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Loimia davidi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D10C6790-B176-4686-B7D3-E7235953AD99 Figs 1–9, Tables 1–4, Supp. file 1 Diagnosis Species of Loimia with two pairs of lappets on segments 1 and 3; first pair ventrolateral, with ventral margins in contact midventrally; second pair smaller, lateral. 14–15 ventral shields from segment 2, fused on segments 2 and 3; reddish-brown, with same width in first nine segments, deeply dark brown in following six segments, then progressively narrowing, giving an overall triangular appearance. Ventral shields smooth on segments 2–3 to 10 and with transverse grooves on segments 11 to 16. Uncini pectinate, arranged in a single row on segments 5–10 and in double rows on segments 11–20 (back-toback), all with a single tooth row over main fang. Thoracic uncini with three and abdominal with four teeth over the main fang (smaller specimens) or all with five teeth over main fang (larger specimen). Thoracic capillary notochaetae alimbate and unilimbate (smaller specimens) or alimbate, unilimbate and bilimbate (larger specimen). Pygidium with either sixteen small, cirriform (smaller specimens) or seven (five dorsolateral, two ventral) long conical (larger specimen) marginal papillae surrounding anus. Etymology The specific epithet is a homage to David Martin, the first author’s second brother, who recently cheated death and recovered from serious psychological illness, but also for his professional and personal achievements and, mainly, for being the person he is. Material examined Holotype PORTUGAL • 1 ♂ specimen (complete, in three fragments); Açores Archipelago, São Miguel Island, Ilhéu de São Roque – Rostro de Cão; 37°44′37″ N, 25°38′17″ W; 8 m depth; 11 Jul. 2017; D. Martin and M. Capa leg.; anterior and posterior fragments fixed in 4% formalin/seawater solution, preserved in 70% ethanol; mid- abdominal fragment fixed and preserved in 96% ethanol; CEAB A.P. 935A. Paratypes PORTUGAL • 1 specimen (complete, in two fragments); same collection data as for holotype; fixed in 4% formalin/seawater solution, preserved in 70% ethanol; CEAB A.P. 935B • 1 specimen (incomplete); same collection data as for holotype; fixed in 4% formalin/seawater solution, preserved in 70% ethanol; MNCN 16.01/19140 • 9 specimens; same collection data as for holotype; fixed and preserved in 96% ethanol; CEAB A.P. 935C • 4 specimens; same collection data as for holotype; fixed in 4% formalin/ seawater solution, preserved in 70% ethanol; CEAB A.P. 935D • 4 specimens; same collection data as for holotype; fixed in 4% formalin/seawater solution, preserved in 70% ethanol; MNCN 16.01/19141. Comparative material of L. gigantea (as L. ramzega) FRANCE • 2 specs; English Channel, Brittany, Landéda Beach; 48°36′37.7″ N 04°36′24.5″ W; intertidal; 25 Jan. 2012; preserved in 70% ethanol; ARC- Loimia -IND2 and -IND5. Description Holotype Complete specimen divided in three fragments, measuring 310 mm long in vivo, with 147 segments; thorax 57 mm long, 12 mm wide when preserved. Body pale brownish in vivo, uniformly beige when preserved (Figs 1A–C, 2A; Supp. file 1: video S1); thorax with ill-defined segmentation dorsally; first three abdominal segments dorsally similar to thoracic ones; remaining abdominal segments with well-marked segmentation and a posterior whitish swelling linking neuropodia dorsally, more visible in posterior-most segments (Figs 1A, 2E). Tentacles long, pale beige in vivo, almost whitish when preserved, with a deep ciliated groove. Tentacular membrane well-defined, increasing in length dorsally, laterally hidden by first pair of lateral lappets (Fig. 2B–C). Eyespots absent. Upper lip conical, with rounded tip, wider than longer; pale brownish, well projecting forward in vivo (Fig. 1C; Supp. file 1: video S1), pale beige, not projecting over first pair of lateral lappets when preserved (Fig. 2B, D). Lower lip not covered by membrane joining first pair of lappets in vivo (Fig. 1C; Supp. file 1: video S1); small, square, covered by membrane joining first pair of lappets when preserved (Fig. 2D). Lateral lappets large, pale brownish to whitish in vivo (Fig. 1A–C; Supp. file 1: video S1), pale beige when preserved (Fig. 2A–D), two pairs, on segment 1 (ventrolateral) and segment 3 (lateral, oblique, with wavy edges, smaller), elephant ear-shaped; first pair laterally reaching notopodia level, ventrally joined by a poorly-developed membrane; second pair separated from base of first pair, laterally hiding segment 2, covering base of first and second branchiae, ending ventrally between first and second ventral shields (Fig. 2B–D). Branchiae on segments 2–4, arborescent, very long, first pair ca 1/6 longer and third pair ⅛ shorter than body width in vivo, with thick stalks and numerous