modo sustentável no país e também os principais conceitos associados e o papel e a percepção de cada uma das partes interessadas na cadeia de valor da carne bovina. Estudos de caso selecionados e as entrevistas dos atores de uma determinada cadeia de suprimentos destacaram que é urgente chegar a objetivos comuns e a um plano de ação prático para unificar os sistemas de monitoramento. Se houver preço diferenciado para a carne produzida de modo sustentável, a produção se torna mais eficiente e isso se traduz em ganhos e rentabilidade após o reembolso do investimento inicial. Além disso, este esforço deve incluir investimentos financeiros para apoiar e dar assistência técnica para integrar novas tecnologias a seus negócios para poder controlar seu impacto social e ambiental.

The Rendena breed is an Italian small cattle population accounting for about 4,000 registered cows in the herd book, native of the homonymous Valley in Trento province and currently reared in the North-east of Italy. The selection objective in Rendena breed is the improvement of both quality and quantity of milk and meat with higher emphasis for milk, in tune with the maintenance of the fertility, longevity and rusticity in the breed, and with a special attention to the control of inbreeding, considering the reduced population size. This thesis has aimed to deepen some aspects of genetic selection for the main productive aptitudes in the breed (milk and meat) investigating the possibility of implementing new breeding goals on the basis of new phenotypes such as udder health and milk technological properties considering carefully their genetic correlations with the quantity and quality of milk. Beside these objectives, the investigation on possible variance heterogeneity for milk yield traits and on the relationship between beef traits obtained in primiparous cows and young candidate bulls have been carried out. Therefore, the ultimate aim was a further improve of the knowledge on the genetic structure of the whole panel of traits accounting for the dual purpose attitude in the Rendena breed looking at possible additional improvement of the selection scheme. The first three steps of the study have been concerned different aspects of the milk production aptitude in the breed, using the currently repeatability test-day model applied in routinely genetic evaluation for milk. The first chapter of this thesis evaluated possible heterogeneity of variance for productive traits using average milk yield recorded in Rendena farms under functional control in years 2004-2013 (114 farms). Medium and high productive groups (average milk yield of 15.63 ± 4.96 and 19.95 ± 5.95, respectively) were identified via cluster analysis. Subsequently, the estimated heritability and genetic correlations between groups were obtained via bi-trait animal model using 73,916 test-day records of milk, fat and protein yield belonging to a sample of 49 herds with the same numerical proportion as in medium and highly productive levels and considering yields in the two productive groups as different traits. The genetic components and heritability of milk, fat and protein yield were heterogeneous between the two productive groups, with higher values for the highly productive group (0.16 and 0.30, respectively). However, the genetic correlations for milk yield traits between productive groups resulted sufficiently great (≥ 0.88) to support the hypotheses of no heterogeneity between productive groups. Even the rank correlation between EBVs of bulls that had daughters in both groups confirmed this finding (0.98). The results suggested that genetic evaluation not accounting for the heterogeneous variance may be applied without producing biased estimates for the bulls EBVs. However, a more careful selection should be considered for bull dams. In the second study genetic parameters for the content of milk somatic cells (SCC) were estimated using different and alternative methods. In particular, the SCC traits defined for genetic evaluation were: somatic cells score (SCS), log total somatic cell counts (LTSCC) and three different thresholds (80,000, 150,000 and 400,000 cells/ml) for somatic cells. A total of 69,796 TD records of milk, fat, protein yields and SCC belonging to 4,325 cows was used to analyse heritability and genetic correlations between SCC and yield traits using bi-trait animal model under Bayesian approach. The threshold traits showed heritability values expressed under a liability scale ranging from 0.04 to 0.07, lower than those obtained for SCS and LTSCC traits that were equal to 0.09 and 0.10, respectively. The genetic correlations between yield traits and the SCC traits were almost null (from -0.09 between fat yield and SCS, to 0.13 between protein yield and SCC400), with the only exception of