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Begonia tetrandra Irmsch, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 74 (4): 626 (Irmscher 1949). – Type: ECUADOR – Prov. Tunguahara • Valley of the Pastaza River, between Baños and Cashurco, 8 hours east of Baños; 1300–1800 m a.s.l.; 25 Sep. 1923; A. S. Hitchcock 21889; syntype: US [US 00221970]). – PERU • Lobb s.n.; syntype: W [n.v.]. Brako & Zarucchi (1993: 195). Notes Brako & Zarucchi (1993) included B. tetrandra Irmsch. in the latest checklist of Peruvian Begonia based upon Lobb s.n. (W), a syntype of the name. We have not seen this specimen so, following Smith & Wasshausen (1986), treat the species as endemic to Ecuador and exclude the name from our treatment.

Begonia anemonoides Haenke Voyages dans l’Amérique Méridionale depuis 1781-1801 2: 503 (Haenke 1809). – Type: unknown. Notes This species was described as abundant in the Andes Mountains of “Peruvia”. At the turn of the 19 th Century “Peruvia” referred to the Viceroyalty of Peru including much of modern-day Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Chile. It remains very unclear where Haenke encountered this species. Furthermore, no type material of the species was cited in the protologue, but it is possible that some original material remains undiscovered among the specimens housed in PR herbarium. The protologue describes the species as tuberous with flowers resembling those of an Anemone, and while this is not sufficient for identification it seems likely that this refers to a member of the octopetala group of B. sect. Eupetalum (Tebbitt 2015). The only member of the octopetala group described before 1809 was B. octopetala so B. anemonoides Haenke may be an earlier name for any other species in this group. The discovery of original material and lectotypification of B. anemonoides should be a priority for any future work on Peruvian or tuberous Andean Begonia, and if this is not possible the name should be rejected.

Begonia sect. Doratometra (Klotzsch) A.DC. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15 (1): 383 (de Candolle 1864). – Doratometra Klotzsch, Gattungen und Arten 1854: 127 (Klotzsch 1855). – Type: holotype: Doratometra wallichiana Klotzsch = Begonia wallichiana Lehm. Synonymy notes For a full list of sectional synonyms, see Moonlight et al. (2018). Notes A small section of diminutive, annual, or short-lived species of Begonia. Within Peru, the section is represented by two species which are distinguished from B. sect. Ephemera by their palmate-pinnate rather than palmate venation.

Begonia falcifolia Hook.f. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 94: t. 5707 (Hooker 1868). – Type: hort. Kew; coll. unknown s.n.; holotype: K [K000739972]. Brako & Zarucchi (1993: 192); León & Monsalve (2006: 166). Notes This species was described from plants grown in the glasshouses of Kew Gardens, which J.D. Hooker stated in the protologue were collected in Peru by Pearce and given to Kew by Veitch Nurseries (Hooker 1868). The illustration and type specimen are however of a species closely allied to B. malabarica Lam., a species from southern India and Sri Lanka. Plant hunters from both Kew Gardens and Veitch Nurseries had collected in this area by this date, so it seems likely this is an Indian species whose providence was confused in either institution.

Moonlight, Peter. W., Jara-Muñoz, Orlando A., Purvis, David A., Delves, Jay, Allen, Josh P., Reynel, Carlos (2023): The genus Begonia (Begoniaceae) in Peru. European Journal of Taxonomy 881: 1-334, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.881.2175, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.881.2175

Begonia marinae Tebbitt. Novon 23 (4): 481, fig. 1 (Tebbitt 2015). – Type: BOLIVIA – Dept. Santa Cruz: Prov. Vallegrande • Rd. from Pucará to Alto Seco, N & NE facing open slopes in remnant Tucomano forest; 18°44′ S, 64°06′ W; 2727 m a.s.l.; 12 Jan. 2012; M. C. Tebbitt 724; holotype: UCZ; isotype: UCZ [2]. Begonia octopetala auct. non L’Hér.: Griseb., Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 148 (Grisebach 1874). Notes Bolivian specimens of this species were identified as B. octopetala by Grisebach (1874). Some of these specimens were mistakenly cited as from Peru.