dendritic branches in eight levels, dark red, showing rhythmic contractions in vivo (Fig. 1A–C; Supp. file 1: video S1); whitish when preserved (Fig. 2A–D). Nephridial papillae not seen. Ventral shields on segment 2–9 reddish brown, smooth, with same width; on segments 10–16 deeply dark brown, with transverse grooves, progressively narrowing posteriorly, giving an overall triangular appearance (Fig. 1C; Supp. file 1: video S1). Ventral shields fused on segments 2–3, smooth on segments 2–10 and with transverse grooves on segments 11–16, two on 11–12, 3 on 13, 4 on 14–16) (Fig. 2A). Notopodia from segments 4–20 (17 segments) as swollen, conspicuous lobes, all except first one pale beige to whitish in vivo (Fig. 1A–C; Supp. file 1: video S1), first eleven surrounded by whitish glandular patches (Fig. 1A–B), pale beige when preserved (Fig. 2A). Capillary notochaetae numerous, as long as chaetal lobes, smooth, of three types: alimbate, and uni- and bilimbate (Fig. 3A–C), in J-shaped arrangement. Thoracic neuropodia from segment 5 well developed, pale brownish to whitish in vivo (Fig. 1A–B; Supp. file 1: video S1), uniformly pale beige when preserved (Fig. 2A–C), with numerous uncini arranged in single rows in segments 5–10 and in double rows (back-to-back) in segments 11–20 (Fig. 3D–E), uncini rows ranging from 4 to 6 mm long. Abdominal neuropodia narrow (first abdominal ca 3.6 times as narrow as last thoracic), as long as wide, projecting posteriorly, pale brownish to whitish in vivo (Fig. 1A–B; Supp. file 1: video S1), uniformly pale beige when preserved (Fig. 2A), with uncini in single rows until body end (Fig. 3H). Thoracic uncini measuring ca 120 µm long and 60 µm wide, pectinate, with a crest of five teeth in a single row over main fang, with a curved back three times as long as prow, and reduced heel and dorsal button, with anterior filament long, projected downwards (Figs 3E–F, 4A). Abdominal uncini pectinate, measuring ca 105 µm long and 55 µm wide, with a crest of five teeth in a single row over main fang (Fig. 3I), connected to basis of parapodia by long, hyaline ligaments (Fig. 3H), similar in shape to thoracic ones, with a less curved back, 2.5 times as long as prow, heel inconspicuous, and strongly reduced dorsal button (Fig. 3I). Regenerating posterior end, abruptly differing from previous segments, with shorter and narrower segments, dark reddish with pale beige posterior swellings linking bases of neuropodia (Fig. 2E–F). Pygidium with terminal anus, surrounded by eighteen small, almost cirriform terminal papillae, dorso-laterally broadly grouped in pairs (12), ventrolaterally individual (6) (Fig. 2F). Tube at least four times as long as body length, formed by aggregated sand grains, shell fragments and other calcareous debris covering a thick, smooth, inner mucus layer (Fig. 1D), partly hidden under big boulders. Coelom filled with oocytes measuring ca 60 µm in diameter. Paratypes Based on paratype CEAB A.P. 936B (with variation in the other small paratypes between brackets). Body divided in two fragments, 41 mm long with 77 segments in total (other paratypes were all anterior fragments, including thorax and several abdominal segments). Thorax 19 mm (8–20 mm) long and 3.6 mm (2–5 mm) wide; with ill-defined segmentation dorsally; first six abdominal segments dorsally similar to thoracic ones, but segmentation better defined; remaining abdominal segments well marked, long, pale reddish, with a posterior whitish swelling dorsally linking neuropodia (Fig. 5A). Tentacles few in number, with U-shaped cross-section. Tentacular membrane well defined, poorly developed on ventral side; laterally hidden by first pair of lateral lappets (Fig. 5D); eyespots present in some specimens, progressively decreasing in diameter when more dorsal (Fig. 5F). Upper lip well projecting forward, wider than long; thicker at base, almost completely hidden ventrally by first pair of lateral lappets (Fig. 5B, D–E). Lower lip ¼ times as long as upper lip, swollen, with conical tip, hidden ventrally by membrane connecting first pair of lateral lappets (Fig. 5E). Lateral lappets large, discontinuous, two pairs, on segments 1 and 3 (Fig. 5A–E); first pair quadrangular, laterally reaching notopodia level, with a well-developed joining membrane; second pair separated from base of first pair, ⅔ times as large as first, laterally hiding segment 2, covering base of first branchiae, ending ventrally between first and second ventral shields. Three pairs of branched branchiae (Fig. 5C) whitish (preserved material), starting from segment 2; first pair ca ⅓ as long as body width, third pair ca 0.8 times as long as body width; branchiae with thick stalks, with many dendritic branches arranged in four levels. Nephridial papillae not seen. First twelve notopodia surrounded by whitish