LTSCC (0.29 for milk, 0.16 for fat and 0.28 for protein). These results indicated that the genetic selection for milk, fat and protein production does not negatively influence the content of somatic cells in milk. Nevertheless, the complete framework of genetic relationships of SCC with all traits under selection should be considered to decide for possible inclusion of SCC in the breeding program. In the subsequent study, milk technological traits for cheese production were analysed using their Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) predictions (milk coagulation properties, MCP, curd firmness model parameters, cheese yields, the nutrient recoveries in the curd and the daily cheese yields), obtained from routinely functional controls carried out in the Trento province. A total of 9,947 FTIR predictions representing the test-day records of 997 Rendena cows, collected over a 5-yr period, were available for the study. The (co)variance components were estimated for the milk technological traits, milk production, and milk composition traits (fat, protein and lactose percentages, and SCS), via a bi-trait analysis by means of a Gibbs sampling algorithm. Milk of Rendena cows exhibited good aptitude for coagulation. In general the heritability obtained for all the predicted traits were comparable and in some case greater than those reported for milk production and composition. Heritability estimates for quality traits ranged from 0.11 for fat percentage to 0.39 for time of maximum curd firmness, whereas SCS showed the lowest heritability (0.01). The improvement of milk production favoured some of the traditional MCP traits, but did not promote cheese yield traits (average genetic correlation of -0.34). However, the relationships between milk production and the nutrients recovery traits were almost null. Conversely, favourable genetic correlations were obtained between milk composition and cheese yields and nutrient recoveries traits (average values of 0.57 and 0.34, respectively). These results suggested that it is possible to efficiently improve the technological properties of milk for cheese production and therefore the economic value of milk in the Rendena breed. The improvement of beef aptitude together with the milk ability has played an important role for maintaining the dual attitude in the selection of the Rendena breed. Therefore, the last part of the study was aimed at estimating genetic relationships between muscularity type traits obtained in primiparous cows (front muscularity; back, loins, and rump; thigh, buttocks side and rear views) with the same types scored on candidate young bulls at the end of the performance test for beef aptitude, and the performance test traits (average daily gain, ADG; EUROP fleshiness evaluation and dressing percentage). Muscularity linear type traits recorded on 11,992 first parity cows and both performance test traits and the muscularity types scored on 957 candidate young bulls at the end of the performance test were used. Through a series of single-trait REML analyses, genetic parameters for both muscularity traits of cows and young bulls, and beef performance test traits of young bulls were obtained. The models for the two datasets of cows and bulls accounted for different fixed effects, i.e., herd-year-classifier, age at calving and days in milk for muscularity evaluated on primpiparous cows, and group of contemporary, parity order of mother for muscularity and performance test traits relative to young bulls. The only communality between data sets was the random additive genetic variance. All the previous effects were jointly retained for the AIREML bivariate analysis to assess the genetic correlations between beef traits. Heritability estimates were moderate for both groups of traits and ranged from 0.25 for front muscularity in primiparous cows, to 0.36 for both back, loins and rump and dressing percentage recorded in young bulls. Medium to high genetic correlations were found between performance test and muscularity type traits collected in young bulls (from 0.47 between thigh, buttocks side view and ADG to 0.97 between thigh, buttocks side view and in vivo EUROP score). Low genetic relationships were obtained between muscularity linear type traits of primiparous cows and performance test traits or the same types traits scored on young bulls , which showed genetic correlations ranging from 0.07 to 0.82. These results indicate a common way for the meat selection route in Rendena, suggesting the possibility to account for young bull muscularity traits in genetic improvement of the breed. In conclusion, all the four studies suggested possible positive aspects, either methodological or related to productive or functional traits, likely to be used in the selection practice of Rendena breed.

