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Many theories of motivation recognize a person's identity adds value to the prediction of behavior; albeit indirectly, through constructs such as social norms, self-efficacy, perceived behavioral control, and values. Recently, behavioral research has more directly assessed the influence of identity on behavior; however, it is unclear whether such research aligns with the theoretical establishments of identity. This review investigated the identity theory alignment of existing behavior research by systematically searching, screening, and reviewing identity-behavior relevant papers, across three behavioral psychology databases. Twenty-three papers meet the inclusion criteria for review (original research with a primary focus on identity and behavior, within healthy adult population), and data relating to identity-behavior theoretical viewpoints, research methods, and study findings were extracted and synthesized to provide a scoping overview of current research. Most reviewed papers presented identity as a loosely defined construct; commonly operationalized as social identity, omitting the theorized multiplicity of social and self-identities. Overall outcomes suggested that identity influences behavior indirectly through intention strength, rather than directly as a post-intention mechanism. While existing research has been crucial in illuminating potential influences of identity on behavior, there is a need to strengthen current understandings and theoretical alignments within future research relating to identity and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea that insects play has often aroused skepticism. Nevertheless, the authors investigated the occurrence of a playlike behavior in young individuals of a paper wasp. Polistes dominulus foundresses hibernate in aggregations and found associative nests in the spring. In aggregations, wasps exhibit most of the rank-dependent behaviors that they will use in the nest 6 months later. In aggregations, precocious dominance interactions are performed with exaggerated frequencies, whereas aggression and trophallaxis are rare. Dominance behavior in aggregations is apparently useless, but it probably allows wasps to assess their dominance potential without any apparent reproductive competition. Surprisingly, these interactions may be best interpreted as play because dominance behavior in aggregations shares several features with mammalian play fighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many theories of motivation recognize a person's identity adds value to the prediction of behavior; albeit indirectly, through constructs such as social norms, self-efficacy, perceived behavioral control, and values. Recently, behavioral research has more directly assessed the influence of identity on behavior; however, it is unclear whether such research aligns with the theoretical establishments of identity. This review investigated the identity theory alignment of existing behavior research by systematically searching, screening, and reviewing identity-behavior relevant papers, across three behavioral psychology databases. Twenty-three papers meet the inclusion criteria for review (original research with a primary focus on identity and behavior, within healthy adult population), and data relating to identity-behavior theoretical viewpoints, research methods, and study findings were extracted and synthesized to provide a scoping overview of current research. Most reviewed papers presented identity as a loosely defined construct; commonly operationalized as social identity, omitting the theorized multiplicity of social and self-identities. Overall outcomes suggested that identity influences behavior indirectly through intention strength, rather than directly as a post-intention mechanism. While existing research has been crucial in illuminating potential influences of identity on behavior, there is a need to strengthen current understandings and theoretical alignments within future research relating to identity and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author presents his views on the research paper of a psychologist Arnold Modell which discusses scientific and theoretical approaches to psychoanalysts. He dislikes Modell's statement that psychologist S. Freud's turning away from his project for a scientific psychology to a more psychological model was an unfortunate. He reflects on a reductionist model for psychoanalysis which includes behaviorism, and comments that Freud has developed the psychological model as a semiscientific model.

From Plato to contemporary educators of Learning Sciences today, the aim of hard work is to reveal the nature of learning, how man learns, and how it could be perfected. As a result, different learning theories were created with cumulative effects of society, politics, and scientific developments. This paper outlines the crossroad of the conceptualizations of these learning theories and their social, political, and scientific contexts. The study was designed as a phenomenological study through which PhD students' conceptualizations of learning theories were aimed to be understood. The reflection papers they wrote on seven learning theories (Behaviorism, Connectionism, Operant Conditioning, Affective Learning, Social Learning Theory, and Constructivism) were analyzed through a contrapuntal lens to understand the sociology of learning theories. The reflection papers as a data source reflected the close ties of learning theories and their social, political, and scientific background. Students discussed each learning theory with their original concepts and timely backgrounds. The data obtained from student reflection papers outlined how learning theories are conceptualized within their own social, political, and scientific contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to review, systematize and integrate existing research on disposition effect and investments. This study conducts bibliometric analysis, including performance analysis and science mapping and thematic analysis of studies on disposition effect. Design/methodology/approach: This study adopted a thematic and bibliometric analysis of the papers related to the disposition effect. A total of 231 papers published from 1971 to 2021 were retrieved from the Scopus database for the study, and bibliometric analysis and thematic analysis were performed. Findings: This study's findings demonstrate that research on the disposition effect is interdisciplinary and influences the research in the domain of both corporate and behavioral finance. This review indicates limited research on cross-country data. This study indicates a strong presence of work on investor psychology and behavioral finance when it comes to the disposition effect. The findings of thematic analysis further highlight that most of the research has focused on prospect theory, trading strategies and a few cognitive and emotional biases. Practical implications: The findings of this study can be used by investors to minimize their biases and losses. The study also highlights new techniques in machine learning and neurosciences, which can help investment firms better understand their clients' behavior. Policymakers can use the study's findings to nudge investors' behavior, focusing on minimizing the effects of the disposition effect. Originality/value: This study has performed the quantitative bibliometric and