Begonia patula Haw. Supplementum Plantarum Succulentarum: 100 (Haworth 1819). – Type: unknown. Otto & Dietrich (1836: 358); Klotzsch (1855: 150); Walpers (1843a: 215, 1858: 879); de Candolle (1861: 348, 1864: 302); Smith & Schubert (1950: 245); Smith & Smith (1971: 49); Jacques & Mamede (2005: 581). Notes This name was published by Haworth based upon plants cultivated in Loddiges’ nursery in Hackney in 1816 (Haworth 1819: 100). The plants had arrived at Loddiges’ from Mr Gulielmo Anderson, who had in turn received them from Mr C.F. Otto in 1811, the inspector of Berlin Botanical Gardens. The description in the protologue is insufficient for identification and there is no illustration. Most of Haworth’s specimens are deposited in Kew and Oxford herbaria, but we have found no material labelled with this name that predates the publication of the protologue so could be considered type material. It is possible that there is original material among the cultivated material in Kew or Berlin herbarium. We however consider it extremely unlikely that it will ever be possible to determine to which species this name belongs and follow Jacques & Mamede (2005) in suggesting the name is rejected. We cite B. patula Haw. here because it has frequently been considered the same species as B. fischeri and was published earlier. The first suggestion of this derives from the protologue of B. pauciflora (Lindley 1820: t. 471), which is now considered a synonym of B. fischeri. Lindley considered B. patula Haw. a probable synonym of B. pauciflora, contrary to the principle of priority. Haworth (1821b: cc) later published an addendum in Edward’s Botanical Register, which stated that B. pauciflora and B. patula Haw. were different species. Later authors including Walpers (1843a: 215), Klotzsch (1855: 150), and Smith & Schubert (1950: 245) disregarded this and considered B. patula Haw. an earlier name for B. pauciflora. Alphonse de Candolle (1861: 348; 1864: 302) further confused matters by citing Klotzsch’s 1855 citation of B. patula Haw. as ‘ Begonia patula Klotzsch’, excluding B. paucifolia from the citation and only doubtfully including B. patula Haw. in synonymy. Smith & Wasshausen (1979) were the first to recognise that B. patula Haw. may not be the same species as B. pauciflora, and also the first to cite B. fischeri as the same species as B. pauciflora. In the synonymy of B. fischeri, they cited ‘ Begonia patula sensu Klotzsch non Haw.&rsquo

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:16:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Agence Nationale Des Parcs Nationaux Centre for International Forestry Research Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS) David and Lucile Packard Foundation European Space Agency Leverhulme Trust Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás European Research Council Belgian Federal Science Policy Office Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) National Science Foundation Natural Environment Research Council Royal Society National Geographic Society Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests. Resumen: Los bosques tropicales son los ecosistemas más diversos y productivos del mundo y entender su funcionamiento es crítico para nuestro futuro colectivo. Sin embargo, hasta hace muy poco, los esfuerzos para medirlos y monitorearlos han estado muy desconectados. El trabajo en redes es esencial para descubrir las respuestas a preguntas que trascienden las fronteras y los plazos de las agencias de financiamiento. Aquí mostramos cómo una comunidad global está respondiendo a los desafíos de la investigación en ecosistemas tropicales a través de diversos equipos realizando mediciones árbol por árbol en miles de parcelas permanentes de largo plazo. Revisamos los descubrimientos más importantes de este trabajo y discutimos cómo este proceso está cambiando la ciencia relacionada a los bosques tropicales. El enfoque central de nuestro esfuerzo implica la conexión de iniciativas locales de largo plazo con protocolos estandarizados y manejo de datos para producir resultados que se puedan trasladar a múltiples escalas. Conectando investigadores tropicales, elevando su posición y estatus, nuestro modelo de Red Social de Investigación reconoce el rol fundamental que tienen, para el descubrimiento científico, quienes generan o producen los datos. Concebida en 1999 con RAINFOR (Suramérica), nuestras redes de parcelas permanentes han sido adaptadas en África (AfriTRON) y el sureste