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Background Shared-death-experiences (SDEs) and after-death-communication-experiences (ADCEs) are non-ordinary mental experiences related to the death of a known or unknown person. Methods These experiences were investigated by surveying four samples with different cultural backgrounds: Italian, Mexican, Brazilian and Taiwanese people. One-hundred-twenty-one participants reported 146 experiences of this type. Results Among the main characteristics of these experiences, visual, visual-auditory and feeling experiences, which comprised 74% of all experiences, were experienced both in the dream state and a normal state of consciousness. Furthermore, most of these experiences were lived before (47.3%) or after (39%) the death of the person in relationship with the participants. More importantly, these experiences influenced the participants’ death interpretation favoring the belief that death affects only the body, but the consciousness of the deceased persons survives in another reality and sometimes can communicate with relatives and friends still alive in this reality. No substantial differences were observed among the different subsamples. Conclusion As to the origin of SDEs/ADCEs, we discuss that whereas for most of them, in particular those lived after the death of a relative or a friend, we can assume hallucinatory characteristics triggered by emotional needs, for others, for example those related to unknown individuals and/or those experienced before the death of the person still in good health, it is not possible to exclude their anomalous connections and a real encounter with a deceased person.

This book chapter explores the synergy between positive mental health and Yoga and Meditation traditions from India.

This paper delineates the concept of well-being in modern psychological literature, the variety of pathways studied and its relationship with meaning and spirituality. It further discusses the cultural criticism of modern study of well-being and makes a case for insights from non-western cultures to be included in the mainstream literature. It further discusses the various types of happiness as well as pathways towards them, as discussed in the Indian tradition. These ideas have been substantiated by empirical research and some of the results have been presented in this chapter. It further presents a yogic psycho-spiritual model, based on thematic analysis of core yogic texts, which may be utilized in future for well-being interventions.

A wide variety of effect size indices have been proposed for quantifying the magnitude of treatment effects in single-case designs. Commonly used measures include parametric indices such as the standardized mean difference as well as nonoverlap measures such as the percentage of nonoverlapping data, improvement rate difference, and nonoverlap of all pairs. Currently, little is known about the properties of these indices when applied to behavioral data collected by systematic direct observation, even though systematic direct observation is the most common method for outcome measurement in single-case research. This study uses Monte Carlo simulation to investigate the properties of several widely used single-case effect size measures when applied to systematic direct observation data. Results indicate that the magnitude of the nonoverlap measures and of the standardized mean difference can be strongly influenced by procedural details of the study's design, which is a significant limitation to using these indices as effect sizes for meta-analysis of single-case designs. A less widely used parametric index, the log response ratio, has the advantage of being insensitive to sample size and observation session length, although its magnitude is influenced by the use of partial interval recording. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Background Although the COVID-19 pandemic has led to worsening mental health outcomes throughout the Canadian population, its effects have been more acute among already marginalized groups, including people with disabilities and chronic health conditions. This paper examines how heightened fears of contracting the virus, financial impacts, and social isolation contribute to declining mental health among this already vulnerable group. Objective/hypothesis This paper investigates how increases in anxiety, stress, and despair are associated with concerns about getting infected, COVID-19-induced financial hardship, and increased social isolation as a result of adhering to protective measures among people with disabilities and chronic health conditions. Methods This study uses original national quota-based online survey data (n=1027) collected in June 2020 from people with disabilities and chronic health conditions. Threelogistic regressionmodels investigate the relationship between COVID-19’s effects on finances, concerns about contracting the virus, changes in loneliness and belonging, and measures taken to combat the spread of COVID-19 and reports of increased anxiety, stress, and despair, net of covariates. Results Models show that increased anxiety, stress, and despair were associated with negative financial effects of COVID-19, greater concerns about contracting COVID-19, increased loneliness, and decreased feelings of belonging. Net of other covariates, increased measures taken to combat COVID-19 was not significantly associated with mental health outcomes. Conclusions Findings address how the global health crisis is contributing to declining mental health status through heightened concerns over contracting the virus, increases in economic insecurity, and growing social isolation, speaking to how health pandemics exacerbate health inequalities.