thematic analysis of existing studies on the disposition effect and identified areas of future research on the phenomenon of disposition effect in investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A principal argument in this paper is that the claimed discrepancy between (largely static) routines and their potentially varied behavioral outcomes derives principally from questionable definitions of routines based on (patterns of) behavior. Definitions based mainly on behaviors are often defective, partly because they evade the causal processes, mental states, and social relations that can give rise to the behavior. Instead, it is argued here that routines should be defined in terms of conditional dispositions or capacities, allowing analysis of how those capacities are acquired, developed, and triggered. With this dispositional approach, the apparent discrepancy between fixed routines and varied behaviors disappears, because fixed routines may have conditional elements that respond to different ways to different cues. It is argued that much discourse on routines is still affected by residues of behaviorist psychology, surviving long after its heyday in the 1960s, and even among some critics of these doctrines. The paper considers what a definition of a routine must entail, and it offers a suitable definition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a response to Backman and Barker's Re-thinking Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Physical Education Teachers-Implications for Physical Education Teacher Education. It affords us an opportunity to correct their misrepresentation of our research. Multiple perspectives on teaching and teacher education are necessary to advance the field because they provide different lenses to help us understand a particular phenomenon. However, there is a critical difference between interpretation and misrepresentation. Interpretation is the right due to all researchers to draw inferences. Misrepresentation, in contrast, is the attributing of positions and outcomes that are not supported by the empirical record. In making their case for phronesis in a 2020 publication, Backman and Barker used our research as the basis for their critique and in doing so, they misrepresented our body of research as well as the epistemology of Radical Behaviorism. We identify misrepresentations in their paper and address them using the empirical record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of smart elderly industry is an inevitable way to cope with the aging of the population. This research takes the smart elderly care service supply chain as the object, combines the social emotional choice theory for the first time, and uses the time perception to refine the elderly care demand into future-orientation demand and present-orientation demand. This paper analyzes the coordination effect of suppliers' efforts to meet the needs of the elderly under the two conditions of no contract and benefit-sharing contract on the dual-channel supply chain of smart elderly care services. The results show that the benefit-sharing contract is more conducive to maximizing the profit of the supply chain, and the segmentation of elderly demand is conducive to giving full play to the advantages of dual-channel differentiated services, which is conducive to forming a win-win situation of improving the service efficiency of the smart elderly service supply chain and increasing the happiness index of elderly users. The main contributions of this paper are: Using geriatric behavioral psychology to analyze the motivation of the elderly and designing the service effort level index considering the needs of the elderly. Match online and offline channels with personalized services to give full play to the "smart" effect. Based on the game method of Hotelling and Stackelberg, the coordination and optimization of the smart elderly care services dual-channel supply chain, considering the needs of the elderly are realized. This is of great research significance for maximizing the benefits of the smart elderly service supply chain and promoting the development of the smart elderly industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wind environment of residential buildings affects people's comfort experience, so it is necessary to study the wind environment. CFD simulation software has been tested by many scholars, which shows that its accuracy is trustworthy. At present, no scholars have published research and analysis papers on domestic residential buildings based on CFD simulation. Cite Space can analyze extensive literature in a short period of time. After multiple studies and demonstrations, the software has a high accuracy. Using Cite Space to visualize the domestic research literature on residential buildings with CFD simulation, analyzing its research characteristics and predicting the future development direction, four conclusions are drawn: (1) in terms of the number and trend of articles published, the research shows an overall upward trend, and the number of articles published in the future will maintain an unstable growth; (2) the core institutions for research in this field are Tianjin University and Tongji University. The two universities have also had a cooperative relationship, but the papers from other universities are cited less frequently, and there is almost no cooperative relationship; (3) the first seven categories of words widely concerned in this field are: CFD simulation, residential district, wind environment, natural ventilation, air distribution, thermal comfort, and building layout; (4) the future research hotspots in this field may be: behavioral psychology, green buildings, residential comfort, and coupling simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to rethink the topic of freedom for contemporary psychology. Freedom, within psychological research today, is a neglected, even slightly old-fashioned term. In this paper, we explore the practical, normative, and political dimensions of freedom as a psychological concept. We begin by tracing out key understandings of freedom from political theory, before discussing how thinkers such as Skinner, Maslow, Fromm, and May understood the different dimensions of freedom. We then discuss a governmental perspective on freedom, drawn from the work of Nikolas Rose, before finally turning to the sociocultural psychology of L. S. Vygotsky. We contend that freedom is not merely the absence of constraints but a complex interplay between agency, responsibility, and social connections. Our paper argues that the modern emphasis on negative freedom, characterized by reduced interference and obligations, has resulted in a paradoxical situation where individuals feel overwhelmed and seek escape from freedom. By revisiting the insights of Erich Fromm and other scholars, we emphasize the need for positive freedom, which involves voluntary connections with others and active participation in shaping society. We argue that psychology's mandate should be to facilitate the exploration of alternative avenues that lead to flourishing and self-actualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agent-based training systems can enhance people's social skills. The effective development of these systems needs a comprehensive architecture that outlines their components and relationships. Such an architecture can pinpoint improvement areas and future outlooks. This paper presents ARTES: a