glandular patches (Fig. 5A); fourteen ventral shields, starting from segment 2, fused on segments 2–3, wider than long on segments 2–11; on segments 2–10 smooth, all about the same size; on segments 11–13 (11–12 in some specimens) with one transverse groove, then two transverse grooves on segment 14 and more than two on segment 15 (non-distinguishable in smallest specimen); abdomen smooth ventrally until pygidium (Fig. 5A). Notopodia from segment 4, extending through segment 20 as swollen, conspicuous lobes (Fig. 5A). Notochaetae of two types within same fascicle, alimbate and narrowly unilimbate capillaries, similar in length (Fig. 6A–B), in J-shaped arrangement. Thoracic neuropodia starting from segment 5, first seven ⅔ times as large as posterior ones, with uncini arranged in single rows in segments 5–10, and in double rows (back-to-back position) in segments 11–20 (Fig. 6C). Abdominal neuropodia narrow (first abdominal ca 4.1 times as broad as last thoracic), half as long as wide, projecting posteriorly, with uncini in single rows until pygidium. Thoracic uncini measuring ca 60 µm long and 35 µm wide, pectinate, with a crest of three teeth in a single row over main fang, with a curved back twice as long as prow, well-marked heel and reduced dorsal button, with anterior filament long, projected downwards (Figs 4C, 6D). Abdominal uncini ca 46 µm long and 30 µm wide, similar in shape to thoracic ones, with a crest of four teeth in a single row over main fang (Fig. 6E). Pygidium with terminal, rounded anus, surrounded by seven long, conical terminal papillae with a well-defined base, forming two clearly separated groups of five dorsolateral and two ventral papillae (Fig. 5G–H). Tube not seen. Remarks Larger vs smaller specimens of L. davidi sp. nov. The specimens of L. davidi sp. nov. show obvious morphological differences, which in other circumstances could have been considered as representing different species (Table 2). This is the reason why we present the comparisons of both morphotypes with other species of the genus separated in the next two sections. However, most of these differences appear to be size-related to some extent, since the largest specimen always shows larger or more numerous structures, such as branchiae, capillary chaetae, and uncini. The only differences apparently non size-related are the presence of eyes and the length of terminal pygidial papillae. However, eyes are subdermal and may become hidden by the thicker tegument of the larger specimen. As for the pygidial papillae, they clearly have distinct shapes, but also are more numerous in the largest specimen and proportionally longer in the smaller ones. Nevertheless, the giant specimen was regenerating its posterior end, having the last ca 29 segments thinner and shorter than the previous ones (Figs 1A, 2E). Although we suggest that the shape and smaller size of its terminal pygidial papillae (Fig. 2F) may be related to the regenerating process, this cannot be confirmed because there is only one large specimen avilable. Once dissected, the parapodia of the largest specimen show lateral zones with growing uncini both in the thorax (Fig. 3D–E) and in the abdomen (Fig. 3H). In thoracic parapodia, the uncini are arranged in single rows in the growing zones, even in those parapodia with double rows of normal uncini (Fig. 3E). Similar growing zones are not seen in the small specimens, likely because they are too small to be distinguished. The living largest specimen rhythmically contracted its branchial tips (Supp. file 1: video S1), likely increasing water renewal. Branchial contractions cannot be confirmed for our small specimens (none of them were observed in vivo), and neither have any been previously reported for other giant specimens of Loimia (Montagu 1819; Lavesque et al. 2017). Conversely, Wilson (1928) reported contractile branchiae and clearly visible red blood pulsations through the blood vessels in the early benthic stages of Loimia from the English Channel. It would be interesting to examine more material – especially large animals – to further assess the variation/homogeneity of all these particular morphological characters, which in most cases have been considered as key for species diagnosis. Larger specimen of L. davidi sp. nov. vs other species of Loimia Malmgren, 1866 The larger specimen of L. davidi sp. nov. is distinguished from other congeners by a unique combination of features: (1) two pairs of lappets on segments 1 and 3, first pair almost reaching each other midventrally and second pair laterally, not joining midventrally; (2) long arborescent branchiae with up to eight levels of branches; (3) three kinds of notochaetae in thoracic segments including alimbate, unilimbate and bilimbate capillaries; and (4) thoracic and abdominal uncini with five teeth in a