On average, one person dies by suicide every 40 s. However, extant studies have largely focused on the risk factors for suicidal behaviors, not so much on the formation of suicidal thoughts. Therefore, we attempt to explain how suicidal thoughts arise and persist inside one’s mind using a multifiltering information mechanism called Mindsponge. Bayesian analysis with Hamiltonian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique was run on a dataset of multinational students (N = 268) of an international university in Japan. Item 9 in the PHQ-9 was used to survey suicidal ideation. The associations among four main variables, namely, (i) suicidal ideation, (ii) help-seeking willingness (informal and formal sources), (iii) sense of connectedness, and (iv) information inaccessibility (represented by being international students), were tested in four models. Sense of connectedness is negatively associated with suicidal ideation, but its effect becomes less impactful when interacting with international students. The impact of a sense of connectedness on informal help-seeking willingness (toward family members) among international students is also lessened. Informal help-seeking is negatively associated with suicidal ideation, whereas formal help is positive. The findings support our assumption on three fundamental conditions for preventing suicidal thoughts: (i) a high degree of belongingness, (ii) accessibility to help-related information, and (iii) healthy perceived cultural responses towards mental health. Therefore, systematically coordinated programs are necessary to effectively tackle suicidal ideation.

Obesity is defined as “abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health” (World Health Organisation, [WHO], 2020). The Body Mass Index (BMI), weight is divided by height squared, is used to screen for obesity: a person ≥30 kg/m2 is ‘obese’; between 25 kg/m2 and 30 kg/m2 is ‘overweight’. In 2016, 1.6 billion adults (18 years +), were overweight, of which 650 million were obese. Obesity is a major burden of disease (WHO, 2020) not only in high-income countries, but also in low-income (e.g. Eritrea) and middle income countries (e.g. India) (Malik, Willett & Hu, 2013). Obesity has become a pandemic with projections pointing to 38% of Earth’s population becoming overweight and 20% obese by 2030 (Anekwe et al., 2020). Obesity in the UK is also on the rise: it affects 1 in 4 adults, 1 in 10 children aged 4-5, and 1 in 5 children aged 10-11 (NHS, 2020). 63% of adults and 33% of children leaving primary school are above a healthy weight (Public Health England, [PHE], 2020).Obesity is linked to a number of chronic and debilitating conditions like cardio-metabolic risk (CMR) (i.e. metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular disease or stroke) and to conditions such as depression which can impact on an individual’s lifecycle. This paper will explore these links and further look at food insecurity and how it could contribute to obesity as well as how socioeconomic inequalities impact on this. It will then seek to evaluate the latest policy of the UK government on ‘Tackling Obesity: empowering adults and children to live healthier lives’ (UK Government, 2020) with a view to exploring whether this policy is appropriate in addressing food insecurity to prevent obesity. It will then conclude with some recommendations.

About this WorkbookThis is a workbook dedicated to examining your thoughts and feelings. In particular, this workbook uses mindfulness meditation, visualisations, and inquiry to create a self-help platform that can aid anyone in need of healing their inner life. Extensive measures were taken to apply this material to a developmental perspective so that the effect of childhood socialization and its role in cognitive distortions could be central to understanding our life history. Equally so, a great effort was made to collect material from a trauma-informed perspective; one that acknowledges the complex after effects of abuse and neglect. Because both of these concerns relate to unhealthy relationships, a third concern was to address the role of healthy boundaries throughout this work. This is a workbook precisely because emotions need to be experienced, in order to learn from them. Each exercise is meant to be read and then to engage in meditation or writing about feelings. Meditation is literally engaging in the experience of ourselves, turning ourselves into knowledge. Free writing allows us to bypass our consciousness and access our subconscious, emotional mind. While I designed this workbook for my college courses, it is my deepest hope that this resource can be used by anyone who is dealing with their feelings, hard times, or troubling thoughts.