general architecture illustrating how components of agent-based social training systems work together. We studied existing systems and architectures for training and tutoring to design ARTES and identify its essential components and interaction characteristics. ARTES comprises two core components: the agent simulation of social situations, and educational elements to provide guided learning. We link ARTES's crucial components to four primary learning theories (behaviourism, cognitivism, social cognitive theory, and constructivism) to illustrate the role of agent simulation and tutoring elements in establishing desired learning outcomes. Furthermore, we map ARTES's components against eight architectures, 43 systems and three tools to indicate the components' relevance, completeness, generalisation, and deployment potential across contexts. In addition to ARTES, the paper also contributes by identifying future improvements and research directions, such as the agent's thinking, tutoring methods, knowledge transfer, and ethical implications. We believe ARTES can help bridge the gap between virtual human simulations and impactful educational learning, offering training system developers desirable features like understandability and adaptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese intellectuals started to engage in Buddhist psychology in the early 20th century, a time when Western culture was greatly influencing the country. Taixu criticized Western psychology and proposed his Buddhist psychology. He proposed a tripartite psychology based on Buddhist doctrine: psychology on affection (qing 情); psychology on reflection (xiang 想); and psychology on wisdom (zhi 智). Perceiving Western psychology as lacking in both theoretical depth and breadth, he specifically criticized behaviorism. He integrated the interpretation of "sense faculties" (indriya) from the Śūraṅgama Sūtra, thereby reconstructing an Ideal Behavioral Science, a philosophical system that centers on behavior and encompasses all aspects of life. This paper argues that Taixu's critique of Western psychology and his construction of Buddhist psychology responded to the ideological trends of his era. In Taixu's conceptual system, Buddhist psychology was part of his theory on "Buddhism for human life" (rensheng fojiao 人生佛教), serving not only to explain the psychological state of human but also to guide cultivation and lead people to enlightenment, bearing practical significance. Taixu's study of worldly knowledge, including psychology, attempts to comprehensively construct a modern Buddhist system that integrates Buddhist Dharma and secular learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a call for papers for a special issue of the "Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior." Assembly of a set of experimental and conceptual articles that illustrate and assess efforts to relate neuroscience and behavior; Consideration of the parallels envisioned by B.F. Skinner, author of the 1938 text "The Behavior of Organisms"; Mappings between neurophysiology and behavior.

As technology advances, conceptualizations of effective strategies for teaching and learning shift. Due in part to their facilitation of unique affordances for learning, mobile devices, augmented reality, and games are all becoming more prominent elements in learning environments. In this work, we examine mobile augmented reality serious games (MARSGs) as the intersection of these technology-based experiences and to what effect their combination can yield even greater learning outcomes. We present a PRISMA review of 23 papers (from 610) spanning the entire literature timeline from 2002–2023. Among these works, there is wide variability in the realized application of game elements and pedagogical theories underpinning the game experience. For an educational tool to be effective, it must be designed to facilitate learning while anchored by pedagogical theory. Given that most MARSG developers are not pedagogical experts, this review further provides design considerations regarding which game elements might proffer the best of three major pedagogical theories for modern learning (cognitive constructivism, social constructivism, and behaviorism) based on existing applications. We will also briefly touch on radical constructivism and the instructional elements embedded within MARSGs. Lastly, this work offers a synthesis of current MARSG findings and extended future directions for MARSG development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly evaluated the walkability of the streets around the subway Futong Station in Wangjing area, and with the help of relevant theoretical research conclusions such as environmental behavioral psychology, to study the effect of the visual walkability of streets in different communities on the walking activities of young male residents. Through in-depth analysis of the characteristics of streets that are suitable for walking and young male residents like to walk, practical and feasible reference suggestions were provided for the design of street public space and the establishment of a more livable urban environment. The text was divided into 3 parts: the determination of the functional types of the streets around Futong Station; the characteristics of young men's crowd activities and the establishment of an evaluation system; the visual walkability evaluation of the streets around Futong Station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A T-spherical uncertain linguistic set (TSULS) is not only an expanded form of the T-spherical fuzzy set and the uncertain linguistic set but can also integrate the quantitative judging ideas and qualitative assessing information of decision-makers. For the description of complex and uncertain assessment data, TSULS is a powerful tool for the precise description and reliable processing of information data. However, the existing multi-attribute border approximation area comparison (MABAC) method has not been studied in TSULS. Thus, the goal of this paper is to extend and improve the MABAC method to tackle group decision-making problems with completely unknown weight information in the TSUL context. First, the cross-entropy measure and the interactive operation laws for the TSUL numbers are defined, respectively. Then, the two interactive aggregation operators for TSUL numbers are developed, namely T-spherical uncertain linguistic interactive weighted averaging and T-spherical uncertain linguistic interactive weighted geometric operators. Their effective properties and some special cases are also investigated. Subsequently, a new TSULMAGDM model considering the DM's behavioral preference and psychology is built by integrating the interactive aggregation operators, the cross-entropy measure, prospect theory, and the MABAC method. To explore the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed model, an illustrative example of Sustainable Waste Clothing Recycling Partner selection is presented, and the results show that the optimal solution is h3. Finally, the reliable, valid, and generalized nature of the method is further verified through sensitivity analysis and comparative studies with existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meditation is the seed of literature and it begins to sprout when knowledge and introspection come together. This present paper focuses on the deep meditation of William Wordsworth and also tries to trace the way