single longitudinal row over main fang (Table 3; Supp. file 1: Table S3). The holotype resembles the described specimens of L. gigantea from Brittany (France) both in size and overall morphology, but also in bearing two additional types of capillary notochaetae together with the typical smooth ones, instead of none or one in all remaining species of Loimia (Table 3; Supp. file 1: Table S3). However, the presence of three types of capillary chaetae is only known in these very large specimens of Loimia, whereas the smaller specimens of L. davidi sp. nov. show only two types, thus casting serious doubts on the taxonomic value of this character. The larger specimen of L. davidi sp. nov. differs from L. gigantea in having the first pair of lateral lappets more developed (second pair more developed in L. gigantea), lappets uniformly pale brownish to whitish in vivo (first pair with a red margin and second pair entirely red in L. gigantea). Lateral lappets may show some variability among Terebellidae, although they have traditionally been used to distinguish species (e.g., Jirkov 2020). Thus, we consider the observed differences as relevant enough to be mentioned here. These two species also differ in the absence of abdominal dark spots (present in L. gigantea), branchiae arranged in eight levels (five in L. gigantea), fifteen ventral shields (sixteen in L. gigantea), and uncini ca 120 µm long with slightly marked, round heel and upper-most tooth very small, often difficult to distinguish (100 µm, well-marked, angular heel and well-defined upper tooth in L. gigantea) (Fig. 4A–B). Moreover, although being of doubtful value due to its regenerating posterior end, the larger specimen of L. davidi sp. nov. has 18 terminal pygidial papillae (14 in L. gigantea). In addition, this specimen was found subtidally, partly hidden under big boulders, and its tube is composed of sand grains and shell remains, while L. gigantea occurred intertidally and, in addition to sand and shell fragments, their tubes characteristically show macroalgal filaments attached to the emerging portion (absent in the tube of the larger specimen of L. davidi sp. nov.). Considering that we only found one large specimen of L. davidi sp. nov., we cannot confirm whether the observed differences in tube structure can be considered species-specific. We have found two additional morphological differences between the larger specimen of L. davidi sp. nov. and L. gigantea after the re-examination of the paratypes of the latter, not mentioned in its original description (Lavesque et al. 2017). First, the segmentation in L. gigantea is clearly defined dorsally all along the body, with all segments transversally divided by several grooves and at least the median one entirely splitting each segment. This is particularly evident in the abdominal segments, where the main transversal groove divides each segment into two equal parts. Also, there are no traces of a swelling dorsally linking the abdominal parapodia. In contrast, the body segmentation in the larger specimen of L. davidi sp. nov. is characteristically ill-defined dorsally in the thoracic and first three abdominal segments, and well-marked with a posterior whitish swelling dorsally linking the neuropodia in all remaining abdominal segments (including those in the regenerating region). Second, in L. gigantea, the uncini are arranged in typical back-to-back double rows (Fig. 7A) and irregularly distributed in the abdominal parapodia (Fig. 7B–C), whereas in the larger specimen of L. davidi sp. nov. the abdominal uncini are arranged in a single row (Fig. 3H). The lateral zones with growing uncini observed in the larger specimen of L. davidi sp. nov. (Fig. 3D–E, H) are also present in L. gigantea (Fig. 7A–B) and typically also occur in the species of Axionice (Jirkov & Leontovich 2017). Smaller specimens of L. davidi sp. nov. vs other species of Loimia Malmgren, 1866 The smaller specimens of L. davidi sp. nov. are distinguished from other congeners by a unique combination of features: (1) presence of eyespots in the tentacular membrane; (2) two pairs of similar- sized lappets on segments 1 and 3, first pair ventral and almost reaching each other midventrally and second pair lateral; (3) two kinds of notochaetae in thoracic segments including alimbate and, Published as part of Martin, Daniel, Capa, María, Martínez, Alejandro & Costa, Ana Cristina, 2022, Taxonomic implications of describing a new species of Loimia (Annelida, Terebellidae) with two size-dependent morphotypes, pp. 60-96 in European Journal of Taxonomy 833 on pages 67-82, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.833.1887, http://zenodo.org/record/6949902, {"references":["Lavesque N., Bonifacio P., Londono-Mesa M. H., Le Garrec V. & Grall J. 2017. 