قاد التوسع الحاصل في التعليم الجامعي، إلى ضرورة تقديم خدمات إرشادية في الميادين الأكاديمية والاجتماعية والنفسية. إلا أن هذا التوسع لم يقد إلى تفعيل حقيقي لهذا الخدمات، بسبب عدم وجود الأرضية المناسبة للوعي النفسي والاجتماعي والعلمي بأهمية وفاعلية هذه الخدمات، وبشكل خاص من جانب الأشخاص الذين تتوجه إليهم هذه الخدمة. هذه الخدمات، مما يجعل هذه الخدمة مجرد شكليات مؤسساتية، مشكوك بفاعليتها وتحتاج إلى تقص أدق. وقد هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى استقصاء مدى توفر الوعي النفسي بنوعية وشكل الخدمات النفسية التي يقدمها الإرشاد النفسي و ماهية الإرشاد النفسي، واستقصاء بعض الأسباب الكامنة خلف الإحجام عن تلقي الخدمات الإرشادية، والاتجاهات السائدة في المجتمع والتي يمكن أن تكون من المعوقات التي تقف في طريق تفعيل هذه الخدمة، وذلك من خلال دراسة عبر ثقافية على عينات طلابية عمانية و أردنية ومصرية. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى وجود تصورات واتجاهات لاعقلانية وغير علمية معيقة، وأسباب تدل على نقص في المعارف المتوفرة حول طبيعة ونوعية الخدمات المقدمة. مما يستدعي في البداية الاهتمام ببنية الوعي النفسي والاجتماعي للأشخاص الذين تتوجه إليهم هذه الخدمة.

This paper discusses the basic understanding of reality behind yoga practice and the essential core of bhakti, jnana and karma yoga pathways and how it can contribute to modern psychology. It goes on to discuss yoga and cultivation of positive mental health. It also emphasizes the need for the therapists to engage in yoga practice themselves while they include insights from yoga in their clinical work.

منذ تأسيس إدارة الجلسة المتمركزة حول الشخص من خلال عالم النفس الأمريكي كارل روجرز1902-1986) Carl R. Rogers ساعد هذا المبدأ في الإرشاد آلاف الناس كما هو مثبت في دراسات إمبيريقية عديدة. فقد تعرف كارل روجرز من ممارسته العلاجية والإرشادية عن طرق إمبيريقية بالكامل من الأسفل للأعلى bottom-up على شروط أو متطلبات بسيطة ولكنها مهمة للإرشاد الناجح. وعليه فإن التحليل الشامل لمشكلة شخص ما أقل أهمية إلى مدى بعيد من الإصغاء المتفهم والدقيق لهذا الشخص، وإظهار الاحترام تجاهه وإجراء محادثة conversationصريحة وحقيقية

Introduction: Loneliness is a critical psychosocial problem that affects mental health and wellbeing of the individuals and communities. This systematic review synthesized the current evidence on the prevalence and correlates of loneliness from empirical studies conducted in India. Methods: Adopting the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, eight major databases and additional sources were searched. Studies were evaluated using following criteria: peer-reviewed journal articles, published in English language, presenting any quantitative form of evidence on loneliness, and studies conducted in India among the Indian population. A meta-analysis of the prevalence studies and narrative synthesis of the overall status and factors associated with loneliness were conducted.Results: Among 1290 studies, only 13 met our criteria. All the studies reported a high burden of loneliness among the participants. The pooled prevalence among 3169 participants was 41% (95% confidence interval [CI] 18% - 63%). The burden of loneliness was higher among the elderly participants (44%, 95% CI 5% - 83%) compared to younger participants (24%, 95% CI 22% - 27%). Factors associated with loneliness included aging, family structure, marital status, religious practices, group membership, educational attainment, source and level of income, psychological attributes, and comorbid physical and mental health conditions among the affected individuals. Conclusion: This review identified and evaluated the status and severity of loneliness and its correlates, which may inform future studies examining complex psychopathological and social dynamics associated with loneliness. Lastly, the current evidence necessitates the development of multipronged interventions to address the risk factors and alleviate the burden of loneliness in India.

