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According to the literature, there is in lack of a comprehensive study to compare the combustion, performance and emissions of a diesel engine using diesel, biodiesel and ethanol fuels (DBE) in the blended mode and fumigation mode under various engine speeds. This study was conducted to fill this knowledge gap by comparing the effect of blended, fumigation and combined fumigation + blended (F + B) modes on the combustion, performance and emissions of a diesel engine under a constant engine load (50% of full torque) with five engine speeds ranging from 1400 rpm to 2200 rpm. A constant overall fuel composition of 80% diesel, 5% biodiesel and 15% ethanol, by volume % (D80B5E15), was utilized to provide the same fuel for comparing the three fueling modes. According to the average results of five engine speeds, the blended mode has higher peak heat release rate (HRR), ignition delay (ID), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific nitrogen monoxide (BSNO) and brake specific nitrogen oxides (BSNO X), but lower duration of combustion (DOC), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake specific carbon dioxide (BSCO 2), brake specific carbon monoxide (BSCO), brake specific hydrocarbon (BSHC), brake specific nitrogen dioxide (BSNO 2), brake specific particulate matter (BSPM), total number concentration (TNC) and geometric mean diameter (GMD), and similar peak in-cylinder pressure compared to the fumigation mode. In addition, for almost all the parameters, results obtained in the F + B mode are in between those of the blended and fumigation modes. In regard to the effect of engine speed, the results reveal that the increase in engine speed causes reduction in peak in-cylinder pressure, BTE, BSHC, BSNO X , BSNO and BSNO 2 , but increase in peak HRR, ID, DOC, BSFC, BSCO 2 , BSPM and TNC, and similar BSCO and GMD for almost all the tested fueling modes. It can be inferred that the blended mode is the suitable fueling mode, compared with the fumigation mode, under the operating conditions investigated in this study. • Blended and fumigation modes are compared at various diesel engine speeds. • D80B5E15 was used as a fuel for both blended and fumigation modes. • Blended mode is the suitable fueling mode. • Fumigation mode shows the worst engine performance and emissions. • Fumigation + blended mode has effects in between the fumigation and blended modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Diesel PM has total carbon (85.8%), ions (1.9%) and metals and elements (0.7%). • D80B5E15 fuel in blended or fumigation mode changes the PM chemical properties. • Blended mode can has positive effect on diesel particulate filter (DPF) efficiency. • Fumigation mode has lesser effect than blended mode on DPF efficiency. • Fumigation + blended mode has impacts in between the fumigation and blended modes. This experimental study aims to investigate the effects of different fueling modes, including diesel, blended, fumigation and fumigation + blended (F + B) modes, on the chemical properties and composition of particulate matter (PM) of a diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel-ethanol fuel (D80B5E15, volume %) under four operating conditions. It is found that the use of DBE has different effects on the chemical properties and composition of PM in the blended mode or the fumigation mode. The blended mode has higher organic carbon (OC)/total carbon (TC) ratio, but lower TC, OC, elemental carbon (EC), EC/TC ratio, water-soluble organic carbon, inorganic ions, metals and elements compared to those of the fumigation mode. For the PM composition, the diesel mode has the highest ratios of TC (85.8%), EC (47.6%) and inorganic ions (1.9%) and the lowest ratios of OC (38.2%), metals and elements (0.7%) and unknown species (11.6%). In contrast, the lowest ratios of TC (80.4%), EC (28.0%) and inorganic ions (1.6%) and the highest ratios of OC (52.4%) and unknown species (16.7%) are found for the blended mode. The highest metals and elements ratio (1.4%) is found in the fumigation mode. The F + B mode has the impacts between those of the fumigation and blended modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the influence of renewable fuels, including three kinds of biodiesel along with ethanol on the physical properties and structural characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emitted from a diesel engine in comparison with pure diesel. After adding 10 vol% of grape seed biodiesel, coffee biodiesel and eucalyptus oil into diesel, three biodiesel blended fuels (10% grape seed biodiesel (DGs10), 10% spent coffee