to get the placid shadow of Nature and the spiritual enlightenment beyond the paws of ignorance. When the whole human beings are drowning in their artificial and simulated behaviour and intelligence, they take Knowledge and power consciously and letting the Ignorance go unconsciously, in this moment the whole universe needs Wordsworth. The paper also focuses on disentangling the individual's behaviour in responses to environmental shape or form and the construction of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment compared a weighted-average model from information integration theory with McGuire's inoculation theory as explanations of the "paper tiger" effect. Ss were 24 male and 24 female American college students. Procedure and design were similar to that used by McGuire, and his messages were used verbatim. Each S indicated his attitude on each of four health issues and also made direct estimates of the weight and scale value of each piece of information upon his attitude. An apparent paper tiger effect was observed for some issues, but the opposite effect was observed for other issues. The predictions of the averaging model were quite good in six of eight cases. The two discrepancies seemed to reflect an underestimation of the importance of attacking message. Overall, the results were interpreted as supportive of the informational interpretation. No need was found for the motivational concepts of belief threat and refutational practice used in inoculation theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By studying the behavioral psychology and needs of children, this paper analyzes the essence of child-friendly parks from the perspective of children, and discusses the design principles and key points of child-friendly parks, so as to provide a practical basis for the construction of child-friendly cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the distinction between organizational behavior management and similar performance improvement initiatives requires an understanding of the field's conceptual system. The components of the field's conceptual system are the individual concepts and principles that compose our terminology. To introduce novices to an understanding of the field, this paper seeks to review various basic terms and highlight how they may help us explain behavior within organizational contexts. Furthermore, the paper also features several considerations and nuances important to bear in mind when applying terminology to actual cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interference of technology in education requires the development of new theories of learning. The paper analyzes connectivism as the most important representative of the theories related to the "digital age." From the point of view of the environment, called a remote experiment, learning occurs initially at the individual level, encompassing all three classic theories of learning: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. It shows that the virtual environment has introduced a powerful lever of imbalance for the real environment. This is how we arrived at the explanation of learning theories in real-virtual environments through the theory of chaos or complex environments. Like any knowledge storage network with nodes between which connections can be made, even the remote experiment is subject to random laws. The addition of knowledge is not simply the sum of the effects produced by each individual node (the system is not linear). A distinction is made between information and knowledge. Even if the information in the nodes can be read, this aspect does not represent learning. The remote experiment not only expanded the realm of knowledge but also emphasized the critical role of time. The time remained constant, while the amount of information increased. The teacher, as a knowledge synthesizer, can help orient the student to this vast amount of information, especially when time is limited. Additionally, the student can also play an active role in organizing and systematizing the information. Two examples of experiments are given, which, being inter- and transdisciplinary, can contribute to the introduction of the elements of non-linearity and unpredictability as a method of designing the educational environment, precisely to be able to transform it into a thinking system suitable for the mixture between real and virtual environments in which we live more and more intensely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education governance is shifting towards more individually and personally tailored governance, to pre-empt futures to manage the present. Managing the present requires the fabrication of a specific type of future-oriented learning human kinds. Economically driven imperatives, strengthening transnational stakeholder networks and advances in the life and behavioural sciences are important parts of this shift while transforming the aims, content and methods of education. In terms of fabrication in the neoliberal ethos, structural problems tend to be considered to be products of innate and quantified differences in behaviour, competencies, skills and capacities. Furthermore, global, national and local changes entail even tighter economically driven governance. These changes have far-reaching implications. To date, these changes in education governance have been studied separately. By bringing together the current and emerging changes in education governance, in this paper the argument is for a new constitution: precision education governance in the fabrication of future-oriented learning human kinds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article discusses the importance of social equity in public administration and the need to address inequities in government programs and services. It highlights various forms of inequities, such as gender-based disparities, hiring discrimination against the LGBTQ community, and differential access to government resources among racial and ethnic groups. The article emphasizes the role of the behavioral public administration movement in investigating questions of social equity at the micro-level, using theories from psychology and the behavioral sciences. The article also mentions a special issue of the International Public Management Journal that includes five research papers on equity and public administration. [Extracted from the article]