Objective: Dating violence (DV) is a psychosocial problem which impacts the health and wellbeing of affected individuals. Many studies have reported a high prevalence and various determinants of DV; however, there is a gap of consolidated evidence on this problem. This umbrella review aimed to synthesize the current evidence on the prevalence and determinants of DV from systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Methods: We systematically searched ten major databases and additional sources to retrieve systematic reviews or meta-analyses reporting prevalence or determinants of DV, published as peer-reviewed journal articles in English language till October 13, 2019. We extracted and synthesized the findings, reported the prevalence of DV, and categorized the determinants of DV using the socioecological model. Results: We found 16 eligible systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Most of these studies were conducted in developed countries with a majority of adolescent and young adult participants. Studies reported varying prevalence of physical, sexual, psychological/emotional, and technology-assisted DV ranging from 0.1% to 57.5%, 0.1% to 64.6%, 4.2% to 97%, and 5.8% to 92%, respectively. The determinants of DV at different socioecological levels, including individual behavior, substance abuse, psychiatric conditions, experiencing violence and maltreatment; interpersonal factors like family and peer relationships; community and neighborhood characteristics; patriarchy, culture, and socioeconomic equalities were reported. Conclusions: These findings suggest a high burden of DV among young populations, who are vulnerable to various socioecological determinants of DV. Future research should examine how these factors influence DV and multi-level interventions should be adopted to address the same.

This paper provides a primer for researchers seeking an introduction to quantitative narrative research methods. It represents a consensus document of most common practices used by the co-authors. Key elements of conducting narrative research (e.g., asking narrative questions, designing narrative prompts, collecting narratives, coding narratives) are discussed, along with limitations to this approach and future directions.

Mindfulness-based interventions are increasingly recognized for their efficacy in clinical settings. Because of the historical and social associations of mindfulness-based interventions with spirituality and religion, individual differences in religiosity are likely to play a role in how people perceive these interventions, and may ultimately impact the acceptability and implementation of mindfulness-based techniques. Mindfulness-based interventions’ religious associations are often left unspecified, but when they are stated, they are typically represented as either 1) secular and neutral to religious concerns, or as 2) religiously influenced. Dichotomously presenting MBIs as either religious or secular can undermine the delivery of these interventions, as can failing to address religion or spirituality altogether. We present theory and research that explicates the likely ways in which religion influences the acceptability of mindfulness-based interventions, and provide recommendations for researchers and interventionists that enable them to respond to religious concerns about mindfulness-based interventions.

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) appears to be a promising intervention for the prevention of relapse in major depressive disorder, but its efficacy in patients with current depres- sive symptoms is less clear. Randomized clinical trials of MBCT for adult patients with current depressive symptoms were included (k = 13, N = 1046). Comparison conditions were coded based on whether they were intended to be therapeutic (specific active con- trols) or not (non-specific controls). MBCT was superior to non- specific controls at post-treatment (k = 10, d = 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.47, 0.96]), although not at longest follow-up (k = 2, d = 1.47, [−0.71, 3.65], mean follow-up = 5.70 months across all studies with follow-up). MBCT did not differ from other active thera- pies at post-treatment (k = 6, d = 0.002, [−0.43, 0.44]) and longest follow-up (k = 4, d = 0.26, [−0.24, 0.75]). There was some evidence that studies with higher methodological quality showed smaller effects at post-treatment, but no evidence that effects varied by inclusion criterion. The impact of publication bias appeared minimal. MBCT seems to be efficacious for samples with current depressive symptoms at post-treatment, although a limited number of studies tested the long-term effects of this therapy.

Classical conditioning is a quintessential learning process; however, maladaptive forms of conditioning sustain many unhealthy behaviors (e.g., addiction). Mindfulness training is theorized to de-automatize conditioned behavior by decoupling stimulus and response. This study assessed the effect of mindfulness training on conditioned behavior during a classical conditioning task. Findings indicated mindfulness training decreased classically conditioned behavior relative to an active control condition, delaying the onset of first conditioned response and decreasing conditioned response frequency. Thus, mindfulness training may be one method of increasing volitional control over maladaptive conditioned behaviors that contribute to the development and maintenance of clinical disorders.

