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The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of low-intensity resistance training on knee extension strength with respect to intensity, frequency, duration and training site in community-dwelling older adults.A literature search was conducted for articles published up to December 2018 on PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), OTseeker and Ichushi-Web. Randomized controlled trials involving resistance training with60 % one repetition maximum (1RM) in community-dwelling older adults aged 60 years and older were eligible.In total, 7 studies involving 275 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed significant improvements in knee extension strength with low-intensity resistance training [standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.62, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.32 to 0.91]. In subgroup analyses, significant improvements were observed in the group with intensity at 50-60 % 1RM (0.83, 0.46 to 1.19), but not in the group at 40 % or less 1RM (0.30, 95%CI: -0.08 to 0.68). Concerning frequency, there were significant improvements in knee strength for those receiving training three times (0.90, 0.52 to 1.27) and two times (0.36, 0.03 to 0.69) per week, with a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.04).Low-intensity resistance training should be considered as an effective intervention to improve knee extension strength in community-dwelling older adults. Older adults may show more improvement in knee extension strength if intensity of the training is set at 50-60 % 1RM and frequency of training is three times per week.

Two arylsulfatase-producing streptomycetes that desulfated etoposide 4'-sulfate were isolated from soil samples. Taxonomical study identified one soil isolate as Streptomyces griseorubiginosus S980-14 (Es-1 arylsulfatase producer), while the other was considered new and tentatively designated Streptomyces sp. T109-3 (Es-2 arylsulfatase producer). Both strains produced extracellular arylsulfatase activities, provided that cultivation media were prepared with distilled water. Unlike the two known types of arylsulfatases, which had significant activity on p-nitrophenyl sulfate but none on etoposide 4'-sulfate, the crude streptomycete arylsulfatases efficiently desulfated etoposide 4'-sulfate and p-nitrophenyl sulfate, which supports the establishment of a new type of arylsulfatases.

A total synthesis of 6,7-dihydroeponemycin 2 was achieved via the epoxide intermediate 8a . Unresolved absolute configuration of the epoxide ring in 2 and eponemycin 1 was determined to be 2 R by application of the asymmetric Sharpless epoxidation of 9 .

Controlled crisscross annulation was applied to the synthesis of (±)-dihydrodesoxyotonecine, a degradation product of secopyrrolizidine alkaloids.

The synthesis of the nuclei of pyrrolizidine and indolizidine could be readily achieved by use of the one pot reaction named as “crisscross annulation”, which was extended to the synthesis of (±)-heliotridane ( 16 ) and (±)-nuphar indolizidine ( 20 ), a minor component of dried scent glands of the Canadian beaver.

Phoracantholide I, having a ten-membered lactone, was synthesized through a new synthetic method which includes a cyclic acetylenic oxy-Cope rearrangement and ring-expansion by the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of a nine-membered ketone.

A synthesis of 9a-hydroxy-5,8-dideoxomitosanes was accomplished by the transannular cyclization of hydro-1-benzazocinone intermediates derived from 3-(2,5-dioxo-1-methylcyclopentyl)-6-methyl-p-phenylenediamine derivatives. These mitosanes were led to the 8-membered ring system by an oxidative ring-opening reaction.

(±)-Tryptoquivaline G was formally synthesized through shortened steps from tryptophan, in which oxidation with thallium(III) trinitrate(TTN) was effected at the crucial stage. The present work also constitutes the first synthesis of oxindole lactones carrying 2-alkyl quinazolinones.