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The purpose of this article is to describe and explain one important component of mid-nineteenth century British opinion on war and peace. The main avenues of inquiry are provided by the principles of utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham and, in particular, the ways in which these were employed, modified and in some respects abandoned by one of Bentham's followers, Thomas Perronet Thompson. The activities of Thompson during the 1840s and 1850s can be usefully explored alongside those of another Benthamite, John Bowring. Thompson and Bowring worked closely together on many issues. Their contribution to various organizations, debates and campaigns is analysed, and their outlook compared with that of other figures, notably Richard Cobden. Britain's suspicion of France and wars against Russia and China provides useful case studies, illustrating the clash of ideas and the priorities that shaped policy and discussion. Thompson stayed closer to the Benthamite foundation than did Bowring, and the activities of both men offer valuable insights into the internal divisions and external pressures that plagued movements for peace and reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]