La calidad de los productos incide tanto sobre las decisiones que toman los consumidores a la hora de adquirir un alimento como sobre las empresas en sus funciones de producción y costos de los alimentos que producen. Asimismo, estos cambios generan contratos o acuerdos diferentes a lo largo de la cadena de valor que pueden incidir en la estructura de mercado de las diferentes industrias. Por lo tanto, la calidad es un aspecto crítico en la producción, procesamiento y comercialización de los alimentos. Las elecciones de los consumidores dependen tanto de las características objetivas del producto como de sus percepciones subjetivas acerca de ellas. Este proceso de decisión, a su vez, se ve afectado por el flujo de información que reciben los consumidores y la forma en que son capaces de procesarla. Las demandas individuales de productos diferenciados por calidad dependen de los precios, de los atributos de calidad, del ingreso y de las características del individuo que afectan la utilidad que deriva del consumo de estos productos diferenciados. Instituto de Economía Fil: Casellas, Karina Susana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Economía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; Argentina Rodriguez, Héctor Ricardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Economía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de la Calidad Industrial (INCALIN); Argentina

A aplicacao de linhaca em carne e produtos carneos atraves da adicao como ingrediente nao-carneo nao foi ainda devidamente avaliada. Essa estrategia tecnologica, se bem otimizada, poderia melhorar substancialmente o valor nutricional de produtos carneos e promover apelos saudaveis consistentes. Sabendo disso, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adicao de oleo, ou farinha, ou semente de linhaca dourada sobre as propriedades fisico-quimicas e o perfil de acidos graxos de hamburgueres bovinos. Os hamburgueres foram preparados com 5,0% de oleo (OL), farinha (FL), ou de semente (SL), alem de uma formulacao controle (FC). Para os produtos crus contendo linhaca, o teor de umidade (74,22 a 68,61%) diminuiu e os teores de cinzas (1,61 a 2,00g 100g-1), proteinas (15,62 a 16,46g 100g-1), gorduras (6,20 a 9,74g 100g-1), carboidratos (2,02 a 3,97 g 100g-1) e calorias (127,71 a 161,62kcal 100g-1) aumentaram. As amostras cruas e cozidas contendo linhaca dourada tiveram um aumento benefico de acidos graxos omega-3 (n-3) (0,85 a 2,98g 100g-1), e uma reducao da relacao n-6/n-3 ( 0,50), melhorando assim o perfil nutricional.

We describe the relative participation of the Brazilian meat market (beef, pork and chicken) in total agribusiness exports and in total country exports. An analysis of the world meat market is carried out from the point of view of the values of consumption, production, exports and imports. A DEA (data envelopment analysis) approach is then used to generate classifications of the importance of countries in the meat world market, and the insertion of Brazil into this market is viewed from these perspectives. A partial equilibrium model for the meat market is fitted to Brazilian data by a three-stage least squares procedure. The model is consistent with the data and is used for simulation purposes. In this context, we investigate the joint and separate effects of changes in the corn price and in the exchange rate on the market of endogenous variables, ceteris paribus. Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-30T06:44:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 themeatmarket.pdf: 450030 bytes, checksum: 57b4da2db66900b1407702d70782d807 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29

En el marco de un proyecto de recuperación de la raza Serrana de Teruel, se estudió la calidad de la canal de las categorías comerciales de ternero, añojo y cebón (los últimos castrados con 9 meses), con edades a sacrificio de 12, 22 y 22 meses, y pesos vivos de 470, 720 y 660 kg, respectivamente. Veinte terneros se sometieron a cebo convencional con paja y concentrado a voluntad, desde los 4 meses hasta el sacrificio, excepto entre los 15 y 20 meses, en que añojos y cebones recibieron ensilado de cebada a voluntad y 3 kg concentrado/animal/día. El primer año de vida, la ganancia de peso de los terneros fue de 1,5 kg/día; el segundo año, fue superior en añojos que en cebones (1,1 vs. 0,9 kg/día), como consecuencia de la castración. Las canales de los animales enteros presentaron mayor rendimiento y conformación, y menor engrasamiento que las de los cebones ya que la castración favoreció la deposición de grasa intramuscular. Según los resultados, la raza se encuadró entre las rústicas bovinas españolas. Se abren alternativas de producción como el cebón, susceptibles de acogerse a distintivos de calidad diferenciada, que deberían suponer un incentivo para la explotación de la Serrana de Teruel frente a otras razas, lo que garantizaría su conservación a largo plazo. The carcass quality from three commercial categories (yearling, bull and steer castrated at 9 months old) was studied within the framework of a recovery programme in the Serrana de Teruel breed. Ages at slaughter were 12, 22 and 22 months, and live-weights were 470, 720 and 660 kg, in yearling, bull and steer, respectively. Twenty calves were managed under a conventional feeding programme of ad libitum concentrate and straw from 4 months old to slaughter, except between 15 and 20 months old, in which bulls and steers received ad libitum barley silage as forage supplemented with 3 kg of concentrate/head/day. The gain during the first year of age was 1.5 kg/ day, whereas during the second year it was greater in bulls than in steers (1.1 vs. 0.9 kg/day), as a consequence of castration. Bull carcasses had greater dressing percentages and conformation scores and lower fatness degree than steers, confirming a castration-induced intramuscular fat deposition. Considering these results, Serrana de Teruel breed falls within the group of local Spanish bovine breeds. These studies should provide the conditions for a labelled beef product that allows the farmer's survival and the assurance of Serrana de Teruel breed conservation for a long term. Trabajo financiado por el proyecto INIA PET2007-05-C03-01 y fondos FEDER.