asiático (T-FORCES) y ampliamente replicadas en el mundo. Actualmente todas estas iniciativas están integradas a través de la ciber-infraestructura de ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 países en 24 redes diferentes de parcelas. Colectivamente, estas redes están transformando nuestro conocimiento sobre los bosques tropicales y el rol de éstos en la biósfera. Juntos hemos descubierto cómo, dónde y porqué el carbono y la biodiversidad de los bosques tropicales está respondiendo al cambio climático y cómo se retroalimentan. Esta colaboración pan-tropical de largo plazo ha expuesto un gran sumidero de carbono y sus tendencias, mostrando claramente cuáles son los factores más importantes, qué procesos se ven afectados, dónde ocurren los cambios, los tiempos de reacción y las probables respuestas futuras mientras el clima continúa cambiando. Apalancando lo que realmente es una tecnología antigua, las redes de parcelas están generando una verdadera y moderna revolución en la ciencia tropical. En el futuro, la humanidad puede beneficiarse enormemente si se nutren y cultivan comunidades de investigadores de base, actualmente con la capacidad de generar información única y de largo plazo para entender los que probablemente son los bosques más preciados de la tierra. Resumo: Florestas tropicais são os ecossistemas mais diversos e produtivos da Terra. Embora uma boa compreensão destas florestas seja crucial para o nosso futuro coletivo, até muito recentemente os esforços de medições e monitoramento foram amplamente desconexos. É essencial formarmos redes para obtermos respostas que transcendem fronteiras e horizontes de agências financiadoras. Neste estudo nós mostramos como uma comunidade global está respondendo aos desafios da pesquisa de ecossistemas tropicais, com equipes diversas medindo florestas, árvore por árvore, em milhares de parcelas monitoradas à longo prazo. Nós revisamos as maiores descobertas científicas deste trabalho, e mostramos também como este processo está mudando a ciência de florestas tropicais. Nossa abordagem principal envolve unir iniciativas de base a protocolos padronizados e gerenciamento de dados a fim de gerar resultados robustos em escalas ampliadas. Ao conectar pesquisadores tropicais e elevar seus status, nosso modelo de Rede de Pesquisa Social reconhece o papel-chave do produtor dos dados na descoberta científica. Concebida em 1999 com o RAINFOR (América do Sul), nossa rede de parcelas permanentes foi adaptada para África (AfriTRON) e Sudeste asiático (T-FORCES), e tem sido extensamente reproduzida em todo o mundo. Agora estas múltiplas iniciativas estão integradas através de uma infraestrutura cibernética do ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 países de 24 redes de parcelas. Estas iniciativas estão transformando coletivamente o entendimento das florestas tropicais e seus papéis na biosfera. Juntos nós descobrimos como, onde e por que o carbono e a biodiversidade da floresta estão respondendo às mudanças climáticas, e seus efeitos de retroalimentação. Esta duradoura colaboração pantropical revelou um grande sumidouro de carbono persistente e suas tendências, assim como tem evidenciado quais direcionadores são mais importantes, quais processos florestais são mais afetados, onde eles estão mudando, seus atrasos no tempo de resposta, e as prováveis respostas das florestas tropicais conforme o clima continua a mudar. Dessa forma, aproveitando uma notável tecnologia antiga, redes de parcelas acendem faíscas de uma moderna revolução na ciência das florestas tropicais. No futuro a humanidade pode se beneficiar incentivando estas comunidades basais que agora são coletivamente capazes de gerar conhecimentos únicos e duradouros sobre as florestas mais preciosas da Terra. Résume: Les forêts tropicales sont les écosystèmes les plus diversifiés et les plus productifs de la planète. Si une meilleure compréhension de ces forêts est essentielle pour notre avenir collectif, jusqu'à tout récemment, les efforts déployés pour les mesurer et les surveiller ont été largement déconnectés. La mise en réseau est essentielle pour découvrir les réponses à des questions qui dépassent les frontières et les horizons des organismes de financement. Nous montrons ici comment une communauté mondiale relève les défis de la recherche sur les écosystèmes tropicaux avec diverses équipes qui mesurent les forêts arbre après arbre dans de milliers de parcelles permanentes. Nous passons en revue les principales découvertes