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This review article comprehensively profiles all literature reports (2015-2018) related to the detrifluoroacetylative in situ generation of fluorine-containing enolates and their reactions with electrophilic reagents. The innovative facets of this unconventional methodology and its synthetic generality for the preparation of fluorine-containing compounds of high medicinal value are highlighted.

The development of synthetic methodology allowing for a strategic incorporation of fluorine into target compounds is in a high demand in many areas of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. In this regard, application of fluorinated chiral sulfinimine reagents, in particularly, N-tert-butylsulfinyl-3,3,3-trifluoroacetaldimine, is one of the most general and practical approaches for preparation of compounds containing pharmacophoric fluoro-amino-keto/hydroxy moieties. This article provides a timely and comprehensive overview of the recent synthetic applications of fluorinated chiral sulfinimine reagents for asymmetric synthesis of fluoro-containing polyfunctional amino-compounds of biological interest. Where it is possible, we emphasize the synthetic versatility and practicality of the reported methods.

Mannich-type addition of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to (SS)-N-tert-butanesulfinyltrifluoroacetaldimine has been carried out under dramatically different conditions. The stereochemical outcome was quite different when the reaction was carried out under solvent-free conditions, at high temperature and without any catalyst or additive, compared with the DBU catalyzed reaction in dichloromethane solution at low temperature. Mechanistic aspects of the reaction under both the conditions are discussed. In this respect, vibrational (VCD) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) experiments proved to be valuable tools for determining the absolute configurations of the reaction products.

A novel approach to regioselectively substituted and stereoselectively α-trifluoromethylated tryptamines is reported based on the ene reaction of Boc-protected 3-methyleneindolines with optically pure (R)- or (S)-tert-butanesulfinyltrifluoroacetaldimine. Boc- and sulfinylamido-protected α-trifluoromethyltryptamines are obtained in 60-70% yield and 85/15 dr by just heating equimolar amounts of the two reaction partners at 80-90 °C for 2-3 h without a solvent. The absolute configuration of the amino α-carbon has been assigned based on the vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectral analysis. The two protecting group can be chemoselectively removed allowing further regio- and stereoselective elaboration of the ene products to various biologically interesting compounds.

Long-range bonding interactions were evaluated using variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy and suitable 2'-CH2X-substituted phenylpyridines (X = Me, NMe2, OMe, F). It was found that the arylpyridyl rotational barriers were lower when electronegative atoms were bound to the α carbon of the 2' moiety. This effect was ascribed to a stabilizing interaction in the transition state due to the lone pair of the heterocyclic nitrogen with the α carbon. Computational support for this hypothesis came from CCSD(T)/6-31+G(d) calculations. Steric effects of the X moiety were ruled out by comparison of the rotational barriers of analogous biphenyls.

Lipases from Candida rugosa , Candida antartica B and Carica papaya are employed as the biocatalyst for the hydrolytic resolution of methyl 2-fluoro-2-arylpropionates in water-saturated isooctane, in which excellent to good enantioselectivity without the formation of byproducts is obtained for the papaya lipase when using ( R , S )-2-fluoronaproxen methyl ester ( 1 ) and methyl ( R , S )-2-fluoro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)propionate ( 2 ), but not methyl ( R , S )-2-fluoro-2-(naphth-1-yl)propionate ( 3 ) as the substrates. The thermodynamic analysis indicates that the enantiomer discrimination for the papaya lipase is driven by the difference in activation enthalpy for compound 1 , 2 or ( R , S )-naproxen methyl ester ( 4 ). The kinetic analysis also demonstrates that in comparison with ( S )- 4 , the insertion of the 2-fluorine moiety in ( R )- 1 has increased k 2 , but not K m , and consequently the lipase activity.

The enzymatic hydrolysis of methyl 2-fluoro-2-arylpropionates was performed using lipases from Candida rugosa and Candida cylindracea (OF-360). A careful analysis of the reaction products revealed that racemic 2-hydroxy-2-arylpropionic acid and traces of 2-arylacrylic acid are formed, in addition to the expected 2-aryl-2-fluoropropionic acid. The presence of powerful electron-releasing groups in the aromatic ring of the substrate increase the amount of 2-hydroxypropionic acid. A mechanistic hypothesis has been formulated according to which the enzyme facilitates the elimination of fluoride ion from the hydrolysed acid with the formation of an α-carboxy-stabilized carbocation which provides 2-hydroxypropionic acids by nucleophilic attack of H2O and 2-arylacrylic acids by a β-elimination process.