An integrated model of a behavioural and systems approach to family therapy is presented, the main premise being that family interactions are affected by reciprocal determination of cognitions, feelings and behaviours in relation to the environment. Assessment involves a systematic exploration of the interaction and transactional patterns within the family, and the identification of the dysfunctional aspects of such patterns. The main aim of the intervention is to produce change in family behaviour by addressing the important cognitive and affective issues. This entails techniques such as cognitive restructuring, social modelling and operant conditioning which can be used separately, in parallel, or in combination. Whether one or more of these techniques is used depends on the nature of the family's problems and the aims of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper traces the evolution of autism since its simultaneous discovery back in the forties, by Leo Kanner and Hans Asperger, until the present day. Many disciplines, ranging from psychoanalysis to behaviorism, struggled to understand autism and provide a map to navigate it but ended up with only fragments of this multifaceted disorder. Even the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) kept changing autism’s categorization from infantile psychosis to behavioral disorder and, recently, to neuro-developmental disorder. Today, autism’s rapid strides toward the realm of neuroscience are blurring all the frontiers between the aforementioned disciplines, transcending the black-white dichotomy and establishing a new grey area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pedagogical paradigms of Direct instruction (behaviorism/objectivism) and Constructivism are often seen as opposing paradigms at the ends of an instructional design continuum. Unfortunately, this view makes the two approaches mutually exclusive. Designers must use the one at the expense of the other. A previous study proposed that the two approaches should be integrated along two axes, producing a matrix of four quadrants of learning, called "injection", "immersion", "construction" and "integration". This model maps directly onto the Cynefin framework of knowledge management that contains four knowledge domains, "known", "chaos", "complex" and "knowable". The combined models allow for a mix of direct, or constructivist teaching and learning. The problem is that the model addresses only two elements of the pedagogical triangle of teacher, content, and learner. It integrates knowledge domains (learning material) with direct and generative approaches to teaching but is silent on the needs of learners. In this paper we propose an extension of the model to add learner mastery to the domains of knowledge, and teaching and learning methods to extend the current decision matrix by adding the learning curve. We consider the metrics for deriving a learning curve, and then fit the required- or expected level of competency and the learner's level of general competency to the learning curve. We then map the curve to the four quadrants to establish when a particular quadrant is appropriate at a specific phase of the learning curve. This improved model may assist teachers, (lecturers, instructional designers) and learners to select appropriate pedagogical paradigms and methods, based on the domain of knowledge and learners' mastery of learning outcomes. Finally, we propose a sequential approach to selecting learning paradigms, based on how much of the material has been mastered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates, using studies of attention as exemplars, the modern truism that cognition was almost completely suppressed by Watsonian behaviourism and its offspring during the first half of this century. This is done by, first, examining the abstracting journals for the period 1910-1960, then by looking at relevant reviews over this period and, finally, by seeing if it is possible to detect conceptual links between old and new work on attention. The picture thus revealed provides no support for the triumph of behaviourism. The paper concludes by briefly discussing the source of cognitive psychologists' attitudes to the history of their subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pedagogical agents (PAs), animated or not, have received increased research attention during the last two decades. They constitute a modern and intelligent educational technology that has gained momentum due to the recent pandemic that has greatly affected education. In the framework of e-learning, PAs assume the role of mentors, guides, or facilitators who support learners through their online learning tasks. The current research focuses on the educational and pedagogical aspects of the role and uses of PAs within e-learning environments. Major concerns are the learning theories underlying PA-related educational interventions; the outcomes sought in the cognitive, social/emotional, and metacognitive domains; the evaluation tools employed; and the results measured. In a systematic literature review that covers the last fourteen years, recent published research is analyzed to answer research questions such as the popularity of PAs in teaching and learning; the frequency of PA use across education grades, contexts, and taught subjects; the design (type, form, and communication modalities) of Pas; the learning outcomes sought through the PAs across the various education domains (cognitive, social, metacognitive, affective); the evaluation tools; and the results reported. Although the results reported are predominantly positive, they are not balanced. While the cognitive (knowledge) domain is adequately researched (89% of the works), other educational/pedagogical domains of interest are under-researched: social skills (metacognitive skills) are researched by only 26 percent (18%) of the studies reviewed. Along with a surprising dominance of behaviorism, these are the most striking findings; they point toward new directions for PA research, development, and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generative nature of language development has been noted in both cognitive and behavioral psychology. Within behavior analysis, several procedures have been utilized to investigate the emergence of untrained language in both typical and neurotypical populations. These procedures often require an overt learner response (e.g., matching-to-sample). Stimulus pairing procedures pair stimuli together contiguously to form relations and do not require an overt learner response. The stimulus pairing procedure was originally described by Leader et al. (1996) and since then different terms have been used to describe it application (e.g., "respondent-type training," "stimulus pairing observation procedure," "stimulus pairing procedure," "sequential stimulus pairing"). The purpose of the present paper is to describe the procedure, review the applied research on the use of pairing procedures to facilitate emergent language, identify similarities and differences among variants of the procedure, and synthesize this information to better inform researchers and practitioners. Directions for future research on this topic are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous improvement of Internet technology and digitalization, mass media has increasingly become an important channel for health behavior communication. This paper analyzes the current situation and interrelationship of psychological capital, psychological disorders, and health behaviors from the perspective of behavioral psychology, and optimizes public health behaviors by adopting the Knowing, Believing, and Acting model, the Health Belief Model, and the Health Behavior Transformation Stage model. The model of the mediating effect of mass media on health behavior was constructed through item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, validation factor analysis, validity scale validity and internal consistency reliability test. The final results of the model analysis showed that individuals' self-disclosure behaviors in social media were positively related to individuals' perceived behavioral control (β = 0.083, P < 0.001) and attitude (β = 0.177, P < 0.001). And the path coefficients of each dimension with the influence of mental health behavior were 0.873, 0.933, 0.815, and 0.735, respectively, with positive psychology having the greatest influence on their health behavior. This paper uses mass media strategies that promote