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Assuming that the Universe is spatially infinite, we depict a simple model where gravitation does not decelerate the expansion, which occurs at constant speed for any two distant galaxies. This Steady Flow model fits the SNe Ia observations without a repulsive dark energy. We review the main problems of Big Bang cosmology and see how they can be solved. Particularly, the singularity and the problem of the cosmic origin could be avoided in our framework. The time evolution of the scale factor (R [proportional] t) leaves a longer period for early structure and galaxy formation. However, the expansion time coincides with the Universe age of the standard model. Other features of Big Bang, such as the evolution of temperature with the scale factor and the primordial nucleosynthesis, remain unchanged. Keywords: Cosmology, Type Ia supernovae, Early Universe, Primordial nucleosynthesis, 1. Introduction Centuries ago, Newton postulated the idea of an infinite Universe in order to avoid the stars falling into a hypothetical centre of mass of a finite space. For [...]

Despite its great popularity, the Big Bang framework for cosmology faces growing contradictions with observation. The Big Bang theory requires three hypothetical entities--the inflation field, nonbaryonic (dark) matter, and the dark energy field--to overcome gross contradictions of theory and observation. Yet, no evidence has ever confirmed the existence of any of these three hypothetical entities. The predictions of the theory for the abundance of [4.sup]He, [7.sup]Li, and D are more than 7[sigma] from the data for any assumed density of baryons and the probability of the theory fitting the data is less than [10.sup.-14]. Observations of voids in the distribution of galaxies that are in excess of 100 Mpc in diameter, combined with observed low streaming velocities of galaxies, imply an age for these structure that is at least triple and more likely six times the hypothesized time since the Big Bang. Big Bang predictions for the anisotropy of the microwave background, which now involve seven or more free parameters, still are excluded by the data at the 2[sigma] level. The observed preferred direction in the background anisotropy completely contradicts Big Bang assumptions. In contrast, the predictions of plasma cosmology have been strengthened by new observations, including evidence for the stellar origin of the light elements, the plasma origin of large-scale structures, and the origin of the cosmic microwave background in a 'radio fog' of dense plasma filaments. This review of the evidence shows that the time has come, and indeed has long since come, to abandon the Big Bang as the primary model of cosmology. Index Terms--Big Bang, intergalactic radio absorption, large-scale structure, light element abundance, plasma cosmology, voids.

The current standard model of cosmology (1-4) combines the original big bang model and the inflationary scenario. Inflation, a brief period ([10.sup.-30] s) of very rapid cosmic acceleration shortly after [...], We propose a cosmological model in which the universe undergoes an endless sequence of cosmic epochs that begin with a 'bang' and end in a 'crunch.' Temperature and density at the transition remain finite. Instead of having an inflationary epoch, each cycle includes a period of flow accelerated expansion (as recently observed) followed by contraction that produces the homogeneity, flatness, and energy needed to begin the next cycle.

Observations of supernova explosions halfway back to the Big Bang give plausible evidence that the expansion of the universe has been accelerating since that epoch, approximately 8 billion years ago and suggest that energy associated with the vacuum itself may be responsible for the acceleration.

The very existence of the cosmic microwave background led to the widespread acceptance of the Big Bang Cosmology. Now, it has become possible to study irregularities in the temperature of the radiation coming from different parts of the sky. These irregularities can reveal details about the Universe, to a precision that would have been unthinkable only a few years ago. High accuracy ground and balloon-based experiments are already in operation, and in a few years new satellite observations should revolutionize our understanding. I describe why the microwave background is such a fine source of information, and the experiments which aim to get at it.

Scepticism about certain aspects of the 'standard' Big Bang nucleosynthesis (SBBN) model has spurred explorations of more complicated constructs, but the simple construct which has its roots in standard cosmology particle physics and the assumption of homogeneous baryon density at the appropriate times has not been shaken. There have been several advancements in the analysis of abundances of light elements pertaining to cosmological nucleosynthesis.

We discuss how the cosmological constant that is used in Einstein's model has an equivalent in the Big Bang model. That model requires a critical density of matter that leads to the problem of dark matter. We show that data on new cosmological structures and on a non-Doppler red-shift mechanism lead to an unlimited and ageless universe. We also explain why quasars appear to be unusual objects and have a large red shift while being physically much closer to us than usually claimed. One can see that their luminosity is about the same as standard galaxies and not as millions of galaxies as believed previously. One can also explain why the luminosity distance relationship observed in galaxies is not observed in quasars. Index Terms - Red shift, quasars, missing mass, cosmology, cosmological constant, Big Bang, dark matter, hydrogen.

NOBODY WOULD ARGUE that human beings appeared out of nothing. We are complex creatures, and could not have arisen 'just by chance' out of a brew of chemicals, even in [...]

The discovery of unevenness in the background radiation at first promised to window theories of the early universe. But the shake-out now seems farther off than ever Contrary to newspaper [...]

The formation of the large-scale structure of the universe as revealed by observations of luminous ancient galaxies depends on the nature of dark matter. After the Big Bang, it is [...]

The universe has walls of fire. No matter where astronomers point their telescopes, they see a distant sheet of light surrounding us. Beyond that enormous shell of radiation, astronomers can [...], A generation after the cosmic microwave background sold physicists on the big bang, ever-sharper views of it are filling in the theoretical details

Anisotropy of the Cosmic Blackbody Radiation TWENTY YEARS AGO AN IMPORTANT AND PREVASIVE COMPONENT of our universe was discovered (1). The cosmic blackbody radiation (CBR) appears to be the remnant, [...]

The Big Bang theory of the formation of the Universe, which has been accepted by scientists for more than 30 years, fails to explain several observed phenomena. The mass of the Universe as predicted by the Big Bang theory is not observed and the mass that is missing in the Universe is very large. The exact volume of Hubble's constant, the rate of inflation and presence of light isotopes also contradict the prediction of the Big Bang theory of the formation of the Universe.