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Reference evapotranspiration (ET0), which is an indicator of atmospheric evaporation demand over a hypothetical reference surface, is expected to alter along with global climate change. In this study, the changes and driving forces of historical ET0 and its future projections in Xinjiang, China, were comprehensively conducted. The trend analysis revealed that regional ET0 decreased significantly at a rate of −4.1 mm/year2 during 1961–1993 and increased at a rate of 3.4 mm/year2 during 1994–2010. To explore the possible causes, the contributions of major climatic variables to the ET0 trends were derived based on the differential equation method. During 1961–1993, the decreasing trend of ET0 was primarily ascribed to the wind speed. The integrated negative effect from the decrease in wind speed (U) and increase in relative humidity (RH) was more significant than the positive effect from the increase in air temperature (T), resulting in the decrease in ET0. During 1994–2010, combined with increasing T and decreasing RH, the increase in U offset the effect of the net radiation (Rn) decrease and led to an increase in ET0. Future ET0 projections over three periods (2010–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099, which are named as 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s, respectively) were conducted based on the general circulation models under two representative concentration pathways scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). A continuous increasing trend in ET0 was demonstrated in the 21st century. The increase in ET0 will increase the irrigated water resource consumption and bring new challenge to water resource management in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]