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Rumex vesicarius L. Polygonaceae is a wildly grown plant in Egypt, North Africa, and Asia with wide traditional uses. Several studies reported its biological activities and richness in phytochemicals. This research addresses a comprehensive metabolic profiling of the flowers, leaves, stems, and roots via RP-HPLC-QTOF-MS and MS/MS with chemometrics. A total of 60 metabolites were observed and grouped into phenolic acids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenes, amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids, and sugars. Principal component analysis and hierarchal cluster analysis showed the segregation of different parts. Moreover, the antioxidant capacity was determined via several methods and agreed with the previous results. Additionally, an in silico approach of molecular docking of the predominant bioactive metabolites was employed against two antioxidant targets, NADPH oxidase and human peroxiredoxin 5 enzyme (PDB ID: 2CDU and 1HD2) receptors, alongside ADME predictions. The molecular modelling revealed that most of the approached molecules were specifically binding with the tested enzymes, achieving high binding affinities. The results confirmed that R. vesicarius stems and roots are rich sources of bioactive antioxidant components. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive metabolic profiling of R. vesicarius giving a prospect of its relevance in the development of new naturally based antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild plants are used by many cultures for the treatment of diverse ailments. However, they are formed from mixtures of many wanted and unwanted phytochemicals. Thus, there is a necessity to separate the bioactive compounds responsible for their biological activity. In this study, the chemical composition as well as antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Echinops erinaceus Kit Tan (Asteraceae) were investigated. This led to the isolation and identification of seven compounds, two of which are new (erinaceosin C3 and erinaceol C5), in addition to methyl oleate (C1) and ethyl oleate (C2), loliolide (C4), (E)-p-coumaric acid (C6), and 5,7,3',5'-tetrahydroxy flavanone (C7). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by 1D, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS. The methanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity among the tested extracts and fractions. The n-hexane and EtOAc extracts showed remarkable antimicrobial activity against B. subtilus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans. A cytotoxicity-guided fractionation of the most bioactive chloroform extract resulted in the isolation of bioactive compounds C1/C2, which showed significant cytotoxicity against HCT-116 and CACO2 cell lines (IC50 24.95 and 19.74 µg/mL, respectively), followed by compounds C3 (IC50 82.82 and 76.70 µg/mL) and C5 (IC50 99.09 and 87.27 µg/mL), respectively. The antioxidant activity of the bioactive chloroform fractions was screened. Molecular docking was used to explain the results of the antimicrobial and anticancer activities against five protein targets, including DNA gyrase topoisomerase II, enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase of S. aureus (FabI), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), β-catenin, and human P-glycoprotein (P-gp). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The barks, leaves, fruits, and root of Rhizophora mucronata (R mucronata) have been widely used in traditional and indigenous in Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, and Indonesia for the therapy of inflammation, diarrhoea, angina, dysentery, and haematuria with a long history. The present review aims to achieve up-to-date investigation in ethno-medical uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, distribution, and toxicity of R mucronata particularly its barks, leaves, and fruits based on the literature search from different databases. The literature search from different databases was performed from February 2021 to November 2021 using the pertinent keywords. Approximately, 60 chemical ingredients have been characterised from different parts (eg, leaves, barks, fruits, seeds) of this plant, among these, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, and flavonoids are the major characters and bioactive constituents. The crude extracts and the isolated compounds have demonstrated various in vitro and in vivo pharmacological functions, such as anticancer, anti-inflammation, inhibition of tumour cell proliferation, antimicrobial activity, diuretic effect, antidiabetes, and antiasthma. Various constituents of R mucronata polysaccharides, terpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids are also used to treat anti-HIV activity, angina, haemorrhage, diarrhoea, diabetes, and haematuria. Taken together, R mucronata may be a substantial source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic activity, which explain its traditional and folk values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]