Despite widespread scientific and popular interest in mindfulness-based interventions, questions regarding the empirical status of these treatments remain. We sought to examine the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for clinical populations on disorder-specific symptoms. To address the question of relative efficacy, we coded the strength of the comparison group into five categories: no treatment, minimal treatment, non-specific active control, specific active control, and evidence-based treatment. A total of 142 non-overlapping samples and 12,005 participants were included. At post-treatment, mindfulness-based interventions were superior to no treatment (d = 0.55), minimal treatment (d = 0.37), non-specific active controls (d = 0.35), and specific active controls (d = 0.23). Mindfulness conditions did not differ from evidence-based treatments (d = -0.004). At follow-up, mindfulness-based interventions were superior to no treatment conditions (d = 0.50), non-specific active controls (d = 0.52), and specific active controls (d = 0.29). Mindfulness conditions did not differ from minimal treatment conditions (d = 0.38) and evidence-based treatments (d = 0.09). Effects on specific disorder subgroups showed the most consistent evidence in support of mindfulness for depression, pain conditions, smoking, and addictive disorders. Results support the notion that mindfulness-based interventions hold promise as evidence-based treatments.

Because they provide data on responsiveness to experimental manipulation, clinical trials involving mindfulness-based inter- ventions are a source of evidence for the construct validity of self-report measures of mindfulness. Within-group and between- group changes in mindfulness were examined from randomized clinical trials comparing mindfulness interventions to other bona fide treatment comparison conditions or waitlist control conditions. We also examined changes in clinical outcomes and the magnitude of these changes relative to changes in mindfulness. We included 69 published studies representing 55 unique samples (n = 4743). Self-report mindfulness measures showed relatively larger gains in mindfulness intervention conditions vis-à-vis waitlist comparison conditions at both post-treatment (effect size [ES] = 0.52, 95% CI [0.40, 0.64]) and follow-up (ES = 0.52 [0.20, 0.84]), although the effect at follow-up diminished to non-significance in a trim-and-fill analysis intended to account for publication bias (ES = 0.35 [− 0.03, 0.72]). Measures of mindfulness also showed relatively larger gains in mindfulness inter- vention conditions vis-à-vis bona fide comparison conditions, but only at post-treatment (ES = 0.25 [0.11, 0.38], 0.10 [− 0.08, 0.28], at post-treatment and follow-up, respectively). All three conditions (mindfulness, bona fide, waitlist) showed relatively larger improvements on measures of clinical outcomes than measures of mindfulness, with the exception of waitlist conditions for which this effect was no longer significant at follow-up. Taken together, findings provide partial support for the unique respon- siveness of mindfulness self-report measures to interventions that include promotion of mindfulness meditation practice.

Background: Despite an exponential growth in research on mindfulness-based interventions, the body of scientific evidence supporting these treatments has been criticized for being of poor methodological quality. Objectives: The current systematic review examined the extent to which mindfulness research demonstrated increased rigor over the past 16 years regarding six methodological features that have been highlighted as areas for improvement. These feature included using active control conditions, larger sample sizes, longer follow-up assessment, treatment fidelity assessment, and reporting of instructor training and intent-to-treat (ITT) analyses. Data sources: We searched PubMed, PsychInfo, Scopus, and Web of Science in addition to a publically available repository of mindfulness studies. Study eligibility criteria: Randomized clinical trials of mindfulness-based interventions for samples with a clinical disorder or elevated symptoms of a clinical disorder listed on the American Psychological Association’s list of disorders with recognized evidence-based treatment. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: Independent raters screened 9,067 titles and abstracts, with 303 full text reviews. Of these, 171 were included, representing 142 non-overlapping samples. Results: Across the 142 studies published between 2000 and 2016, there was no evidence for increases in any study quality indicator, although changes were generally in the direction of improved quality. When restricting the sample to those conducted in Europe and North America (continents with the longest history of scientific research in this area), an increase in reporting of ITT analyses was found. When excluding an early, high-quality study, improvements were seen in sample size, treatment fidelity assessment, and reporting of ITT analyses. Conclusions and implications of key findings: Taken together, the findings suggest modest adoption of the recommendations for methodological improvement voiced repeatedly in the literature. Possible explanations for this and implications for interpreting this body of research and conducting future studies are discussed.