the optimization of public health behaviors to effectively allow more Chinese people to say goodbye to bad habits and move toward a new healthy life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rodent behavioral analysis is a major specialization in experimental psychology and behavioral neuroscience. Rodents display a wide range of species-specific behaviors, not only in their natural habitats but also under behavioral testing in controlled laboratory conditions. Detecting and categorizing these different kinds of behavior in a consistent way is a challenging task. Observing and analyzing rodent behaviors manually limits the reproducibility and replicability of the analyses due to potentially low inter-rater reliability. The advancement and accessibility of object tracking and pose estimation technologies led to several open-source artificial intelligence (AI) tools that utilize various algorithms for rodent behavioral analysis. These software provide high consistency compared to manual methods, and offer more flexibility than commercial systems by allowing custom-purpose modifications for specific research needs. Open-source software reviewed in this paper offer automated or semi-automated methods for detecting and categorizing rodent behaviors by using hand-coded heuristics, machine learning, or neural networks. The underlying algorithms show key differences in their internal dynamics, interfaces, user-friendliness, and the variety of their outputs. This work reviews the algorithms, capability, functionality, features and software properties of open-source behavioral analysis tools, and discusses how this emergent technology facilitates behavioral quantification in rodent research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a personal and perhaps "side-ways" view on the past and future of two closely related semi-disciplines: work psychology and organisational behaviour. The paper first addresses the terminological confusion in the area and discusses 10 terms often used inter-changably. It then considers whether work psychology has been, or can ever be, neutral or disinterested in the way it is researched and applied. Some time is spent on the issue of definitions at the heart of which is the idea that behaviour at work is shaped by behaviour out of the work place and vice versa. In this sense all behaviour is work behaviour. The central part of the paper offers six criticisms of past and present work psychology (Ethnocentric and parochial, a-theoretical, a-historical, neglecting salient issues, offering more simplification than clarification, and a tendency to relativism or absolutism). It also offers seven criticisms of organizational behaviour (political correctness, anecdotes not data, no powerful theories, derivative methodology, confused identity, marketing issues and the problems it attacks). Despite these critiques the paper ends on an "upbeat note" pointing to three examples where progress has been, and is being made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Livestreaming, as a relatively new online marketing model, has generated numerous business opportunities for e-commerce and social commerce. The purpose of this paper is to investigate to what degree livestreaming content impacts online users' cognitive and emotional reactions and whether their cognitive and emotional responses affect their purchase intention. Design/methodology/approach: Through the lens of regulatory focus theory (RFT) and stimulus–organism–response (S–O–R) theory, the authors empirically examine the influencing mechanisms of livestreaming on online consumers' purchase intentions. Structural equation models are used to analyze the relationships in the proposed research model. Findings: The results of this study show that information-task fit positively affects consumers' perceived usefulness of livestreaming. Both visual effects and sociability positively affect consumers' perceived value and social presence. Furthermore, perceived usefulness and perceived joy positively affect consumers' purchase intentions in a livestreaming environment. This study's results also demonstrate that the regulatory focus of consumers has a moderating effect on the influence of their perceived joy on shopping intentions. Originality/value: This study contributes to the relevant literature by simultaneously examining the role of e-commerce platform characteristics and online consumer psychology in influencing behavioral intention. With a better understanding of their role, platform operators and sellers can refine their livestreaming marketing tools and strategies. Highlighting the interplays among external stimuli, user reactions and user motivational styles, this study contributes to mobile e-commerce literature and the broader literature on digital marketing and human–computer interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the empiricist program from early debates between nativism and behaviorism within philosophy, through debates about early connectionist approaches within the cognitive sciences, and up to their recent iterations within the domain of deep learning. We demonstrate how current debates on the nature of cognition via deep network architecture echo some of the core issues from the Chomsky/Quine debate and investigate the strength of support offered by these various lines of research to the empiricist standpoint. Referencing literature from both computer science and philosophy, we conclude that the current state of deep learning does not offer strong encouragement to the empiricist side despite some arguments to the contrary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a systematic documentary review for the development of a frame of reference on the psychological factors of university students in relation to the pre-pandemic quality of life. Psychological factors are understood as psychological well-being and present the development of individual capabilities and human growth from self-acceptance, autonomy, positive relationships, life purpose and personal growth, which reflect attitudes and values of people, which are directly related to their quality of life. Likewise, it is evident in the literature that the stage of university life is framed by biopsychosocial changes that establish it as a period of attention for mature development and is considered as a transition for the later stages of the human life cycle. In this sense, from an ecological theory perspective, the environment in which people relate has a direct influence on their formative development (Bronfenbrenner, 1987), since the levels of environment in which they are immersed determine positive or negative behavior, affecting their social and cultural conditions (Shelton, 2019). Therefore, changes in behavior are associated with some risk factors that can affect the health and quality of life of university students. The methodological approach used is focused on a descriptive qualitative study, through a systematic documentary review by the PRISMA methodology (Khan et al., 2003 y Moher et al., 2009) with the main characteristics, trends and particularities existing in the literature on psychological factors in young university students. For the systematic review of this work, we chose to use the five stages called: Search, Identification, Screening, Eligibility, and Interpretation. The Search procedure was initiated from the categories of psychological factors related to the quality