scientifiques de ces travaux et montrons comment ce processus modifie la science des forêts tropicales. Notre approche principale consiste à relier les initiatives de base à long terme à des protocoles standardisés et une gestion de données afin de générer des résultats solides à grande échelle. En reliant les chercheurs tropicaux et en élevant leur statut, notre modèle de réseau de recherche sociale reconnaît le rôle clé de l'auteur des données dans la découverte scientifique. Conçus en 1999 avec RAINFOR (Amérique du Sud), nos réseaux de parcelles permanentes ont été adaptés à l'Afrique (AfriTRON) et à l'Asie du Sud-Est (T-FORCES) et largement imités dans le monde entier. Ces multiples initiatives sont désormais intégrées via l'infrastructure ForestPlots.net, qui relie des collègues de 54 pays à travers 24 réseaux de parcelles. Ensemble, elles transforment la compréhension des forêts tropicales et de leur rôle biosphérique. Ensemble, nous avons découvert comment, où et pourquoi le carbone forestier et la biodiversité réagissent au changement climatique, et comment ils y réagissent. Cette collaboration pan-tropicale à long terme a révélé un important puits de carbone à long terme et ses tendances, tout en mettant en évidence les facteurs les plus importants, les processus forestiers qui sont affectés, les endroits où ils changent, les décalages et les réactions futures probables des forêts tropicales à mesure que le climat continue de changer. En tirant parti d'une technologie remarquablement ancienne, les réseaux de parcelles déclenchent une révolution très moderne dans la science des forêts tropicales. À l'avenir, l'humanité pourra grandement bénéficier du soutien des communautés de base qui sont maintenant collectivement capables de générer une compréhension unique et à long terme des forêts les plus précieuses de la Terre. Abstrak: Hutan tropika adalah di antara ekosistem yang paling produktif dan mempunyai kepelbagaian biodiversiti yang tinggi di seluruh dunia. Walaupun pemahaman mengenai hutan tropika amat penting untuk masa depan kita, usaha-usaha untuk mengkaji dan mengawas hutah-hutan tersebut baru sekarang menjadi lebih diperhubungkan. Perangkaian adalah sangat penting untuk mencari jawapan kepada soalan-soalan yang menjangkaui sempadan dan batasan agensi pendanaan. Di sini kami menunjukkan bagaimana sebuah komuniti global bertindak balas terhadap cabaran penyelidikan ekosistem tropika melalui penglibatan pelbagai kumpulan yang mengukur hutan secara pokok demi pokok dalam beribu-ribu plot jangka panjang. Kami meninjau semula penemuan saintifik utama daripada kerja ini dan menunjukkan bagaimana proses ini sedang mengubah bidang sains hutan tropika. Teras pendekatan kami memberi tumpuan terhadap penghubungan inisiatif akar umbi jangka panjang dengan protokol standar serta pengurusan data untuk mendapatkan hasil skala besar yang kukuh. Dengan menghubungkan penyelidik-penyelidik tropika dan meningkatkan status mereka, model Rangkaian Penyelidikan Sosial kami mengiktiraf kepentingan peranan pengasas data dalam penemuan saintifik. Bermula dengan pengasasan RAINFOR (Amerika Selatan) pada tahun 1999, rangkaian-rangkaian plot kekal kami kemudian disesuaikan untuk Afrika (AfriTRON) dan Asia Tenggara (T-FORCES) dan selanjutnya telah banyak dicontohi di seluruh dunia. Kini, inisiatif-inisiatif tersebut disepadukan melalui infrastruktur siber ForestPlots.net yang menghubungkan rakan sekerja dari 54 negara di 24 buah rangkaian plot. Secara kolektif, rangkaian ini sedang mengubah pemahaman tentang hutan tropika dan peranannya dalam biosfera. Kami telah bekerjasama untuk menemukan bagaimana, di mana dan mengapa karbon serta biodiversiti hutan bertindak balas terhadap perubahan iklim dan juga bagaimana mereka saling bermaklum balas. Kolaborasi pan-tropika jangka panjang ini telah mendedahkan sebuah sinki karbon jangka panjang serta arah alirannya dan juga menjelaskan pemandu-pemandu perubahan yang terpenting, di mana dan bagaimana proses hutan terjejas, masa susul yang ada dan kemungkinan tindakbalas hutan tropika pada perubahan iklim secara berterusan di masa depan. Dengan memanfaatkan pendekatan lama, rangkaian plot sedang menyalakan revolusi yang amat moden dalam sains hutan tropika. Pada masa akan datang, manusia sejagat akan banyak mendapat manfaat jika memupuk komuniti-komuniti akar umbi yang kini berkemampuan secara kolektif menghasilkan pemahaman unik dan jangka panjang mengenai hutan-hutan yang paling berharga di dunia. 