Diethyl 2-alkyl-2-hydroxymalonates react with DAST almost exclusively at the ester carbonyl giving a mixture of ethyl 2-(ethoxydifluoromethyl)-2-hydroxyalkanoates, 1,1-bis(ethoxydifluoromethyl)alkan-1-ols when administered at room temperature in dichloromethane. The reaction was exploited in the synthesis of nucleus- and side-chain polyfluorinated indoles. The fluorination of substituted diethyl 2-[(1- tert -butoxycarbonylindol-3-yl)methyl]-2-hydroxymalonates with DAST gave a mixture of ethyl 2-(ethoxydifluoromethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(1- tert -butoxycarbonylindol-3-yl)propionate, diastereomeric 1′- tert -butoxycarbonyl-2′-hydroxy-2,2-diethoxycarbonylspiro(cyclopropane-1,3′-indoline) and only traces of 1,1-bis(ethoxydifluoromethyl)-2-(1- tert -butoxycarbonylindol-3-yl)ethanol. The composition of these mixtures changes depending on the reaction conditions. Regioselectively substituted ethyl 2-hydroxy-2-[(1- tert -butoxycarbonylindol-3-yl)methyl]-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate reacts with DAST at 0 °C in dichloromethane giving satisfactory yields of the corresponding 1-ethoxy-2-[(1- tert -butoxycarbonylindol-3-yl)methyl]-1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropan-2-ols as the exclusive reaction products. In the same reaction conditions, ethyl 3-(1- tert -butoxycarbonylindol-3-yl)-2-hydroxypropionate mainly provides 1′- tert -butoxycarbonyl-2′-hydroxy-2,2-diethoxycarbonylspiro(cyclopropane-1,3′-indoline) together with the “normal” fluorination product ethyl 3-(1-tert-butoxycarbonylindol-3-yl)-2-fluoropropionate. A plausible mechanism of this process is proposed in the following.

The 4th edition of the Fluorine Days held in Bordeaux from 6th to 10th July 2014 showed, as it was previously the case in Perugia (2001 and 2010) and Valencia (2012), that this concept for a conference on fluorine chemistry is very successful. Manfred Schlosser was born on June 12th, 1934 in Ludwigshafen am Rhein (Germany). After his chemistry studies, and, to some extent, medicine at the prestigious University of Heidelberg between 1952 and 1957, he was awarded ‘‘Diplom-Chemiker’’ (comparable with M.Sc.). In 1957 he started then his Ph.D. work under the supervision of the famous Nobel Prize laureate Georg Wittig and received in May 1960 his doctor degree ‘‘Doctor rerum naturarum’’ (comparable with Ph.D.). He spent then 1 year (from May 1962 to April 1963) in Brussels (Belgium) where he was appointed as a Research Fellow at the European Research Associates, sponsored by the Union Carbide Co. On August 1966 he was then awarded ‘‘Doctor habilitus’’ (coupled with the conferment of the ‘‘venia legendi’’) from the University of Heidelberg. After his habilitation, Prof. Schlosser accepted a position as ‘‘Oberarzt’’ (Senior Physician) at the Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine, where he was group leader at the German Cancer Research Center. He was at the same time a ‘‘Privatdozent’’ (Assistant Professor) at the Heidelberg Faculty of Science before

The enzymatic kinetic resolution of (±)-4-acetoxy[2.2]paracyclophane by Candida cylindracea lipase was investigated in water and in a two-phase aqueous organic system. The (+)-(R)-4-hydroxy- and (+)-(S)-4-acetoxy[2.2]-paracyclophanes were isolated in excellent yields and high enantiomeric excesses. The resolution was carried out on multi-gram scale in hexane-water at 40° C.

A survey of some recent synthetic approaches to regioselectively fluorinated six member condensed homo- and heteropolycyclic aromatic compounds by complementary cyclization methods is reported.

