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A practical and environment-friendly methodology for the construction of β-keto sulfones through visible-light induced direct oxysulfonylation of alkenes with sulfonic acids at ambient temperature under open-air conditions was developed. Most importantly, the reaction proceeded smoothly without the addition of any photocatalyst or strong oxidant, ultimately minimizing the production of chemical waste.

Polyphenols are major functional components of the medicinal mushroom Inonotus obliquus . Compared with the wide application of surfactants in medicinal mushroom polysaccharide production, using surfactants to enhance mushroom polyphenol production and antioxidant activity is a relatively new approach. For the first time, in the present study, we evaluated the effect of Tween-20 on the growth-associated generation of different compositions and antioxidant activity expression of exo-polyphenol product (EPC) and endo-polyphenol product (IPC) of liquid cultured I. obliquus . The IC 50 values against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals of EA-EPC, NB-EPC, and IPC from the Tween-20 (5.0 g/l on Day 1) adding medium were between 40 and 47 mg/l, significantly ( p i.e., ferulic acid and gallic acid, and flavonoids, i.e., epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and naringin, were the main components in EPC and IPC analyzed by HPLC. The production of ferulic acid, ECG, EGCG, and naringin was significantly increased by 106.0%, 157.7%, 37.3%, 75.2% in EA-EPC, 372.9%, 133.7%, 117.3%, 19.4% in NB-EPC, and 10.4%, 102.7%, 57.7%, 322.2% in IPC. The antioxidant activity expression of EA-EPC, NB-EPC, and IPC from both the control and Tween-20 media was highly correlated with the growth-associated generation of these flavonoids during fermentation. The significantly higher antioxidant activity of EPC and IPC from the Tween-20 medium compared with the control was also attributed to the higher content of the flavonoids. The strategy of supplementation of surfactants has the potential for other medicinal mushroom fermentation processes to enhance the production of highly bioactive flavonoids.

Polysaccharides and polyphenols are important secondary metabolites from the medicinal mushroom Inonotus obliquus. The objectives of this work were to investigate the ability of I. obliquus under submerged fermentation for the peanut shell biomass degradation and for the simultaneous enhancement of production and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides and polyphenols. Approximate 66.2%, 67.6%, and 70.2% of the initial cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the peanut shells were degraded after 12 days of fermentation. The lignocellulose degradation showed a stimulatory effect on mycelial yield, production and antioxidant activity of extra- and intra-cellular polysaccharides and polyphenols. Highly active polyphenols such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate, epicatechin-3-gallate, phelligridin G, davallialactone, and inoscavin B were generated in larger amounts and phenolic acids such as gallic acid and ferulic acid were decreased dramatically by the lignocellulose degradation.