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The title compound, C22H26O6, crystallized in the centrosymmetric space group Pbcn with half of the molecule as the asymmetric unit (the molecular symmetry is 2). The H atoms of each of the four methyl groups in the asymmetric unit are disordered over two sites. Nine leading C-H...O interactions are present, with H...O distances ranging from 2.50 to 2.87 A and C...O distances ranging from 3.157 (3) to 3.567 (3) A. The various interaction chains from a three-dimensional network. The intramolecular angle between the biphenyl ring planes (twist angle) is 71.3 (1) degree.

The title acid, C10H12O2S, crystallized in the centrosymmetric space group P2(1)/c with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. There is a single hydrogen bond, in which the O and H atoms are ordered and OD...OA is 2.658(2) A. The hydrogen bond forms a cyclic dimer, with graph-set descriptor R2(2)(8), about a center of symmetry. The dihedral angle between the best-fit planes of the benzene ring and the carboxyl group is 13.6(1) degrees.

The title compound, C18H18O4, crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group P2(1)/c, with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. Each of the four independent carboxylic H atoms is ordered, and each participates in hydrogen bonding. The OD...OA distances in the hydrogen bonds are 2.598 (3), 2.608 (3), 2.652 (3) and 2.641 (3) A. Two cyclic hydrogen-bonded dimers are found, neither occurring about a center of symmetry; each, however, occurs about a pseudo-center. Numerous hydrogen-bonded chains, all propagating along [010], are also present. The biphenyl twist angles are 88.4 (2) and 87.5 (2) degrees. Structural comparisons are made with the structures of the 'parent' compound, diphenic acid, and its 4,4'- and 6,6'-dimethyl derivatives.

The title acid, C16H14O4, crystallized in the centrosymmetric space group C2/c with 1.5 molecules in the asymmetric unit. Each of the three independent carboxylic H atoms is ordered, and each participates in hydrogen bonding. The OD...OA distances in the hydrogen bonds are 2.584 (2), 2.647 (2) and 2.722 (2) A. Three sets of cyclic dimer hydrogen bonds are formed within and between two asymmetric units, linking them into molecular trimers. The trimers lie on twofold axes which bisect the central C-C bond of one molecule and the COOH dimer connecting the other two. The two biphenyl twist angles are 68.1 (1) and 64.6 (1) degrees. The dihedral angles between the benzene-ring planes and the planes of the carboxyl groups attached to them are 0.7 (3), 23.3 (2) and 18.4 (2) degrees. Structural comparisons are made with the 'parent' compound, diphenic acid, and with the isomeric compound, 6,6'-dimethylbiphenyl-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid.

The title acid, C18H12O3, crystallized in the centrosymmetric space group C2/c and exhibits carboxyl group hydrogen bonding of the cyclic dimer type about a center of symmetry. The Odonor-Oacceptor distance in the hydrogen bond is 2.692 (2) A. In addition, seven C-H groups and the three O atoms in the molecule are involved in significantly attractive C-H...O interactions with 11 neighbors, forming a three-dimensional network. The carboxylic H atom is ordered, as are the carboxylic O atoms.

The title acid, C13H10O2, crystallized in the centrosymmetric space group P2(1)/c with four molecules in the asymmetric unit. These four molecules form two pairs of cyclic hydrogen-bonded dimers of the usual sort, but these are not formed about centers of symmetry. The Odonor...Oacceptor distances in these hydrogen bonds are 2.660(3), 2.638(3), 2.676(3) and 2.634(3) A. The carboxylic H atoms and the carboxylic O atoms are ordered. The biphenyl twist angles range from 46.5(2) to 52.5(2) degrees. The dihedral angles between the carboxyl group planes and the planes of the rings to which they are attached range from 43.6(3) to 50.9(3) degrees. In the two latter respects, this structure differs appreciably from the structures of the other two biphenyl monocarboxylic acids. The structure is layered parallel to the ab plane.

In biphenyl-3-carboxylic acid, C13H10O2, hydrogen bonding is of the cyclic-dimer type about a center of symmetry. The carboxyl H atom is ordered. The dihedral angle between the planar phenyl rings is 31.78(8) degrees at 296 K and 31.27(6) degrees at 203 K. The data show that the larger-than-average magnitudes of the displacement parameters of the carboxylic O atoms are due to thermal motion rather than static disorder.