Accepted Manuscript version. The Published Journal Article is available on the Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 1232, pages 128–133 (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.090). Supplementary Material available free of charge on the article webpage. © 2011. This Manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ABSTRACT Enantioselective high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a detection system based on the simultaneous measurement of UV absorption and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) allows a complete stereochemical characterization of chiral compounds, once the relationship between sign of the chiroptical properties and absolute configuration is determined. In the present communication, the development of enantioselective HPLC methods for the resolution of a series of fluorinated 2-phenanthrenylpropionic acids (1-6) is reported. Different chiral stationary phases (CSPs) were tested: Chiralcel® OJ, Chiralcel® OD, Chiralpak® AD, (S,S)-Whelk-O® 1, Chirobiotic™ T and α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). The results allow the application of the methods to a reliable determination of the enantiomeric excess for all the examined compounds; the highest enantioselectivity values were obtained with the Hibar® [(S,S)-Whelk-O® 1] column for some of the examined compounds. In the case of rac-2-(6-fluorophenanthren-1-yl)propionic acid (1), the relationship between circular dichroism and absolute configuration of the enantiomeric fractions was determined by ECD analysis and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. The experimental ECD spectrum of the second-eluted fraction of 1 on the Hibar® [(S,S)-Whelk-O® 1] column was found to be in excellent agreement with the theoretical ECD spectrum of (S)-1; therefore, the absolute configuration of the first- and second-eluted enantiomers on the (S,S)-Whelk-O® 1 CSP was assessed as (R) and (S), respectively, and the elution orders of the enantiomeric forms of 1 were determined on all the different CSPs.

The free energies of activation for the aryl-aryl rotation of 17 biphenyl derivatives, bearing a heavy heteroatom (S, Se, Te, P, Si, Sn) as ortho substituent, have been measured by variable temperature NMR. These numbers, so called B values, represent a meaningful measure of the steric hindrance exerted by the selected substituents. DFT computations match quite satisfactorily the experimental barriers and the ground state geometries as well (determined, in two cases, by X-ray diffraction). The present values extend the available list of B values and thus provide an enlarged basis for the compilation of the space requirements of standard substituents, based solely on experimental determinations.

Silyloxycyclopropanes are easily oxidized by ceric ammonium nitrate to generate β-carbonylalkyl radicals which are able to add to 1,3-butadiene to give a mixture of 4-(γ-carbonylalkyl)-substituted 3-nitroxy-1-butenes and 4-(γ-carbonylalkyl) substituted (E)-1-nitroxy-2-butenes (1,2- and 1,4-adducts) in ca. 1:1 molar ratio. The crude mixture, subjected to palladium-catalyzed alkylation by a variety of carbon nucleophiles, affords mainly δ,g3-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with high regio- and stereoselectivity and in satisfactory overall yield.

Trimethylsilyl dienol ethers are easily oxidized by ceric ammonium nitrate to give α-carbonylallyl radicals which are able to add to enolic carbon-carbon double bonds with very high γ regioselectivity, allowing the method to be applied to the synthesis of 6-oxo-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.

The size of a series of typical substituents has been probed by dynamic NMR measurements of the barriers to aryl-aryl rotation of the corresponding biphenyls. The resulting B values are meaningful because only mono-ortho substituted compounds were investigated and thus the results are not compromised by the non-additivity of multiple steric effects. On the basis of the chosen model system ethynyl and cyano groups were found to be slightly smaller than a phenyl ring. In contrast, vinyl and, in particular, formyl groups proved to be larger than phenyl. The latter difference is due to the loss of conjugation forces at the planar transition state. Alpha-Hydroxyhexafluoroisopropyl is slightly more bulky than tert-butyl. Pentafluorophenyl and trifluoromethoxy exhibit nearly the same effective size as phenyl and methoxy, respectively. Trifluoromethyl is somewhat smaller than isopropyl.

The role of stereoelectronic effects in the side-chain bromination of alkylaromatics has been assessed by a product study of the reactions of p-ethyltoluene, p-neopentyltoluene, 5,6-dimethylindane and 2,2,5,6-tetramethylindane with NBS in CCl4

1-Oxa-2,3-cyclohexadiene (I) can be readily generated by treatment of 5-bromo-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran with potassium tert-butoxide in the presence of 18-crown-6 and can be trapped with dienes or olefins. Thus, the treatment of I with furan gave 50% yield of Diels-Alder adduct II, whereas with 1,1-diphenylethylene I gave 43% of the [2+2]cycloadduct III. The remarkable regio- and stereoselectivities with which [4+2] and [2+2] adducts are formed suggests a concerted, non-radical cycloaddn. mechanism. [on SciFinder (R)]

Regioselectively fluoro-, trifluoromethyl- and trifluoromethoxy-substituted 3-methyleneindolines have been prepared using a four-step procedure involving metalation/bromination of fluorinated Boc-protected anilines, N -propargylation of the resulting o -bromoarylcarbamate and reductive radical cyclization of the product with tributyltin hydride/AIBN. 3-Methyleneindolines, as valuable, versatile intermediates, can be transformed into highly functionalized 3-substituted indoles by ene-type reactions using different enophiles. Thus, fluoro-, trifluoromethyl- and trifluoromethoxy-substituted diethyl 2-hydroxy-2-[(1 H -indol-3-yl)methyl]malonates, ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-(1 H -indol-3-yl)propionates and ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-(1 H -indol-3-yl)-2-trifluormethylpropionates were obtained in 77–86% yield by simply heating the corresponding tert -butyl 3-methyleneindoline-1-carboxylate with an equimolar amount of diethyl ketomalonate, ethyl glyoxalate and ethyl 3,3,3-trifluoropyruvate, respectively, at 100 °C, without solvent, for 0.5–4 h.

