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Assuming that free school choice is one of the parameters contributing to segregation in the Belgian educational system, the government implemented decrees to alter school enrolment policies in order to regulate school choice. In this study, two statistical approaches (a 'Lorenz' index and a multilevel one) have been used to measure the evolution of segregation from 2006 to 2015 exploiting two databases (administrative student count and the Programme for International Student Assessment). The results do not provide any support to the claim that there has been a reduction in school segregation, and they stress that the decrees are inefficient concerning this objective.

The effect of composition may be strong in systems where students are systematically sorted based on their socio-economic background. This paper aims to model the differential effect of class composition on pupils' achievement in Belgium (French-speaking Community), France, Spain and Portugal. Multilevel models are consequently tested on the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study 2011 data (20,830 pupils in 1139 classes). Our results suggest that socio-economic composition does not have an equivalent effect on pupil achievement in the four countries included in our analysis: its effect is strong in the French-speaking Community of Belgium and France but smaller in Spain and Portugal.

This article aims to assess whether differences in teacher characteristics vary with differences in socioeconomic compositions of schools. We conducted correlation analyses on administrative data from the French-speaking education system in Belgium. This database regroups more than 20,000 teachers in 1,630 elementary schools. We selected indicators to measure the link between schools' socioeconomic composition and a set of dimensions of teachers' profile such as experience, job security, and stability. The results confirm that some of these dimensions are linked to the school composition. The findings highlight the relevance of considering segmentation of the school market when studying the topic.

The Belgian educational field includes separate educational systems reflecting the division of the country into linguistic communities. Even if the French-speaking and the Dutch-speaking communities keep sharing important similarities in terms of funding rules and structures, they present a huge gap between their respective pupils' achievement. The Belgian educational systems are then characterized by high levels of segregation; this paper aims to model the potential differential effect of school composition on pupils' achievement. Multilevel models are consequently tested on the Programme for International Student Assessment 2009 data (7184 respondents in 236 schools). Our results suggest that the position of pupils in the educational system still has a deep influence in a system that functions as a quasi-market and where grade repetition and tracking are widely used. Our analysis also confirms that academic and socio-economic compositions have an extra negative effect on pupils' achievement.