of life in university students and from the search equations. As a source of information, papers published in the databases of RedALyC, Scopus, Elsevier, EBSCO, Springer Link, Medline and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection during the period between January 2015 and first half of the year 2020 were used. For the Identification stage, inclusion and exclusion criteria were elaborated considering articles published in scientific journals of psychology and health in the period covered. In the Screening stage, they found a total of 41 950 papers in 82 journals registered in the databases. The following were eliminated: 28 125 papers outside the selection period, 1 457 duplicate studies, and 11 733 articles from other disciplines. Therefore, in the Eligibility stage, 635 papers were selected for the reading of the title and summary; of these, 263 documents were chosen for the reading of the complete texts and, a total of 29 papers were left in the last stage of Interpretation for the study and analysis of the results. The results show the prevalence of quantitative studies, as well as the current interest for the moment of the life cycle of adolescence-youth in one of its developmental contexts: the university; and the psychological factors added to the contextual aspects involved in the emergence and approach of problems such as anxiety, suicidal ideation and depression. Likewise, the effect of these aspects on the perception of quality of life and psychological well-being is evident. Similarly, the concept of lifestyles emerges as a variable that acts as a product and condition in the development of students at this stage of the life cycle. Finally, categories such as emotional intelligence, resilience, and coping are shown to be inputs to formulate proposals that can favor the development of adolescents and young people. In conclusion, it is necessary to carry out more studies on psychological factors and the problems associated with them, as a reflection of the quality of life from the perspective of promoting the health of university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many philosophers, psychologists, and lay folk associate volition with autonomy (actions are independent of an individual's environment) and free will (individuals originate their actions). Most behaviorists hold these views to be incompatible with behavior analyses. The present paper describes volition as interpreted by B. F. Skinner, Howard Rachlin, and Allen Neuringer. Skinner relates volition to positively reinforced operant behavior. That works because, like operants, voluntary actions are free, in the sense of not physically constrained; they affect their environments, often resulting in positive outcomes, and are sometimes unpredictable. Rachlin, while incorporating Skinnerian methods, interprets volition within his own Teleological Behaviorism framework. For Rachlin, reinforcement of an individual response is often incompatible with voluntary control, thereby disagreeing with Skinner. Responses are voluntary only when they are members of extended response patterns. Neuringer also begins with Skinner's operants, but argues that, under the control of reinforcing consequences, both voluntary actions and operant responses are sometimes predictable and other times "truly" unpredictable. Neuringer does not assume that environments determine voluntary actions, thereby disagreeing with Skinner and Rachlin. Taken together, the agreements and disagreements among these three behaviorists may help to shed light on the relationship between operants and volition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This tribute to Howard Rachlin speculates about scholarly work that might have been. It explores how behavioral data might bear on philosophical issues, with examples that might be called case studies in experimental philosophy. In 1964, an issue of the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society served a similar function. It was entitled "Psychology: A Behavioral Interpretation"; the papers included "Will," "Experience," "Appetite," "Humors," "Anxiety," and "Man." This presentation imagines what a contemporary project devoted to philosophical and behavior analytic perspectives on the topics of causation, freedom and volition, good and evil, time, words, and mind might have looked like. Along the way it notes how the project would have benefitted from Howard Rachlin's seminal contributions to both behavior analysis and philosophy. If ever such a project comes to pass, it will inevitably bear the stamp of his contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perhaps the most popular definition of psychology is the science of mind and behavior. However, the interrelation between mind and behavior is one of continuing controversy. The present paper examines this enduring issue from the perspectives of George J. Romanes, an early comparative psychologist, Edwin G. Boring, an influential experimental psychologist, and Howard Rachlin, an estimable recent behaviorist. Their respective positions shed considerable light on both the theory and practice of behavioral psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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It wasn't until a century after psychology's emergence that Martin Seligman, a mental health researcher of over 35 years, came to the following conclusion (M. E. Seligman, [43]): "The most important thing, the most general thing I learned, was that psychology was half-baked, literally half-baked. According to our ongoing research, currently, scientific tools from traditional psychology are increasingly employed to measure (e.g., behaviorally, cognitively) and examine mental health problems and illnesses experienced by engineering students; explorations of positive aspects of mental health are rarer. The need for a balanced approach to psychology has even been acknowledged by Seligman himself, who suggested positive psychology interventions should be developed to complement, not replace, traditional psychology interventions (M. E. Seligman, [45]). Beyond co-existence, in fact, positive mental health attributes can alter our overall mental health by preventing, alleviating, or lessening the experience of mental health problems (Ben-Shahar, [3]; M. E. Seligman, [44]). [Extracted from the article]

Behavioral learning theory has been generally overlooked in the development of marketing thought. The central concept states that behavior that is positively reinforced is more likely to recur than nonreinforced behavior. This runs parallel to the marketing concept and may be a sufficient model for dealing with most low involvement purchase situations. Its greatest value may be in the development of promotional strategies. This paper extends some of the ideas presented in an earlier paper in this journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a commentary on the paper "Affective and Cognitive Factors in Preferences," by R. B. Zajonc and H. Marcus. In their paper the authors challenged the traditional view that the generation of affect towards a given object is always mediated by a cognitive evaluation of this object. They proposed instead that under certain circumstances affective reactions could be evoked prior to or in the absence of any cognitive processes. The commentator contends that neither the paper's arguments or anecdotes substantiates the independence of affect and cognition.