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Begonia sect. Microtuberosa Moonlight & Tebbitt sect. nov. http://www.ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77160200-1 Diagnosis Begonia sect. Microtuberosa sect. nov. is most closely related to B. sect. Trachelocarpus and three species of B. sect. Gaerdtia. Both of these sections are endemic to eastern Brazil and differ markedly from sect. Microtuberosa sect. nov. in both their habit and Foral characteristics (see Table 1). However, all three sections share their Flaments fused at least at the base and B. sect. Microtuberosa sect. nov. further shares its androecium morphology with B. sect. Pereira and its lack of bracteoles with B. sect. Trachelocarpus. The majority of both Foral and vegetative characters are, however, markedly different among the three sections. Begonia sect. Microtuberosa sect. nov. is readily identiFed as the only Neotropical section of Begonia with male Fowers with four or fewer stamens, and the combination of ovaries with two or three locules and entire placentas, and a tuberous habit. Etymology The name ��� Microtuberosa ��� emphasises the diminutive and tuberous habit of the type species. Type species Begonia elachista Moonlight & Tebbitt sp. nov. Description Caulescent, tuberous herbs, perennial. Stems erect. Stipules persistent, entire. Leaves alternate, 2���4(���6), basiFxed, blade symmetrical or subsymmetrical, veins palmate. InForescence axillary, an asymmetric dichasial cyme, protandrous, bracts persistent. Male Fowers: with 2���4 free perianth segments; stamens 2 or 4, Flaments united into a column for more than half their length, anthers elliptic, dehiscing via lateral slits, connective not projecting. Female Fowers: bracteoles absent, with 2���3 free perianth segments; ovary and fruit with 2���3 wings, wings equal, 2���3-locular, placentas entire, bearing ovules on both surfaces; styles 2���3, free to base, biFd from about ⅔ their height, stigmatic papillae in a once spirally twisted band. Fruit a capsule. Seeds not examined. Distribution On a limestone outcrop in lowland Amazonian Peru to the east of the Chemill��n Cordillera at an altitude of 430 m., Published as part of Peter Watson Moonlight, Carlos Reynel & Mark Tebbitt, 2017, Begonia elachista Moonlight & Tebbitt sp. nov., an enigmatic new species and a new section of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from Peru, pp. 1-13 in European Journal of Taxonomy 281 on page 4, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.281, http://zenodo.org/record/321247

Begonia elachista Moonlight & Tebbitt sp. nov. sect. Microtuberosa http://www.ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77160201-1 Figs 2, 3 Diagnosis Begonia elachista sp. nov. is a highly distinct species with an unusual combination of features that is easily recognized as the only Peruvian species of Begonia that reaches maturity at fewer than 5 cm in height. It is also unique within Peru in having ovate leaves smaller than 3 �� 3 cm and a combination of entire placentae and a tuberous habit. Etymology The epithet ��� elachista ��� comes from the Greek for ���least��� and emphasizes the diminutive size of this species, which is the smallest known species of Begonia. Type PERU: Region Pasco, Prov. Oxapampa, Dist. Palcazu, Parque Nacional Yanachaga-Chemill��n, sector Paujil, 150 m from entrance to Las Cavernas on trail from Paujil, 10��20��40�� S, 75��15��1�� W, 432 m, 25 Feb. 2016, Moonlight & Daza 318 (holo-: MOL; iso-: E, MO, USM). Additional material PERU: Region Pasco, Prov. Oxapampa, Dist. Palcazu, Parque Nacional Yanachaga-Chemill��n, sector Paujil, Quebrada Tunel, 10��20�� S, 75��15�� W, 429 m, 17 Mar. 2008, V��squez, Monteagudo, Huamantupa & A. Pe��a 34030 (E, HOXA, HUT, MO, USM). Description Caulescent, tuberous herb. Tuber subglobose, 1���2 mm in diam. Stems 1���3 per tuber, erect, ca 0.2 mm in diam., 5���30 mm long, unbranched, internodes 1.5���7.5 mm long, glabrous, light green. Stipules persistent, narrowly lanceolate, 0.5���1.5 �� 0.2���0.5 mm, apex acuminate, aristate, terminal hair ca 0.4 mm long, margin entire, with 1���2 ciliate hairs to 0.2 mm on each side. Leaves 1���4, alternate, basiFxed; petiole orientated in same direction as the main vein of blade, 8���25 mm long, glabrous, blade symmetrical to subsymmetric, ovate to suborbicular, 8���30 �� 7���25 mm, membranous, apex obtuse, base cordate, basal lobes not overlapping, sinus 0.5���2 mm deep, margin irregularly crenate, ciliate, the