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Increasing economic and population growth has put immense pressure on energy, water and land resources to satisfy national and supra-national demand. Through trade, a large proportion of such a demand is fulfilled. With trade as one of its key priorities, the China Belt and Road Initiative is a long-term transcontinental investment program. The initiative gained significant attention due to greater opportunities for economic development, large population and different levels of resource availability. The nexus approach has appeared as a new viewpoint in discussions on balancing the competing sectoral demands. However, following years of work, constraints exist in the scope and focus of studies. The newly developed multi-regional input–output (MRIO) models covering the world's economy and its use of resources permit a comprehensive analysis of resource usage by production and consumption at different levels, and bring more knowledge about resource nexus problems. Using the MRIO model, this work simultaneously tracks energy, water and land use flows and investigates the transnational resource nexus. A nexus strength indicator is proposed which depends on ternary diagrams to grade countries based on their combined resources' use and sectoral weighting. Equal sectoral weighting is assigned. The analysis presented a sectorally balanced nexus approach. Findings support existing work by recognizing energy, water and land as the robust transnational connections, from both production and consumption points of view. Resource nexus issues differ from country to country owing to inequalities in industrial set-up, preferences in economic policy and resource endowments. The paper outlines how key resource nexus problems can be identified and prioritized in view of alternative and often opposing interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li, L.Y. and Lu, P., 2020. Research on the business cycle transmission mechanism and related policies of China and B&R economies including coastal cities. In: Bai, X. and Zhou, H. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 115, pp. 456-460. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This paper applies the panel Simultaneous Equations Model (SEM) and Three-Stage Least Squares (3SLS) to studying how the transmission mechanisms of bilateral trade, specialized division of labor, financial integration and policy coordination affect the business cycle co-movement between China and the B&R economies including coastal cities. The study finds that: 1) Bilateral trade, financial integration, the coordination of fiscal and monetary policies and B&R intergovernmental MOU have a significant role in promoting the co-movement of the economic cycle, while the specialized division of labor reduces the co-movement. 2) In terms of policy effects, the positive impact of B&R intergovernmental MOU on the co-movement outweighs the sum of that brought by the coordination of fiscal and monetary policies. 3) Relative importance of each transmission mechanism varies significantly. The transmission mechanisms considering coastal cities, sorted by their impact on the co-movement in descending order, are: bilateral trade, financial integration, B&R intergovernmental MOU and the specialized division of labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li, L.Y. and Lu, P., 2020. Research on the business cycle transmission mechanism and related policies of China and B&R economies including coastal cities. In: Bai, X. and Zhou, H. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 115, pp. 456-460. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This paper applies the panel Simultaneous Equations Model (SEM) and Three-Stage Least Squares (3SLS) to studying how the transmission mechanisms of bilateral trade, specialized division of labor, financial integration and policy coordination affect the business cycle co-movement between China and the B&R economies including coastal cities. The study finds that: 1) Bilateral trade, financial integration, the coordination of fiscal and monetary policies and B&R intergovernmental MOU have a significant role in promoting the co-movement of the economic cycle, while the specialized division of labor reduces the co-movement. 2) In terms of policy effects, the positive impact of B&R intergovernmental MOU on the co-movement outweighs the sum of that brought by the coordination of fiscal and monetary policies. 3) Relative importance of each transmission mechanism varies significantly. The transmission mechanisms considering coastal cities, sorted by their impact on the co-movement in descending order, are: bilateral trade, financial integration, B&R intergovernmental MOU and the specialized division of labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]