ground biodiesel (DC10) and eucalyptus oil biodiesel (DEu10)) were produced and tested in this study. Besides, one ethanol blend containing 9 vol% of ethanol and 1 vol% of biodiesel (blend stabilizer) was also tested to do the comparison. In the present study, scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed for analyzing the microstructure, nanostructure and electron diffraction pattern of PM. Raman spectrometer (RS) was also used for the analysis of structural characterization of PM. In addition, several experimental instruments like microbalance, measuring cup, viscometer, oxygen bomb calorimeter and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) were employed to detect the fuel properties, including density, heating value, viscosity, composition and cetane number. A conclusion can be drawn that both biodiesel blends and ethanol blend have a changing effect on the PM properties compared to pure diesel, where biodiesel blends have a slightly weaker influence than ethanol blend. Regarding the biodiesel blends, DGs10 has more impact than DC10 and DEu10 in changes of PM properties, particularly in the reduction of PM mass, making it a good candidate for renewable fuel for diesel engines. [Display omitted] • Analyzing physical properties and structural characteristics of particle matter (PM). • Examining PM of diesel engine fueled with diesel, three biodiesel blends and ethanol. • Biodiesel and ethanol can impact the environment and human health through PM changes. • Ethanol blend has more influence than biodiesel blends on the PM properties changes. • DGs10 has more influence than DC10 and DEu10 on the PM properties changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental study is conducted to investigate the combustion, performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with different alternative fuels under five engine loads and at an engine speed of 1800 rpm. Seven fuels, including diesel (D), waste cooking oil biodiesel (B), methanol (M), ethanol (E), 2-propanol (Pr), n-butanol (Bu) and n-pentanol (Pe)) were used to produce six blended fuels, labelled as DB, DBM, DBE, DBPr, DBBu and DBPe. Each blended fuel has the same oxygen content of 5.0% and very close carbon and hydrogen contents and LHV. According to the average results of five loads, the blended fuels in general cause to (a) increases in peak HRR (except DB), ignition delay (except DB), COV IMEP (except DBM), COV Max(dP/dθ) (except DB and DBM) and BSFC; (b) slight decrease in duration of combustion (except DB); and (c) similar peak in-cylinder pressure and BTE (except DBM and DBBu) compared to diesel fuel. Moreover, all the blended fuels lead to reductions in CO 2 (except DB), CO, HC, NO X (except DB), PM, total number concentration (except DBPr) and geometric mean diameter, compared to diesel fuel. Overall, DBM shows the highest BTE, the lowest BSFC, and the lowest CO 2 , CO, HC, PM, NO X (after DBPr), COV IMEP and COV Max(dP/dθ) (after DB), while DB has the lowest influence, among all the tested blended fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the impact of various alternative fuels, including biodiesel, methanol, ethanol, butanol and pentanol, on the micro and nano-structures, volatility and oxidation reactivity of particulate matter (PM) from a 4-cylinder compression ignition engine under low (10%) and high (80%) engine loads at a constant engine speed of 1800 rpm. Four alcohols were mixed with diesel and biodiesel to obtain ternary fuels. The overall oxygen concentration of each ternary fuel was fixed at 6% by mass for establishing the same condition for comparing. In addition to the ternary fuels, pure biodiesel was also compared with diesel fuel. The results of the micro and nano-structures characteristics obtained from a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) reveal that the alternative fuels can disorder the PM micro and nano-structures, and also the particles produced by these fuels have lower primary particle diameter, particle agglomerate size and fringe length, however, higher fringe tortuosity and almost equal (insignificant rise) fringe separation distance compared to those produced by diesel fuel. The results obtained from a Thermogravimetric Analyzer/Differential Scanning Calorimeter (TGA/DSC) show that both biodiesel and alcohols have the potential to increase in PM volatile substances and oxidation reactivity rate, and decrease in PM non-volatile substances in comparison with those of diesel fuel. It is concluded that the pure biodiesel has the highest impact on the PM structure, volatility and oxidation reactivity among all the tested alternative fuels, while