Introduction: 7C's is a framework to develop out of a 25 years professional existence within the NLP community. It is a pluralist modality incorporating perspectives from Ontology, Phenomenology, Constructivism, Cognitivism, Behaviorism and many more. The 7C's Framework believes the best evidence for the validity of its approach is the lived lives of clients and trainees. Taking an Action Research approach, 7C's recognizes the utility of embedding more quantitative methods to discover what works in its research design, however, is in itself more skewed towards an inductive ideographic methodology. Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to build upon a previous article, published in "Journal of Experiential Psychotherapy", and to explore specifically how a therapist using the 7C's approach would operate. This is in contrast with the previous paper which described how 7C's had developed from within the NLP community. The intention is to begin to build a theory of 7C's with reference to the psychological literature. Methods: With the use of a single case study, the author describes a new framework and method for working therapeutically, which has emerged from his 25 years practice as a psychologist specializing in psychotherapy. In this paper he provides a broad step by step guide and rationale for working with clients. Results: The results of this case study were positive and supported by appropriate psychometrics. The process shows how the client's previous existence was explored, marking out key areas of work in bold which emphasized the inductive nature of 7C's and the discovery and creation of new resources, known within 7C's as "Super-Heroes". Conclusions: This case history represents just one way of working within the 7C's Frame. However, it also signposts the importance of recognizing context and the inductive creation of "Super-Heroes" to generate authentic resources to deal with the problems within each context as a general process common to all 7C's work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a systematic review of factors that correlate with attitudes toward bisexuals, and a meta-analysis to estimate the effect size of these relationships. A search strategy was designed to identify studies that had a measure of attitudes toward bisexuals and assessed the relationship between these attitudes and at least one attitude-relevant correlate. The strategy was then applied to PsycINFO, PsycEXTRA, Proquest Psychology Collection, EBSCO Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection and SociINDEX databases, and calls for unpublished data were circulated through relevant professional bodies. Effect size data were extracted from the articles, and meta-analyses were conducted on each of the applicable correlates. The meta-analyses revealed that age, contact (quality and quantity), income, political orientation, religion, sexual orientation, education, ethnicity, gender, and population density were related to negative attitudes toward bisexual individuals (Fisher's Zs = 0.108, −0.418, −0.209, 0.221, 0.231, 0.346, & 0.831, and Hedges' g's = 0.365, 0.344, 0.278, & 0.193, respectively). In addition, a sub-group moderation analysis revealed these effect sizes for participant gender differed as a function of target gender (i.e., bisexual men vs. bisexual women). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Modern Western psychology developed by focusing on observing and understanding human behavior through scientific methods. Psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud, who tried to understand how unconscious factors influence human behavior and thoughts. Purpose. basic theory of psychoanalysis emphasizes the importance of understanding unconscious conflicts, complexes, and defense mechanisms in shaping one's personality and behavior. Method. Behavioristic psychology emphasizes the importance of stimulus and response in shaping behavior. Behaviorism emphasizes the importance of learning through stimulus and response, as well as the process of association between stimulus and response that forms patterns of behavior. Results. Humanistic psychology includes concepts of self-awareness, taking responsibility for life choices, and the desire for selfactualization. Transpersonal psychology recognizes that humans have spiritual needs and potentials that encompass experiences beyond the material and ego aspects. The main idea in transpersonal psychology involves integrating spiritual aspects or experiences that transcend personality (transpersonal). Conclusion. Understanding the main points of psychoanalytic, behavioristic, humanistic and transpersonal thought as schools of modern western psychology will provide a comprehensive understanding of modern western psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine whether affective factors such as goal desires, positive anticipated emotions, anticipated regret and non-volitional actions like habits influence retail mutual fund investing. Design/methodology/approach: Using the model of goal-directed behavior (MGB), the impact of affective factors and habits was compared against a cognitively driven model. Data were collected through a survey of 321 mutual fund investors across India and analyzed using the partial least squares method. Findings: Goal-based desires were a significant driver of investing intentions while actual investing was driven by habits. Anticipated regret strongly influenced desires. The overall explanation of variance in intentions and investing behaviors was improved by 27 and 28% respectively by the new model. Research limitations/implications: The current investments in mutual funds is used as a proxy for future investing behaviors so results need to be interpreted accordingly. Future research directions could include the effects of mood, impact of language, religion and culture. Practical implications: For "emotionally complex" cultures, impact of emotive drivers and habits play a significant part in investing and fund houses need to orient their marketing accordingly. Social implications: Awareness programs on how emotive issues and habits can hinder as well as enhance investment performance in markets would benefit retail investors. Originality/value: The study is unique in analyzing affective and non-volitional factors and in showing that intentions are not sufficient to explain behaviors. It analyzes not just intentions as most studies do, but end behaviors of investors as well. It uses the MGB theoretical framework from behavioral psychology that has not been applied to financial behaviors before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]