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Genus Loimia Malmgren, 1866 Type species Loimia medusa (Savigny, 1822) (by original designation). Diagnosis Based on Carrerette & Nogueira (2015), Nogueira et al. (2015) and Wang et al. (2020). Eyespots, if present, at basal part of prostomium; lobes on segments 1 and 3 or 1 and 2/3 (in combination of segment 2 and 3), sometimes also on segment 4. Three pairs of branching branchiae, on segments 2–4. Rectangular or trapezoidal mid-ventral shields from segments 2–3 to posterior region where notopodia terminate; last segments of the glandular region usually subdivided by transverse bands. Conical to rectangular notopodia beginning on segment 4, extending for 17 segments, until segment 20; notochaetae all narrowly winged. Neuropodia beginning from segment 5, bearing pectinate uncini, arranged in single rows on segments 5–10 and in double rows on segments 11–20. Genital papillae on segments 6–8. Pygidium smooth to papillate., Published as part of Martin, Daniel, Capa, María, Martínez, Alejandro & Costa, Ana Cristina, 2022, Taxonomic implications of describing a new species of Loimia (Annelida, Terebellidae) with two size-dependent morphotypes, pp. 60-96 in European Journal of Taxonomy 833 on page 67, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.833.1887, http://zenodo.org/record/6949902, {"references":["Savigny J. - C. 1822. Systeme des annelides, principalement de celles des cotes de l'Egypte et de la Syrie, offrant les caracteres tant distinctifs que naturels des Ordres, Familles et Genres, avec la description des Especes. Description de l'Egypte ou Recueil des Observations et des Recherches qui ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l'Expedition de l'Armee francaise, publie par les Ordres de sa Majeste l'Empereur Napoleon le Grand. Histoire Naturelle, Paris 1: 1 - 128. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 66284","Carrerette O. & Nogueira J. M. M. 2015. The genus Loimia Malmgren, 1866 (Annelida: Terebellidae) off the Brazilian coast, with description of three new species and notes on some morphological characters of the genus. Zootaxa 3999 (1): 1 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3999.1.1","Nogueira J. M. M., Hutchings P. A. & Carrerette O. 2015. Terebellidae (Annelida, Terebelliformia) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa 4019 (1): 484 - 576. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.18","Wang W., Sui J., Kou Q. & Li X. - Z. 2020. Review of the genus Loimia Malmgren, 1866 (Annelida, Terebellidae) from China seas with recognition of two new species based on integrative taxonomy. PeerJ 8: e 9491. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 9491"]}

Zullobalanus santamariaensis Buckeridge & Winkelmann sp. nov. (Figures 2���3) Diagnosis. Zullobalanus with shell lacking external apico-basal ribbing; tergum only weakly reflexed apically, but possessing extensive, well-formed crests for depressor muscle attachment; scutum with moderately produced articular ridge and moderate to weak adductor muscle scar. Distribution and age. Azores; Late Miocene ��� Early Pliocene. Type material. Holotype containing 2 sample compositions: DBUA-F 536.1, complete shell (3.23 mm in height and 3.39 mm in basal diameter), carina (5.44 mm in height), carinolatus, (5.36 mm in height), latus (1.84 mm in height), rostrum (2.59 mm in height), scutum (2.50 mm in articular margin), tergum (3.44 mm in articular margin); DBUA-F 536.2, complete shell (6.31 mm in height and 6.63 mm in basal diameter), carina (4.89 mm in height), carinolatus, (4.79 mm in height), latus (3.36 mm in height), rostrum (2.30 mm in height), scutum (2.43 mm in articular margin), tergum (3.61 mm in articular margin); Santa Maria, Malbusca outcrop (25 �� 4 ' 7.04 "W, 36 �� 55 ' 45.53 "N [30 m asl]); S.P. ��vila & K. Winkelmann, 22���29 June 2008. Paratypes all with same locality, collectors and date as the holotype: Natural History Museum Berlin: MB.A 1733, MB.A 1734; Natural History Museum Vienna: NHMW 2010 /0088/0001, NHMW 2010 /0088/0002; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Brussels: IRSNB 7255 a���g, IRSNB 7256 a���g; Natural History Museum London: NHM IC 549 ��� NHM IC 562; Mus��um National d���Histoire Naturelle Paris: MNHN A 32053, MNHN A 32054. Description. Shell conic, height approximating basal diameter; exterior rough, longitudinal ribbing weak to absent, lateral growth lines weak; orifice rhomboidal (Fig. 2 A, B); interior with strong ribbing, with minor bifurcation of some ribs near basis; rib cross-section showing simple arborescent interlaminate structures (Fig. 2 B, C); sheath smooth, well developed, pendant, occupying up to 50 % of height of inner surface; basis firmly interlocking with parietal ribs; radii moderately narrow, with oblique summits, growth lines parallel to basis