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Studies the effects and interactions of angiotensin II (ANG II) and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in cultured rat's aortic smooth muscle cells. Effects of DNA and protein synthesis; Gene expression of IGF-I, -receptor, IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) -2 and -4; Analysis of endogenous IGFBP-2 and -4 in the conditioned medium.

Physiological arousal is considered a key factor of gambling behavior. Hence, to understand gambling behavior it is important to study the arousal responses during gambling. Moreover, crucial mechanisms of action could be uncovered by detailing the situations that produce an arousal response. A gamble, or bet, can be partitioned into three distinct phases: (a) decision phase, during which the information concerning the gamble is presented, outcomes are appraised, and a decision is made on how to gamble; (b) anticipation phase, during which the result of the gamble is awaited; (c) outcome phase, during which the outcome of the gamble is presented. Previous research on arousal responses to gambling have mostly measured tonic changes in arousal, and when phasic responses have been measured, analyses have generally concentrated on one of the gamble phases. The aim of the present study was to map the arousal responses during gambling in more detail by measuring skin conductance responses (SCRs) during all three gamble phases of a simple card game. The anticipation phase was found to produce the largest arousal response, suggesting anticipation to be a major contributor to arousal during gambling behavior. Risk behavior during the gambling task was mirrored in self‐reported risk taking in everyday life, and risk‐takers displayed smaller SCRs compared to nonrisk‐takers during decision making, suggesting this as a possible biomarker for risk‐taking individuals. Physiological arousal is considered a key factor of gambling behavior. By detailing the situations that produce an arousal response, crucial mechanisms of action could be uncovered. This study mapped the arousal response to gambling in greater detail than previously by partitioning the arousal responses to a simple card game regarding decision making, anticipation of outcome, and outcome. The anticipation phase was found to produce the largest response. Risk behavior during the gambling task was mirrored in self‐reported risk taking in everyday life, and risk‐takers displayed smaller SCRs compared to nonrisk‐takers during decision making, suggesting a possible biomarker for risk‐taking individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physiological arousal is considered a key factor of gambling behavior. Hence, to understand gambling behavior it is important to study the arousal responses during gambling. Moreover, crucial mechanisms of action could be uncovered by detailing the situations that produce an arousal response. A gamble, or bet, can be partitioned into three distinct phases: (a) decision phase, during which the information concerning the gamble is presented, outcomes are appraised, and a decision is made on how to gamble; (b) anticipation phase, during which the result of the gamble is awaited; (c) outcome phase, during which the outcome of the gamble is presented. Previous research on arousal responses to gambling have mostly measured tonic changes in arousal, and when phasic responses have been measured, analyses have generally concentrated on one of the gamble phases. The aim of the present study was to map the arousal responses during gambling in more detail by measuring skin conductance responses (SCRs) during all three gamble phases of a simple card game. The anticipation phase was found to produce the largest arousal response, suggesting anticipation to be a major contributor to arousal during gambling behavior. Risk behavior during the gambling task was mirrored in self‐reported risk taking in everyday life, and risk‐takers displayed smaller SCRs compared to nonrisk‐takers during decision making, suggesting this as a possible biomarker for risk‐taking individuals. Physiological arousal is considered a key factor of gambling behavior. By detailing the situations that produce an arousal response, crucial mechanisms of action could be uncovered. This study mapped the arousal response to gambling in greater detail than previously by partitioning the arousal responses to a simple card game regarding decision making, anticipation of outcome, and outcome. The anticipation phase was found to produce the largest response. Risk behavior during the gambling task was mirrored in self‐reported risk taking in everyday life, and risk‐takers displayed smaller SCRs compared to nonrisk‐takers during decision making, suggesting a possible biomarker for risk‐taking individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]