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Copyright of Rudarsko-Geolosko-Naftni Zbornik is the property of Faculty of Mining, Geology & Petroleum Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To produce biodiesel, one of the most important factors is the quality of the oil used in the production. However, other factors such as price and availability should also be taken into consideration. Chicken wastes oil shows a very promising option for this sector, since it comes from a waste. The aim of the present study was a methodology for extraction and characterization of chicken wastes oil for production of biodiesel by ethylic transesterification, besides presenting the characterization and optimization of the process variables of the production of biodiesel, the applying of RSM involving CCD. The investigation was performed following evaluation of the characterization parameters for the oil: viscosity, density, acidity index, moisture of the sample, refractive index, and saponification index. For biodiesel, viscosity, density, acidity index and ester content were evaluated. An optimum point was reached for the production of chicken biodiesel where the concentration of the catalyst is 2.1% by mass, the oil/ethanol ratio is 1:5.5 and the reaction temperature of 30 °C; at that point, a 95% conversion was achieved. At the optimum point obtained from the statistical technique for a p-value of 0.05 the results found for the physical-chemical characterization of biodiesel are found in the ANP standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is include combustion analyzes and engine characteristics of sunflower oil methyl ester biodiesel and its diesel blends. Experimental studies were performed on a single cylinder diesel engine. Numerical operation was performed in ESE-Diesel part of AVL-FIRE software. When the results are examined, maximum engine torque for mixed fuels has obtained in 10% sunflower oil methyl ester-90% diesel (SOME10) study. Maximum cylinder pressure in all test fuels has obtained at 30% sunflower oil methyl ester-70% diesel (SOME30). With the increase in biodiesel ratio in the mixture, while NOx emissions increased, CO and HC emissions decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is the first alternative fuel the physicochemical properties of which are regulated by appropriate standards: American ASTM D 6751 and European standard EN 14214. The process of biodiesel production consists of three main phases: 1) preparation of feedstock, 2) transesterification, and 3) processing of the reaction product - purification of crude biodiesel to meet the specification provided by the previously mentioned standards. The purification process of crude biodiesel is usually carried out by two notable techniques: wet and dry washing. The most commonly used process is wet washing. A major drawback in the use of water in purification process is the generation of a large amount of wastewater that greatly increases biodiesel production costs, followed by drying of the product, which requires an additional amount of energy and is time consuming. The greatest disadvantage of dry washing using different ion-exchange resins is the inability to remove glycerol and methanol from crude biodiesel to those limits prescribed by EN 14214, followed by the disposal problem of spent ion-exchange resins. Because of the aforementioned, the use of membrane technology in the process of biodiesel purification has appeared as an alternative for the existing purification techniques. The membrane filtration is environmentally friendly and requires less energy. By membrane filtration, the glycerol, methanol, and water contents in biodiesel can be decreased to the amounts prescribed by the standards. In the frame of this review article, the short overview of the possibility of using ultra- and/or micro-filtration in the purification process of biodiesel is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaline transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats (apolar substances) with a short-chain alcohol (polar substance) is the best-known chemical route for biodiesel production. However, because they are substances of different polarities, there is a need to promote contact between the phases. Biodiesel was produced from soybean oil, methanol, potassium hydroxide, and surfactants DBB 7104 and DBB 7107. In this paper we verify whether it is better to use surfactant DBB 7104 or DBB 7107, and if there is an optimum experimental condition for the surfactant. The yield in biodiesel was verified for different production conditions on a bench scale. From a fractional experimental plan (26-2), with a variation of temperature, time, methanol-to-oil mole ratio, weight of surfactant, type of surfactant and weight of catalyst, it was possible to perform a multivariate analysis of the process. The most influential variables in the response were the temperature and the weight of the catalyst. Surfactant DBB 7107 was considered better than the surfactant DBB 7104. The optimal conditions were 0.7% w/w of the surfactant DBB 7107, 1 g of KOH, 30 min, methanol to oil mole ratio of 6:1 and temperature equal to 33.5 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of biodiesel esters by transesterification of corn and sunflower oil with methanol has been analyzed using 1,3-bis (isopropylamino)-propan-2-ol catalyst in 15-45mT magnetic field, at 65°C temperature and 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil. Experiments were carried out in three-neck round-bottom flask which is placed in magnetic field produced by electromagnets and equipped with a thermometer, a mixer and a dropping funnel. The yield of the biodiesel ester was 95-97% (by mass) and the duration of the process was 4.5 times shorter with magnetic field when the catalyst is used at 3% by weight relative to oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is an eco-friendly alternative diesel fuel prepared from domestic renewable resources i.e. vegetable oils and animal fats. In this process, biodiesel is produced by transesterification of triglycerides present in animal fat or vegetable oils, by displacing glycerine with a low molar mass alcohol using homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis. The resulting ester, after mixing with diesel fuels, has physicochemical properties similar to those of conventional fuels. In this work, the batch process of biodiesel production has been studied using tallow fat as raw material with methanol and a heterogeneous catalyst. The quality of the produced biodiesel was evaluated by the determination of important properties, such as viscosity, flash point, cetane number, oxidation stability, glycerine content, acid value, etc. The produced biodiesel was found to demonstrate fuel properties within the ranges recommended by the ASTM D6751. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chemical Industry / Hemijska Industrija is the property of Association of Chemical Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The viscosities of biodiesels of soybean and rapeseed biodiesels blended with mineral diesel fuel were measured at pressures of up to 200 MPa. Using a falling sinker-type viscometer, reproducible viscosity data were obtained based on the time taken for a sinker to descend a fixed distance down an enclosed tube under the influence of gravity. Measurements were taken using pressures corresponding to those of interest in automotive common rail diesel engines, and at temperatures between 25 and 80 °C. In all cases, the viscosity of the biodiesel blends were found to increase exponentially for which the blends were noted as being more viscous than pure mineral fuels. A pressure-freezing effect was not observed for the blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy costs are the key characteristic of any industrial plant, so that adequate importance should be given to the heat balances calculations at its design stage. The precondition for corresponding calculations is the knowledge of heat properties of reaction system components. To that end, this paper presents data on the heat capacities of vegetable oils and biodiesel. Particular importance has been given to the biodiesel components data, which are fully presented here for the first time. The heat of transesterification reaction calculation is presented here for the first time as well. The heat balances of separate production process phases are delineated. The advances in production technologies and process unit development are also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transesterification of vegetable oils or fats in the conventional industrial process of biodiesel production results in the mixture of products, which requires particular treatment procedures. In this part of the paper, first the property of the reaction product phases then the characteristics of the separation process are delineated. The kinetics of the transesterification is briefly presented afterwards. Particular emphasis is given to the yield calculations for various vegetable oils. The basics of mass balances calculations of the entire process including reaction components and the products of two-stage transesterification are presented, including biodiesel and by-products purification system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common industrial process of biodiesel production is a sequence of particular unit operations starting with raw material preparation, followed by transesterification reaction stage and ending with reaction mixture separation and treatment. The main product is biodiesel of prescribed quality while the treatment of glycerol and salt containing phase is carried out so that the by-products obtained maximize profitability of the entire undertaking. The biodiesel production process is often analysed by people of various profiles without proper engineering backgrounds, so that qualitative descriptions are prevailing in the literature. Opposite to that approach, promoted in this paper are the chemical engineering aspects of biodiesel production technology. That approach has not attracted adequate attention so far despite the eminently chemical engineering nature rather than the chemical nature of that process. This will be elaborated in a three-part series. In this, the first one, the necessity of replacing fossil fules with renewable fuels is explained and the biodiesel production put into that context. In particular, the characteristics of industrial biodiesel production are delineated along with the physical and chemical characteristics of homogeneously catalysed transesterification. The systematic approach to the scale-up procedure is described as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chemical Industry / Hemijska Industrija is the property of Association of Chemical Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chemical Industry / Hemijska Industrija is the property of Association of Chemical Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The growing demand of freight transportation and passenger cars has led to air pollution, green house gas emissions (especially CO2) and fuel supply concerns. Research has been carried out on biodiesel which is shown to generate lower emissions. However, the amount of emissions generated is not well understood which entails more vigorous data collection and development of emissions models. A comprehensive data collection plan was developed and emissions (NOx, HC, CO, CO2 and PM10) from biodiesel fueled transit buses were collected using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). Linear models were developed and tested for each emission. However, the models could not capture the emissions spikes well resulting in very low R values. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) based models were then employed on this data because of their ability to handle nonlinearity and not requiring assumptions on the input data as needed by statistical models. Sensitivity analysis was performed on the input parameters, number of hidden layers, learning rate and learning algorithm to arrive at an optimum ANN architecture. he optimal architecture for this study was found to be two hidden layers with 50 hidden nodes for each of NOx, HC, CO, and PM and one hidden layer for CO2. he emissions were predicted using best-performance ANN models for each emission. Scater-plots of observed versus predicted values showed R of 0.96, 0.94, 0.82, 0.98 and 0.78 for NOx, HC, CO, CO2 and PM emissions, respectively. Histogram on prediction error showed low frequency for large errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, local vegetable oil named as Ricinus Communis (RC) is used as the raw material for the production of biodiesel. In order to obtain RC oil, Soxhalet Extraction apparatus was used. This paper deals with the transesterification of Ricinus Communis oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. Moreover, this study analysis the fuel properties of RC biodiesel and soybean biodiesel blends. Various properties of the RC biodiesel, Soybean biodiesel and their blends such as the cold filter plugging point (CFPP), cetane number, flash point, kinematic viscosity and density were determined. Test results were compared well with European biodiesel standards EN 14214. Analysis showed that the cetane number and the cold flow behavior of the RC biodiesel and soybean biodiesel blends were improved due to the high cetane number (80) and the low cold filter plugging point (-35 °C) of RC biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapeseed seeds contain 40-48% of oil. Introduction of rapeseed into the field crop production means a switch from excess cereal production to a new industrial and energy crop. Rapeseed matures and becomes ready for harvest early, leaving ample time for quality soil preparation for the subsequent crop. Also, it leaves field free of weeds. These features make rapeseed a desirable component of crop rotation. Combustion of plant oils releases large amounts of energy. Biodiesel obtained from plant oils substitutes the liquid fossil fuels, and it is ecologically more acceptable than the fossil diesel fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The place and the part of sustainable energy sources with particular review on biodiesel were shown in this paper. The agricultural production has a particular importance. It can be expected that agricultural production will be included in the important energy suppliers by means of biomass energy. The large resources of firm biomass can be mobile in her as well as raw material for liquid and gas energetic production. This has got large importance because this energetic doesn't demand great investment in development and consuming modification and production technology is not complicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]