( S )-2-Pyridyl-imino-[2.2]paracyclophane ligands 1 and 2 were synthesized by a condensation reaction of 2-COR-C 5 H 4 N ( 1 : R = H; 2 : R = Me) with enantiopure (−)- S -amino-[2.2]-paracyclophane. The reactions of 1 and 2 with [Ru(η 6 -cymene)Cl(μ-Cl)] 2 afforded complexes [Ru(η 6 -cymene)Cl(N,N)]X ( 3 : N,N = 1 ; 4 : N,N = 2 ; X - = BPh 4 - , PF 6 - , BF 4 - ) that were completely characterized in solution. For 4 PF 6 the solid state structure was determined by X-ray single-crystal diffractometric studies. Two diastereoisomers [( S Ru , S L ) and ( R Ru , S L )] were obtained in solution due to the presence of the planar chirality of paracyclophane (L) and the central chirality on ruthenium. 1 H-NOESY NMR experiments were used to determine the chirality of the metal center and, consequently, to identify ( S Ru , S L ) and ( R Ru , S L ) diastereoisomers. The cymene orientation, obtained by intramolecular 1 H-NOESY NMR investigations, and the relative anion–cation position, determined by interionic 1 H-NOESY or 19 F, 1 H-HOESY NMR studies, depended on the nature of the diastereoisomer.

Regioisomerically pure trifluoromethyl- and trifluoromethoxy-substituted aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes and carboxylic acids are valuable building blocks for the synthesis of biologically active molecules. They have been prepared by employing modern organometallic methods. On this basis, a novel access to 2,3-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)indole was developed which represents an intriguing example of how organometallic and radical chemistry can fecundate each other.

The use of dielec. measurements to assign mol. configurations was examd. with model compds. of the chloroalkane, chloroalkene and chlorocumulene type. A dielec. microcell is described which allowed measurements of 0.35 mL samples under exclusion of air. Both benzene and cyclohexane were used as solvents. Different theories of dielec. const. are compared to evaluate dipole moments. Dipole moments are analyzed in terms of bond moments. The results can be summarized as follows: (i) dielec. measurements are feasible up to 1 M solns. without substantial deviation from linearity; (ii) in general, the dipole moments found in both solvents are similar; the arom. solvent, however, causes a substantial decrease of the values obtained for chloroalkenes with two bulky substituents at the double bonds; (iii) the (E) isomers of chloroalkenes exhibit significantly higher dipole moments than the corresponding (Z) isomers; (iv) isomers of nonchlorinated alkenes of cumulenes with dipole moments below 0.6 D cannot be discriminated dielec.; (v) on the other hand, if the dipole moments of the compds. exceed 1 D, configurations can be assigned unambiguously on the basis of dielec. data even in cases where other approaches fail. [on SciFinder (R)]

CAN promoted oxidative cyclization of dimethyl 4-pentenylmalonate has been investigated in MeOH and in AcOH. The product distribution and the regioselectivity of the reaction (5-exo/6-endo ratio) appear to be very sensitive to the reaction conditions as well as the presence and the nature of copper salts, which can also be exploited from the synthetic point of view.

Les β-eliminations syn et anti a partir d'une serie de 31 dihalogeno-2,3 dihydro-2,3 benzofurannes sont etudiees du point de vue cinetique dans t-BuOK-t-BuOH, en presence et en l'absence de 18-crown-6, et dans EtOK-EtOH

Unsymmetrical 1,4-diketones are prepared in good yields (60–80%) by cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate oxidative cross-coupling between 1,2-disubstituted and 1-substituted trimethylsilyl enol ethers.

Aromatic compounds undergo homolytic malonylation by reaction with cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate and dimethyl malonate in methanol at room temperature.

1,4-diketones and 4-ketoaldehydes dimethylacetals can be prepared in good yields (65%–82%) by the cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate promoted reaction of ketones with isopropenyl acetate and vinyl acetate, respectively.