hairs to 0.3 mm, upper surface glabrous, light grey-green, lower glabrous, light grey-green, veins palmate, 5���7, secondary veins indistinct. InForescences 1���2, axillary, arising from axis of each leaf, erect, an asymmetric dichasial cyme, with 1���2 branches, bearing up to 2 male Fowers and up to 2 female Fowers, usually protandrous but basal-most female Fower often opening concurrently with the apical male Fower; peduncle 5���40 mm long, glabrous; pedicels of male Fowers 2���6 mm long, glabrous; pedicels of female Fowers 1���5 mm long, glabrous; bracts persistent, elliptic, 1.5���2.5 �� 0.1���0.3 mm, apex acuminate, margin entire, glabrous or with up to 2 ciliate hairs to 0.2 mm on each side, dark brown. Male Fowers: tepals 2���4, spreading, white, outer two lanceolate to oblanceolate, 3���7.5 �� 1���2.5 mm, apex obtuse to rounded, margin entire, glabrous, inner 1���2 elliptic if present, 3���4 �� 0.75���1.25 mm, apex obtuse to rounded, margin entire, glabrous; stamens 2 or 4, yellow, Flaments 0.25���0.75 mm long, united on a 0.75���1 mm column, anthers elliptic, 0.75���1.5 mm long, often with long and short thecae on the same anther, dehiscing via lateral slits, connectives not projecting, symmetrically basiFxed. Female Fowers: bracteoles absent; tepals not persisting in fruit, 2 or rarely 3, spreading, white, narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, equal, 3���4.5 �� 0.75���2.5 mm, apex obtuse to rounded, margin entire, glabrous; ovary body ovoid, 1.5���2.5 �� 1���2.5 mm, glabrous, white, subequally 2���3-winged, wings rounded-oblong, apical edge of wing truncate to convex, basal edge rounded, apex acute to obtuse, 2���2.5 mm long, 1���1.75 mm wide; 2���3-locular, placentas entire, bearing ovules on both surfaces; styles 2���3, yellow, free to base, 2���3 mm long, biFd from about ⅔ their height, stigmatic papillae in a once spirally twisted band. Fruiting pedicel to 5 mm long. Fruit body globose, to 1.5���2.5 �� 2���2.5 mm, glabrous, drying brown, wings same shape and size as in ovary. Seeds not examined. Distribution and habitat Begonia elachista sp. nov. is known only from the type locality in the Peruvian region of Pasco (Oxapampa Province) and has been collected on calcareous rocks by the entrance to a cave within primary lowland Amazonian forest, at an altitude of 430 m. It was observed growing on rocks free from other vascular plants in association with various bryophyte species in the almost continual shade of the surrounding forest. Conservation status The known range of B. elachista sp. nov. consists of the area immediately around a single cave mouth and nearby limestone outcrops in sector Paujil of Parque Nacional Yanachaga-Chemill��n (AOO B. elachista sp. nov. as Critically Endangered: CR B2 ab(iii) (IUCN 2001). Discussion The tuberous habit and western South American range of B. elachista sp. nov. suggest a close relationship with other tuberous Andean species of Begonia but this is not supported by our analysis. The majority of tuberous Andean Begonia species are currently classiFed in B. sect. Eupetalum, which is distinguished by its geophytic tubers or Feshy rhizomes and relatively large Fowers (Doorenbos et al. 1998; Tebbitt 2015). All other tuberous Andean species are classiFed within B. sect. Barya, B. sect. Knesebeckia and B. sect. Quadriperigonia, and all four sections differ from B. elachista sp. nov. in a suite of characters including their biFd placentae (except B. lutea L.B.Sm. & B.G.Schub.), more numerous stamens and female tepals, and much larger size. We resolve B. sect. Microtuberosa sect. nov. as distantly related to all tuberous species of Andean Begonia and most closely related to rhizomatous and scandent sections from southeast South America. The morphological differences between B. sect. Microtuberosa sect. nov. and these sections are outlined above (Table 1) and, in combination with the placement of B. elachista sp. nov. outside of these sections, strongly support the description of a new section. The large morphological disparity between B. elachista sp. nov. and its nearest relatives is typical of that found in limestone cave endemics (Chung et al. 2014). Such species are typically small, often tuberous or rhizomatous, and usually have relatively symmetrical leaves and small, white Fowers. Examples of this syndrome in Begonia are found across sections and continents and include B. antsingyensis Humb. ex Keraudren & Bosser sect. Quadrilobaria A.DC. (Madagascar); B. cavum