crossed by fine growth striae parallel to alar abutment (Fig. 2 B); alae with marginal extensions, summits almost horizontal (Fig. 2 B). Scutum (Fig. 3 A, B) very weakly reflexed apically; exterior with strong transverse growth ribs crossed by weak apico-basal striae; interior with articular ridge moderately produced, slightly pendant basally; adductor ridge weak, broadly rounded; adductor muscle scar moderate to weak, pit for lateral depressor muscles well formed lacking any obvious muscle attachment crests. Tergum (Fig. 3 C, D) moderately elongate, spur wellformed, removed from basi-scutal angle by own width and extending beyond same angle by approximately its own width, furrow well-formed distally, externally with well spaced growth lines, in some areas (especially basally), fine apico-basal striae present; interior with longitudinal furrow on articular margin wide, open, shallow, smooth except for weak growth striae; articular ridge well-formed, concave towards articular margin; crests for depressor muscles well developed basally, extending as a zone of raised papillae nearer the apex; articular ridge gently curved to extend slightly beyond a broadly concave basal margin; apex with approximately 3���4 strong transverse growth lines in adults. Occurence at Santa Maria Island. All the Late-Miocene and Early-Pliocene outcrops studied in Santa Maria contained the endemic barnacle Zullobalanus santamariaensis sp. nov. Most specimens were found at Malbusca and at ���Pedra-que-Pica��� outcrops. The beds at ���Pedra-que-Pica��� contained some well preserved but rare barnacles with opercula cemented to diverse marine molluscs (e.g. Gigantopecten latissimus (Brocchi, 1814) and Lopha plicatuloides (Mayer, 1864)); the beds at Malbusca contained a number of loose opercula in a sandy matrix. At Cr�� outcrop, rare single walls as well as opercula were present. In the more lithified marine sediments of Figueiral and Ponta do Castelo, barnacle fragments were only observed on eroded surfaces. At Ponta dos Frades, a few barnacle fragments were found together with well preserved micro-molluscs on eroded bottom surfaces. Nevertheless, we detected fragments of Zullobalanus santamariaensis sp. nov. in every sampled Miocene/Pliocene outcrop. Remarks and affinities. There is an extensive archaeobalanid fauna known from western Europe (Carriol, 2008) and the eastern seaboard of North America (Zullo 1984; Zullo & Kite 1985; Zullo & Perreault 1989; Zullo & Portell 1991). Of these, species of Actinobalanus are distinguished from this taxon by their porous bases; Hesperibalanus, the terga of which lack the well-formed nodose papillae on the internal surface and the broad spur; Solidobalanus by the externally smooth compartments; and Lophobalanus by their very narrow radii. Zullobalanus santamariaensis sp. nov. differs from all other Zullobalanus species by a lack of clearly formed external ribbing on the shell. Although there are some weak ���ribs��� these are somewhat obscured by the generally rough surface of the shell. The weakly reflexed scutal apex is close to that seen in the Australian species Zullobalanus australiae victoriae (Buckeridge, 1983) and in most respects it is closest to this species. In addition to the lack of external ribbing, it differs from Z. australiae victoriae by the presence of numerous well-formed crests for depressor muscles on the tergum. The scutal articular ridge is often basally pendant in larger specimens of Zullobalanus species (Buckeridge 1983), and although this has not been clearly seen in the material available, we should be mindful that all larger scuta are isolated and since shell disarticulation, have been abraded, as such wearing away delicate extensions. Etymology. Geographic: Island of Santa Maria (noun in apposition)., Published as part of Winkelmann, Kai, Buckeridge, John S., Costa, Ana Cristina, Dion��sio, Maria Ana Manso, Medeiros, Andr��, Cach��o, M��rio & ��vila, S��rgio P., 2010, Zullobalanus santamariaensis sp. nov., a new late Miocene barnacle species of the family Archaeobalanidae (Cirripedia: Thoracica), from the Azores, pp. 33-44 in Zootaxa 2680 on pages 36-39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199324, {"references":["Carriol, R. - P. (2008) New genus and new species of Cirripedia (Chthamalidae, Tetraclitidae, Archaeobalanidae and Balanidae) from the Middle Miocene of the faluns of Touraine (France). Zootaxa, 1675, 31 - 48.","Zullo, V. A. (1984) New genera and species of balanoid barnacles from the Oligocene and Miocene of North Carolina. Journal of Paleontology, 58, 1312 - 1338.","Zullo, V. A. & Kite, L. E. (1985) Barnacles of the Jacksonian (Upper Eocene) Griffiths Landing Member, Dry Branch Formation in South Carolina and Georgia. South Carolina Geology, 28, 1 - 32.","Zullo, V. A. & Perreault, R. T. (1989) Review of Actinobalanus Moroni (Cirripedia, Archaeobalanidae), with the description of new Miocene species from Florida and Belgium. Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology, 22, 1 - 12.","Zullo, V. A. & Portell, R. W. (1991) Balanoid barnacles from the early Miocene Parachucla and Penney Farms Formations, Northern Florida. Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology, 24, 79 - 86.","Buckeridge, J. S. (1983) The fossil barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica) of New Zealand and Australia. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin, 50, 1 - 151 + 14 pls."]}