methanol has the highest impact on these parameters among all the tested alcohol fuels. • PM structure, volatility and oxidation reactivity of diesel engine were analyzed. • Diesel, biodiesel, methanol, ethanol, butanol and pentanol fuels were tested. • Biodiesel has the highest PM volatility, oxidation reactivity and fringe tortuosity. • Biodiesel has the lowest non-volatile substances, particle size and fringe length. • After biodiesel, methanol blend has the highest effect on the PM parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experimental study aims to examine the impacts of various fueling modes of operation on the particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes (C16–C30), and volatility and oxidation reactivity of particulate matter (PM) emitted from a diesel engine fueled with a ternary fuel (80% diesel, 5% biodiesel and 15% ethanol (D80B5E15, volume %)) under four engine operating conditions. Four fueling modes, including diesel, blended, fumigation and combined fumigation + blended (F + B) modes were tested using pure diesel fuel for diesel mode and a constant fuel content of D80B5E15 for the blended, fumigation and F + B modes to create the same condition for comparing their impacts on the parameters investigated. The average results illustrate that both blended and fumigation modes can reduce the PAHs (−78.4% and −31.3%), benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (−81.7% and −38.9%), n-alkanes (−46.5% and −21.5%) and non-volatile substance fraction (−25.1% and −11.1%), but increase the high-volatile substance fraction (12.8% and 6.9%) and oxidation reactivity rate (34.0% and 4.9%), respectively compared to those of the diesel mode. While the effect of the blended mode on the parameters investigated is stronger than the fumigation mode. And the F + B mode has the effects in between the results of the blended and fumigation modes. Image 1 • PAHs, n-Alkanes and oxidation reactivity of PM of diesel engine were analyzed. • Diesel, blended, fumigation and F + B (fumigation + blended) modes were tested. • Diesel-biodiesel-ethanol in blended mode is more effective than in fumigation mode. • Blended mode has the lowest PAHs and n-Alkanes and highest oxidation reactivity. • Blended mode is suitable in diesel engines for environmental and health protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Physical properties of particulate matter (PM) from a diesel engine are analyzed. • Diesel, fumigation (F), blended (B) and F + B modes are compared. • Diesel-biodiesel-ethanol was used as a fuel for blended, fumigation and F + B modes. • Both blended and fumigation mode cause changes in micro and nano-structures of PM. • Blended mode has lower PM emissions than diesel and fumigation modes. The present study aimed to explore the influences of different fueling modes, including diesel alone, blended, fumigation and a combined fumigation + blended (F + B) modes, on the particulate emission and physical properties of particulate matter (PM) emitted from a 4-cylinder diesel engine fueled with a ternary fuel (diesel-biodiesel-ethanol, DBE) under two engine speeds and loads. Biodiesel-ethanol (BE) fuel was mixed with diesel fuel in the blended mode; but it was sprayed into the intake air manifold in fumigation mode. In the F + B mode, half of the BE fuel was sprayed into the intake air manifold (same as fumigation mode); while another half of it was mixed with diesel to produce the DBE fuel (same as blended mode). The blended, fumigation and F + B modes had the same fuel composition (D80B5E15, volume %) for comparison of their impacts. According to the average results, the blended mode has lower PM mass, total number concentration (TNC) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) compared to the fumigation mode. In respect of the PM physical properties, the blended mode has lower primary particle size, fringe length, tortuosity and fringe separation distance compared to the fumigation mode. The magnitudes of all the parameters investigated in the F + B mode are in between those of the fumigation mode and the blended mode. Despite of using the same fuel of D80B5E15, the blended and fumigation modes show different effects on the PM emission; this finding shows that the effect of fueling type is stronger than fuel type. It can be summarized that the application of DBE in the blended mode has effect on reducing the PM emissions, especially PM mass (–42.5%), TNC (–22.3%) and GMD (–8.8%), while fumigation mode has almost no effect on the PM mass and GMD but causes increase in TNC (36.2%) compared to diesel mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]