The Brahman cattle in Colombia is the beef cattle of greater participation as a pure breed and has greater influence over the commercial cattle. Until now Asocebu has done Genetic Evaluations for growth traits, but has not done yet for carcass traits. The objective of this work was to determinate genetic parameters (Heritabilities and correlations) and genetic values (DEP’S) to rib eye area (REA), back fat (BF), gluteus medius muscle depth of gluteus medius muscle (GMMD) and rump fat (RF). Measurements of 934 progenies that were between 15 to 18 months of age of 164 Brahman sires were taken by ultrasound. To perform the analysis was create contemporary groups taking into account (animals of the same sex, same season and same feed managemen). Univariate analysis was performed using a Sire Model taking into account contemporary group (animals of the same sex, same season and same feed management), age as a covariable and the farm effect was included in the model. The estimates of heritabilities were 0.37 ±0.11, 0.29 ±0.10, 0.26 ±0.10 y 0.11 ±0.09 to REA, BF,GMMD and RF respectively. The EPD’S to REA oscillated of -2.84 to 3.43 cm², for BF of -0.372 to 0.235 mm, for GMMD of -0.187 a 0.235 cm and RF of -0.176 a 0.298 mm. The genetic correlations were positives and highs indicating that the genetic selection by musculature does not affect the fat endpoint. This work showed that in Pure Brahman cattle exist genetic variation for the carcass characteristics measures by ultrasound and this will allow include them into Genetic Improvement Program from Asocebú Colombia. El ganado Brahman en Colombia es el de mayor participación como raza pura para producción de carne, y tiene gran influencia en el ganado comercial. Hasta el mo >mento, Asocebu ha realizado evaluaciones genéticas para características de crecimiento, >pero aún no se han realizado para características de la canal. El objetivo de este trabajo >fue determinar parámetros genéticos (heredabilidades y correlaciones), y valores ge >néticos (DEP) para área de ojo del lomo (AOL), grasa dorsal (GD), profundidad del >músculo glúteo medio (PMGM) y grasa del anca (GA). Fueron medidos por medio de >ultrasonido un total de 934 animales puros, hijos de 164 toros que se encontraban en >un rango de edad de 15 a 18 meses. Para los análisis se crearon grupos contemporáneos >teniendo en cuenta la época, el sexo y el manejo alimenticio. Se realizó un análisis uni >variado usando un modelo reproductor, teniendo en cuenta el grupo contemporáneo >(animales del mismo sexo, de la misma época y en el mismo manejo alimenticio), la >edad fue tomada como covariable y la finca fue incluida en el modelo. Las heredabi >lidades fueron 0,37 ± 0,11; 0,29 ± 0,10; 0,26 ± 0,10 y 0,11 ± 0,09 para AOL, GD, >PMGM y GA respectivamente. Las DEP para AOL variaron de -2,84 a 3,43; para GD >de -0,372 a 0,235; para PMGM de -0,187 a 0,235, y para GD de -0,176 a 0,298. Las >correlaciones genéticas fueron positivas y altas indicando que la selección por muscula >tura no afecta el grado de acabado. Este trabajo mostró que en ganado Brahman puro >existe variación genética para las características medidas por ultrasonido relacionadas >con la canal, lo cual permitirá tenerlas en cuenta en el programa de mejoramiento genético de la raza Brahman en Colombia.

Food safety is a major problem around the world, both regarding human suffering and with respect to economic costs. Scientific advances have increased our knowledge surrounding the nutritional characteristics of foods and their effects on health. This means that a large proportion of consumers are much more conscious with respect to what they eat and their demands for quality food. Food quality is a complex term that includes, in addition to safety, other intrinsic characteristics, such as appearance, color, texture and flavor, and also extrinsic characteristics, such as perception or involvement.