Ziesenh. sect. Knesebeckia (Klotzsch) A.DC. (Mexico); B. hoehneana Irmsch. sect. Unassigned (Brazil); B. exigua Irmsch. sect. Begonia (Brazil); B. minuscula Aver. sect. Reichenheimea (Klotzsch) A.DC. (Vietnam); B. schulziana Urb. & Ekman sect. Begonia (Haiti); B. speluncae Ridl. sect. Reichenheimea (Klotzsch) A.DC. (Borneo); and many others. This striking convergence among unrelated Begonia species on similar substrates in Begonia is worthy of further investigation. That B. sect. Microtuberosa sect. nov. is nested within a group of eastern Brazilian species suggests it represents an independent dispersal across the Amazon basin, in addition to those identiFed in Moonlight et al. (2015). The majority of lowland Amazonia represents unsuitable habitat for most Begonia species but the genus appears to have dispersed across the area multiple times. The discovery of a further dispersal event highlights the abundance of ���rare��� long-distance dispersal events within Begonia. Begonia elachista sp. nov. is one of a number of recently described species of Peruvian Begonia. The number of species known from this country has risen from the 34 covered in the Flora of Peru (Smith & Schubert 1941) to more than 75 today (Hughes et al. 2015). This continued rapid rate of species discovery suggests many more species may remain undiscovered within the country, particularly in limestone areas. A number of species are contenders for the world���s smallest Begonia, and many have been designated epithets emphasising their diminutive statures. The Frst of these was B. minor Jacq. in 1787, although in this case the name only implied it was slightly smaller than the 20 or so species previously described, and it still grows to more than 1 m. Perhaps the most delicate known Begonia species is the Malaysian B. sibthorpioides Ridl., whose leaves and Fowers are both smaller than those of B. elachista sp. nov.; however, the stem of B. sibthorpioides trails to 10 cm. Malagasy Begonia also include a number of tiny species, including B. leandrii Humb., B. nana L���H��r. and B. perpusilla A.DC., while the smallest mainland African species is B. wilksii Sosef, but all exceed the 3 cm total height of B. elachista sp. nov. in either their inForescence height or petiole length. The recently described Vietnamese B. minuscula Aver. and Sumatran B. lilliputana M.Hughes are both small, but the rhizomes of the former reach 6 cm while the leaf length of the latter equals the entire height of B. elachista sp. nov. Begonia sleumeri L.B.Sm. & B.G.Schub. is particularly notable in being a small tuberous species from Andean South America. This Argentinian species has smaller leaf blades of a similar size (1���3.1 �� 1.4���4.6 cm) to B. elachista sp. nov. but has larger tubers (0.5���2 cm in diam.), sometimes has taller stems (up to 4.5 cm tall), often has longer petioles (1.2���5.3 cm long), and almost always has larger Fowers. We believe B. elachista sp. nov. is the smallest known Begonia species in the world., Published as part of Peter Watson Moonlight, Carlos Reynel & Mark Tebbitt, 2017, Begonia elachista Moonlight & Tebbitt sp. nov., an enigmatic new species and a new section of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from Peru, pp. 1-13 in European Journal of Taxonomy 281 on pages 5-9, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.281, http://zenodo.org/record/321247, {"references":["IUCN 2001. IUCN Red List Categories: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Cambridge. Available from http: // www. iucnredlist. org / technical-documents / categories-and-criteria / 2001 - categories-criteria [accessed 20 Aug. 2016].","Doorenbos J., Sosef M. & De Wilde J. J. F. E. 1998. The sections of Begonia including descriptions, keys and species lists (studies in Begoniaceae VI). Wageningen Agricultural University Papers 98 (2): 1 - 266.","Hughes M., Moonlight P. W., Jara-Munoz A., Tebbitt M. C. & Pullan M. 2015 and continously updated. Begonia Resource Centre. Online database available at http: // elmer. rbge. org. uk / begonia / [accessed 15 Aug. 2016].","Chung K. - F., Leong W. - C., Rubite R. R., Repin R., Kiew R., Liu Y & Peng C-I. 2014. Phylogenetic analyses of Begonia sect. Coelocentrum and allied limestone species of China shed light on the evolution of Sino-Vietnamese karst Fora. Botanical Studies 55 (1): 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1999 - 3110 - 55 - 1","Smith L. B. & Schubert B. G. 1941. Begoniaceae. Flora of Peru 13 (4): 181 - 202."]}