1. Water-Pipe Smoke Exposure-Induced Circulatory Disturbances in Mice, and the Influence of Betaine Supplementation Thereon.
- Author
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Nemmar A, Al-Salam S, Beegam S, Yuvaraju P, Oulhaj A, and Ali BH
- Subjects
- Administration, Oral, Animals, Blood Platelets cytology, Blood Platelets drug effects, Blood Platelets metabolism, Cytochromes c genetics, Cytochromes c metabolism, Fibrinogen genetics, Fibrinogen metabolism, Gene Expression drug effects, Interleukin-6 genetics, Interleukin-6 metabolism, Lipid Peroxidation drug effects, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Myocytes, Cardiac cytology, Myocytes, Cardiac drug effects, Myocytes, Cardiac metabolism, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II genetics, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II metabolism, Oxidative Stress drug effects, Partial Thromboplastin Time, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 genetics, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 metabolism, Platelet Aggregation drug effects, Primary Cell Culture, Prothrombin Time, Superoxide Dismutase genetics, Superoxide Dismutase metabolism, Thrombocytopenia etiology, Thrombocytopenia metabolism, Thrombocytopenia pathology, Thrombosis etiology, Thrombosis metabolism, Thrombosis pathology, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha genetics, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha metabolism, Antioxidants pharmacology, Betaine pharmacology, Smoking adverse effects, Thrombocytopenia prevention & control, Thrombosis prevention & control
- Abstract
Background/aims: It has been shown, both experimentally and clinically, that water-pipe smoke (WPS) exposure adversely affects the cardiovascular system (CVS) through the generation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Betaine, a naturally occurring compound in common foods, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. However, its potential to mitigate the adverse effect of WPS on the CVS has never been reported before. This is the subject of this study in mice., Methods: Mice were exposed daily for 30 min to either normal air (control), or to WPS for two consecutive weeks. Betaine was administered daily by gavage at a dose of 10mg/kg, 1h before either air or WPS exposure., Results: Betaine mitigated the in vivo prothrombotic effect of WPS in pial arterioles and venules. Moreover, it reversed the WPS-induced decrease in circulating platelets. Likewise, betaine alleviated platelet aggregation in vitro, and the shortening of activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time induced by WPS. Betaine reduced the increase of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and fibrinogen concentrations in plasma induced by WPS. Betaine also diminished the WPS-induced increase of plasma concentrations of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α, and attenuated the increase of lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase. Immunohistochemical analysis of the heart revealed an increase in the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cytochrome C by cardiomyocytes of the WPS-exposed mice. These effects were averted by betaine., Conclusion: Our findings suggest that betaine treatment significantly mitigated WPS-induced hypercoagulability, and inflammation, as well as systemic and cardiac oxidative stress., (© 2017 The Author(s)Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)
- Published
- 2017
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