Tese de Doutoramento, Ciências do Mar (Ecologia Marinha), 26 de Novembro de 2013, Universidade dos Açores. A utilização crescente das zonas costeiras e marítimas e os efeitos das alterações climáticas, os riscos naturais e a erosão colocam sob pressão os recursos costeiros e marinhos. A fim de garantir um crescimento sustentável e preservar os ecossistemas costeiros e marinhos em prol das gerações futuras, é necessária uma gestão integrada e coerente. Nos Açores, é nas zonas costeiras que se concentram a maioria da população e das actividades económicas (e.g. indústrias, agricultura). Para além destas também as actividades marítimas (e.g. pesca, navegação, turismo, actividades recreativas), podem constituir uma ameaça ao equilíbrio do ambiente costeiro e marinho. Esta é uma situação particularmente sensível em regiões insulares em que a interdependência terra-costa-mar é particularmente evidente. A permanência de algumas actividades e usos em particular nas áreas marinhas protegidas (AMP), sem que haja uma adequação das mesmas, leva a questionar a sustentabilidade dos recursos, comprometendo o potencial existente à exploração ao nível de bens e serviços proporcionados pelos ecossistemas costeiros e marinhos (e.g. uso recreativo e pesqueiro). A eficácia das AMPs assenta na preservação da biodiversidade marinha através de uma gestão sustentável de pescas, controlo de poluição, manutenção dos habitats, assegurando a produtividade e a sustentabilidade dos usos. Nas AMPs tornam-se particularmente necessárias medidas de conservação para restringir o impacto das pressões naturais e humanas sobre os ecossistemas costeiros e marinhos. No entanto, actualmente a conservação apresenta-se cada vez mais interligada com as questões económicas e sociais, mantendo o objectivo de protecção dos ecossistemas sem descurar a parte económica, assegurando a viabilidade da pesca e outras actividades que dependem dos recursos marinhos, que são indispensáveis à sobrevivência das populações humanas insulares. A gestão destas actividades em AMPs é determinante para garantir a protecção da biodiversidade marinha e costeira. A atribuição de valor biológico e o conhecimento da distribuição da biodiversidade marinha, constituem passos fundamentais para o alcance de uma gestão eficaz e sustentável dos ecossistemas marinhos. Através deste conhecimento é possível adequar a gestão em áreas marinhas, às características específicas de cada local, e assim sustentar o processo de decisão. A identificação de lacunas e potencialidades no processo de gestão de áreas marinhas protegidas é essencial para o Planeamento espacial marinho (PEM) e definição da estratégia de gestão. Assim, para área em estudo para testar o PEM, foi considerada a Área Protegida de Gestão de Recursos da Caloura – ilhéu de Vila Franca do Campo. Para esta área foi obtida a distribuição espacial dos dados de biodiversidade, dados estes disponíveis na Base de dados Atlantis e os obtidos por observação directa por censos visuais (UVC - underwater visual census) que permitiram a elaboração de mapas de riqueza de espécies, valor biológico e mapas da distribuição espacial de espécies protegidas, raras ou ameaçadas. Desta forma, permitindo a identificação das áreas mais sensíveis e potencialmente ameaçadas. A atribuição de um valor biológico permitiu identificar áreas prioritárias para conservação. Considerando ainda as interacções entre os usos e as perspectivas dos utilizadores acerca das áreas marinhas, informação obtida quer por entrevistas aos ‘stakeholders’, questionários realizados e informação obtida durante o workshop de participação pública TER MAR, foi definido um planeamento para a regulação, gestão e protecção do ambiente marinho, através da alocação de espaço para os múltiplos usos, cumulativos e potencialmente conflituantes sobre o mar na AMP em estudo. O envolvimento dos diversos utilizadores de áreas marinhas no processo de participação pública revela-se fundamental para suporte do processo de decisão em matéria de criatividade nas acções e será crucial para a implementação de medidas eficazes de protecção e conservação. A integração de dados biológicos e sócio-económicos em sistemas de informação