In this chapter we explore how master narratives have ethical and moral implications, and how master narratives can provide a way for researchers to look at the intersections of culture, ethics, morality, and individual development. We make this case by advancing three propositions about the relation among master narratives, ethics, and morality: 1) Master narratives are fundamentally about ethics in that they outline and convey culturally held ideas about the nature of a good life; 2) While all master narratives are grounded in ethics, not all master narratives are moral; and 3) Despite proposition 2, master narratives can come to exert moral force. We first describe the master narrative framework, and then follow with a detailed discussion of the three propositions. Our intent is that this integration of master narratives with moral development will help researchers in both areas to think about their work in new ways.

As a result of the U.S. government’s involvement in Native American education, the current experiences of Native American college students are characterized by educational disparities. Higher education professionals are in an ideal position to meet the needs and interests of Native American students; however, most of the literature concerning this population takes a deficit approach. The present paper offers a reconceptualization of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems model as an alternative framework for the experiences of Native American college students. In privileging historical and cultural factors, this reconceptualization demonstrates how transforming educational institutions could influence the experiences of Native American college students.

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى قياس مستوى النرجسية لدى المراهق الجزائري المتمدرس، والكشف عن أية فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في ذلك تبعا لمتغير (الجنس). ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة استخدم المنهج الوصفي الاستكشافي، من خلال تطبيق مقياس مستوى النرجسية من إعداد الباحثين على عينة من تلاميذ السنة الثانية ثانوي قدرت بـــ251 تلميذا تم اختيارهم بطريقة العينة العشوائية العنقودية .حيث أسفرت النتائج عما يلي:- مستوى النرجسية لدى أفراد العينة تمثل في: نسبة النرجسية المنخفضة قدرت بـ 26.7%، ونسبة النرجسية التوافقية السوية" تمثلت في 59.4%، أما مستوى النرجسية المرتفعة فقدرت بـ 13.9 %- عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في مستوى النرجسية بأبعادها (الاستعراضية، التفوق، الغرور، السلطة الاستغلالية) بين تلاميذ السنة الثانية ثانوي بمدينة بسكرة تعزى لمتغير الجنس (ذكور، إناث).

We present evidence for the strengths of the intellectual virtues that philosophers and behavioral scientists characterize as key cognitive elements of wisdom. Wisdom has been of centuries-long interest for philosophical scholarship, but relative to intelligence largely neglected in public discourse on educational science, public policy, and societal well-being. Wise reasoning characteristics include intellectual humility, recognition of uncertainty, consideration of diverse viewpoints, and an attempt to integrate these viewpoints. Emerging scholarship on these features of wisdom suggest that they uniquely contribute to societal well-being, improve leadership, shed light on societal inequality, promote cooperation in Public Goods Games and reduce political polarization and intergroup-hostility. We review empirical evidence about macro-cultural, ecological, situational, and person-level processes facilitating and inhibiting wisdom in daily life. Based on this evidence, we speculate about ways to foster wisdom in education, organizations, and institutions.

سعت الدراسة الحالية إلى التعرف على خبرة الطلبة الموقوفين عن الدراسة مؤقتا في مدرسة إعدادية الرفاع بمملكة البحرين, وقد تألفت عينة البحث من (9) طلبة خلال الفصل الدراسي الأول من العام الدراسي 2011/ 2012م. وقد استخدم الباحثان في هذا البحث المنهج الكيفي الفينومينولجي بأسلوب المقابلة مع الطلبة الموقوفين عن الدراسة لجمع البيانات. وتبين من النتائج وجود أربعة مفاهيم أساسية تشكل خبرة الطلبة الموقوفين عن الدراسة مؤقتا هي: الخوف من عدم القدرة على بناء علاقات ناجحة مع أصدقاء جدد والحفاظ على العلاقات مع الأصدقاء القدامى، ومن تشكل صورة سلبية حول الطلبة الموقوفين في أذهان المعلمين، ومن عقاب الآباء ومن الرسوب في الامتحانات. والإحساس العام بالحزن وتقدير الذات السلبي وضعف الثقة بالنفس، والشعور بالذنب. وبناء على هذه النتائج قدم الباحثون للمعنيين مجموعة من التوصيات.