geográfica, permitiu desenhar uma proposta de zonamento das áreas marinhas dentro da AMP, constituindo uma base forte para o processo de decisão ao nível do planeamento e gestão da mesma. Esta proposta de zonamento integra três níveis de gestão incluindo “no-take” áreas (e.g. reservas marinhas sem actividades extractivas). A determinação das áreas sensíveis e das de maior valor biológico, bem como as áreas de maior intensidade de uso contribuíram para o objectivo comum de proposta de zonamento da APGR da Caloura – Ilhéu de VFC, como área de estudo para futuro processo de PEM em outras AMP do arquipélago dos Açores. ABSTRACT: Human activities on coasts and seas are increasing and have significant growth potential resulting in an increase in threats to coastal zone integrity and adverse consequences for coastal and marine biodiversity. The intensity of human pressure on marine systems has led to a push for measures to restrict and prevent impacts of human and natural pressures on coastal and marine ecosystems and to assure a sustainable use of coastal and marine ecosystems an integrated management strategy is necessary. In the Azores most of the population lives in coastal area and it is on the littoral that most of the economic activities (e.g. industry, agriculture) are settled. Besides these also the maritime activities as fisheries, navigation, tourism and several recreational activities can threat the coastal and marine environment, The impacts of human activities, either on land or ocean (e.g. fisheries, tourism) are particularly evident on islands where inland activities have evident repercussions on the coastal and marine environments. In Marine Protected Areas (MPA) an effort has to be made in order to manage these uses in order to keep up with the conservation goals. The effectiveness and success of a MPA can be assessed by its success in achieving both conservation and development goals. Currently an MPA is envisaged as an area that is managed to protect and maintain biodiversity, and natural and associated cultural resources, and provide economic benefits and therefore include areas in which a variety of uses are permitted in managed. Biological evaluation and the knowledge of marine biodiversity distribution constitute important steps towards an efficient and sustainable management of marine ecosystems. Based on this knowledge it is possible to locally adapt management to local specificities and support the decision process. Identification of particular issues is essential to adequate marine spatial planning, currently envisaged as a powerful tool in MPA management. So, as model for testing MSP as a strategy to promote MPA management Caloura – Vila Franca do Campo islet Protected Area of Resource Management (Caloura-VFC PARM) was chosen as a case study MPA. So, for this area a biodiversity-based spatial distribution pattern (retried both from existent Atlantis data basis and in loco field assessments by UVC - under water visual counts) enabled to retrieve spatial data of species’ richness biological value and protected/threatened species distributions that lead to the identification of the most sensitive and potentially threatened areas. Biological valuation allowed to prioritisation of areas for conservation. Integration of the biological, available biophysical data (e.g. bathymetry and sediments) and socio-economic information (human uses as shipping lanes, pipelines and cables) in a geographic information system (GIS) assisted the identification of restricted use zones and to construct a strong baseline for management decisions. Due to the interdependency that exists between the ecosystem resources and its users, successful implementation of ecosystem-based management depends on the identification and understanding of different stakeholders, their practices, expectations and interests. Therefore, not only they were invited to participated on a public workshop meeting (TER MAR workshop) were issues related to conservation within this MPA were discussed but also were interviewed to assess information on conflicting uses. Considering the interactions between uses, and the perspectives of stakeholders a strategic and proactive planning process for regulating, managing and protecting the marine environment was defined, through allocation of space to the multiple, cumulative and potentially conflicting uses of the sea, a MSP proposal for management of the Caloura-VFC PARM with delimitation of areas of three levels of protection including no-take areas was put forward. Determination of high biological value and sensitive areas as well as the delimitation of conflicting and more intensively used areas were crucial to the first MSP proposal as a management tool in a MPA in the Azores, with potential to be extended to the other MPA in the region.