In this chapter we review the contents of the Handbook and discuss important future directions for research on identity development. First, we reflect on the three major sections of the book: debates, applications, and extensions, highlighting why the sections are important and what we have learned. Second, we discuss tensions in the study of identity development that we identified as we edited this Handbook. These tensions include what aspect of identity is being studied, how culture is defined, and the strong emphasis on individual agency over context and opportunity. Finally, we discuss two major challenges to the field of identity development: conceptualizing what exactly is developing in identity development, and bridging the divide between identity process and identity content. Taken together, this chapter, like the Handbook more broadly, is meant to serve as a catalyst and inspiration for future identity development in the coming decades

Identity research has proliferated in recent years creating a great need for theoretical clarity about the identity concept, and how to use this clarity to understand identities within specific contexts. The present article addresses this need by discussing theoretical aspects of identity development as they apply to another important, yet broad, developmental context: societies in transition. This article includes a brief background on identity research in developmental psychology, an introduction of key theoretical constructs of identity integration, and then finally application of these constructs to understanding identities in transition. The hope is that this theoretical discussion will stimulate further research on identity development in the context of individual and social transitions.

Counseling psychologists and other mental health professionals routinely conduct risk assessments using varied sources of information. The purpose of this process is typically to improve the validity of their assessments by reducing the potential for bias or other blind spots that might be caused by over-reliance on any single source of information. Some inside and outside the field have argued that collateral reporters are one useful source of additional supplemental information, but the research literature is unclear about their reliability. Drawing insights from a social psychological framework, we demonstrate that perceived closeness and liking were associated with decreased perceptions of risk. We argue that this positive bias may result in under-reporting of risk, and we suggest that clinicians who consult collateral data for risk assessment purposes may wish to offer some degree of guidance or training to the collaterals in order to minimize the effects of their latent positive bias.

A common concern about the BDI-II among researchers in the area of depression has long been the single-factor scoring scheme. Methods exist for making cross sample comparisons of latent structure but tend to rely on estimation methods that can be imprecise and unnecessarily complex. This study presents a computationally more efficient method for reproducing a population matrix and uses this method to evaluate competing factor solutions of the BDI-II published in the literature. The results of this study suggest our alternative method can reproduce a population matrix and when used to test various factor solutions of the BDI-II, there is a lack of evidence to suggest any one superior structure. However, the source of measurement error within some models may help to inform the diagnostic utility of the BDI-II.

This paper presents research exploring how stereotypes that are simultaneously racialized and gendered affect Black women. We investigated the mental and physical health consequences of Black women’s awareness that others hold these stereotypes and tested whether this association is moderated by the centrality of racial identity. A structural equation model tested among 609 young Black women revealed that metastereotype awareness (being aware that others hold negative stereotypes of one’s group) predicted negative mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, hostility), which in turn predicted diminished self-care behaviors and greater drug and alcohol use for coping. High racial centrality exacerbated the negative association between metastereotype awareness and self-care. We discuss implications of the findings for clinical practice and for approaches to research using intersectionality frameworks.

Arnett’s (2000) theory of emerging adulthood has been both widely celebrated and strongly criticized. However, it has not yet been closely scrutinized for what it claims to be: “a new theory of development for the late teens though the twenties.” (p. 469). The purpose of this chapter is to take up this scrutiny, evaluating some of the major postulations and criticisms of emerging adulthood in light of the available evidence. In particular, the chapter focuses on three broad claims pertaining to emerging adulthood: 1) that it is a developmental stage, 2) that it is a theory, and 3) that it is nonsense. The analysis presented in the chapter is not meant to resolve the debates in the field, but rather to examine the nuance and celebrate the complexity of the questions in order to stimulate further theory and research on the topic.

Humankind faces many problems such as like terrorism, crime, the collapse of the family unit, drug abuse, war, theft, etc., the multidisciplinary research was done to find whether that there are basic and common psychological reasons are or not. So, I have found some fundamental factors that are significantly limited or revers of the human intelligence by some decisions making and those limitations might be due to activating of delusional thoughts and decisions which are declined of intelligence, mainly cause by psychological mind viruses[ MV] in them, as I hypothesis, here. Those issues are been impact on optimal living, psychological, physical and social well-being. So, better practical solutions and preventive methods are needed. The leading psychological limiting factors for intelligence development are known as MV and its’ remedies are healthy mind viruses [HMV]. The intelligent learning, training (meditation) and intelligent decisions might evolve the nature of the brain, nurture and x-micro particle genome [X-MPG], all these six factors seem to be interdepended. The X-MPG might bond with the x-unique micro-particle [X-UMP]. However, the X- UMP might never evolve or change and it might maintain the uniqueness of the conscious state of a person. But, the X-MPG helps to evolve the latent potential level of well-being and optimal living gradually, of the related person. Here, I show the unearthed-core of early Buddhist teachings, training (meditation) and decisions inclusive of the 8-fold path may be an efficient methodology for Intelligence evolution. The evolution of nature, nurture, X-MPG, psychological well-being, and intelligence might be represented in a theoretical 3D graph. If life after death occurs, when clinical death of a person’s finally evolved level and micro quantum key of the X- MPG[ +X- UMP] might be crucial to natural transmission to bond with a matching and vacant zygote/early embryo of its micro quantum particles and its new conscious state, might depend on the lastly evolved genome of the X-MPG. However there are many more mysterious issues to be solved in future researches, so this might not a theory of everything on the main theme.

Music performing usually binds intense psychological experiences, from which music performance anxiety (MPA) is amongst the most damaging and pervasive ones. Alongside, some constructs seem to be associated with MPA, like negative affect and self-consciousness. In the interaction between these three elements, mindfulness seems to be an effective tool to cope with MPA by altering the relationships between it and self-consciousness or negative affect. In this study, a structural model is proposed following a cross-sectional design with a total of 151 spanish-speaking music performers. Results from a structural equation model seems to support the proposed model, making dispositional mindfulness an effective mechanism to alter the way MPA interacts with self-consciousness and negative affect. More specifically, dispositional mindfulness seems to inversely mediate the relationship between negative affect and MPA, while also inversely moderating the relationship between self-consciousness and MPA. In other words, dispositional mindfulness seems to prevent how self-conscious music performers can be or how negative is their mood into developing career-damaging MPA phenomena. Limitation of these findings are discussed, alongside future lines of work to improve the likelihood of this conclusions.

This paper focuses on the conceptual model of an academic course inspired by complexity theory. In the proposed conceptual model, the aim of teaching is to form a learning organization: a knowledge community with emergent properties that cannot be reduced to any linear combination of the properties of its parts. In this approach, the learning of the participants depends not so much on their individual action, as on being the coevolving parts of a self-organized whole. In this design, the role of the educator is to catalyze emergence and to facilitate bottom-up knowledge production. To achieve this, we present a systematic way to orchestrate in-class face-to-face activities in small groups while utilizing common web technologies to facilitate online collective action.

This study examined change in acculturation values and behavior among 310 Chinese American adolescents, and how patterns of change were related to key demographic variables and indicators of positive youth development. Dual process group-based trajectory models of change in U.S. and Chinese values and behaviors indicated a six-group solution for each. The results showed that acculturation value patterns were not related to gender, nativity, or parent education, but were related to family cohesion, self-esteem, general and academic self-efficacy, and GPA. Acculturation behavior patterns were not related to gender but were related to nativity and parent education, and were also related to general self-efficacy and family cohesion. Taken together, our findings suggest that most trajectories of development are associated with positive outcomes, but there are small groups of adolescents that function very well (those who maintain higher behavioral involvement in both) and some not very well, especially those whose behaviors are becoming more disparate over time.