Search

Prado, Guilherme C., Ferreira, Rodrigo L. (2023): GUILHERME C. PRADO & RODRIGO L. FERREIRA (2023) Three new troglobitic species of Pseudochthonius Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from northeastern Brazil Zootaxa, 5249 (1), 092-110. Zootaxa 5256 (6): 597-600, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.8

The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiver sity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxo nomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world’s known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world’s most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend be yond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still un equally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the coun try. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora. Fil: Gomes da Silva, Janaina. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Fil: Filardi, Fabiana L.R. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Barbosa, María Regina de V. Universidade Federal da Paraíba: Joao Pessoa; Brasil Fil: Baumgratz, José Fernando Andrade. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: de Mattos Bicudo, Carlos Eduardo. Instituto de Botânica. Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia; Brasil Fil: Cavalcanti, Taciana. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Brasil Fil: Coelho, Marcus. Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas; Brasil Fil: Ferreira da Costa, Andrea. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional. Department of Botany; Brasil Fil: Costa, Denise. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Dalcin, Eduardo C. Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Research Institute; Brasil Fil: Labiak, Paulo. Universidade Federal do Parana; Brasil Fil: Cavalcante de Lima, Haroldo. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Lohmann, Lucia. Universidade de São Paulo; Brasil Fil: Maia, Leonor. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Brasil Fil: Mansano, Vidal de Freitas. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Menezes, Mariângela. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional. Department of Botany; Brasil Fil: Morim, Marli. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Moura, Carlos Wallace do Nascimento. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Department of Biological Science; Brasil Fil: Lughadha, Eimear NIck. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido Fil: Peralta, Denilson. Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais; Brazil Fil: Prado, Jefferson. Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais; Brasil Fil: Roque, Nádia. Universidade Federal da Bahia; Brasil Fil: Stehmann, Joao. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: da Silva Sylvestre, Lana. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa. Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina; Brasil Fil: Walter, Bruno Machado Teles. EMBRAPA Cenargen Brasília; Brasil Fil: Zimbrão, Geraldo. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Forzza, Rafaela C. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Morales, Matías. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Morón. Facultad de Agronomía y Ciencias Agroalimentarias; Argentina

Pseudochthonius diamachi sp. nov. Material examined. Holotype female (ISLA 100994), preserved in ethanol: Brazil, Serra do Ramalho, Bahia, Gruna das Três Cobras Cave (13º37’6.63”S, 43º45’9.87”W), 15 September 2021, leg. R. L Ferreira. Paratype female (ISLA 100995), same data as holotype. Etymology. Diamáchi (“διαμαχη”) is a Greek word meaning “dispute”. The epithet diamachi is an allusion to the unfortunate disputes over the region’s caves and it intends to register our repudiation of any people or groups that consider themselves owners of Brazilian caves. This noun should be treated as noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Differing from the other members of the genus by the following combination of characters: Absence of eyes or eyespots; carapace with a strong posterior constriction (confirmed by the difference between ocular width and posterior width); ist–est/ist–esb trichobothria ratio of 1.02 (1.11); chelal fixed finger with 41 acute teeth with alternate heterodonty, chelal movable finger with 42 acute and well-defined teeth; movable and fixed finger of chelicera with poorly defined and constricted teeth, and with a small distal isolated tooth in both fingers; presence of two and four setae on the first and second tergite, respectively; trichobothrium et proximad to dx and distad to it; body length of 2.02 (2.33) mm; chela 7.7 to 7.8 times as long as broad. Description (Figs 4C–D, 11A). Body pale yellowish, very translucent; chelicerae slightly orange, abdomen beige. Some parts of the body scaly. Vestitural setae thin and anteriorly projected on prosoma and posteriorly projected on opisthosoma. Carapace (Fig. 3E). 1.04 (1.07) times longer than broad, strongly constricted posteriorly showing a difference between ocular width and posterior width of 0.14 mm (Fig. 3E); anterior margin smooth (except for the epistome); no eyes or eyespots; epistome strongly dentate and serrated (ranging to seta ame); posterior margin of carapace smooth; chaetotaxy 4+2: 4: 4: 2: 2 (18). Chelicera (Figs 1C, E, 3H). Hand with 5 setae; movable finger with 1 subdistal seta; galea present as a tubercle; fixed finger with 9 constricted teeth, of which the distal one just isolated; movable finger with 10 constricted teeth, of which the distal one is isolated; rallum with 7 blades; serrula exterior and interior with 15 and 12 blades, respectively. Tergites. Not divided; surface smooth; chaetotaxy uniseriate, I–XI 2: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 4: 6: 2: 2 + 2 sensory setae. Pleural membranes striate. Coxae (Figs 2C, F, 3A, F). Manducatory process with two apical setae; rest of palpal coxae with 3 setae arranged in a triangle; delicate lamellae outlined by 8(9) small spines. Pedal (Figs 2C, 3A): coxal spines plumose, arranged in a single transverse row in coxae I (3–5) and II (4) (Figs 2F, 3F), chaetotaxy: I 4+1, II 5, III 8, IV 7–8(9); intercoxal tubercle absent. Genital operculum of female: 8–9 setae distributed in three transversal rows: 2: 4: 2–3, genital opening not bifurcated. Sternites: chaetotaxy IV‒XI: 10: 8: 8: 8: 8: 6: 4: 2. Anal operculum with 2 ventral setae. Palp (Figs 1A–B, D, 3C, G). Trochanter 1.78 (1.62) times longer than wide, patella two times longer than wide, femur 6.84 times longer than wide. Femoral chaetotaxy 5: 6: 3(5): 5(6): 1(2). Trichobothrial pattern: ib and isb located at the half portion of the hand, adjacent to each other and slightly dislocated to the paraxial face of the chela, eb proximad to esb, ist distad to esb, it distad to est, et proximad to dx; ist halfway between esb and est (ratio distance ist-est/ist-esb = 1.02 [1.11]). Fixed finger slightly bent; movable finger slightly curved (Figs 1A, 3G). Chelal fixed finger with 41 acute, triangular, and widely spaced teeth, with heterodonty starting proximally from the 8 th teeth. Movable finger with 42 acute, triangular, and widely spaced teeth. Leg IV (Fig. 3B). Arolia almost same length as claws; a tiny protuberance near end of telotarsus. Measurements (length/width or depth in mm and ratios in parenthesis calculated by using three significant digits): Female holotype (female paratype in brackets). Body length 2.02 [2.334]. Carapace 0.59/0.56 (1.0) [0.60/0.56 (1.1)]. Palps: trochanter 0.33/0.18 (1.8) [0.28–0.17 (1.6)], femur 0.98/0.16 (6.8) [1.08/0.15 (6.8)], patella 0.37/0.18 (2.0) [0.37/0.18 (2.0)], chela 1.59/0.21 (7.7) [1.43/0.18 (7.8)], movable finger length1.02 [1.00]. Leg I: trochanter 0.22/0.16 (1.4) [0.18/0.14 (1.3)], femur 0.60/0.10 (5.9) [0.54/0.09 (6.2)], patella 0.31/0.08 (4.0) [0.30/0.07 (4.0)], femur/patella 1.93 [1.82], tibia 0.32/0.06 (5.6) [0.29/0.06 (5.0)], tarsus 0.64/0.05 (13.0) [0.57/0.05 (11.3)]. Leg IV: Trochanter: 0.28/0.16 (1.7) [0.27/0.15 (1.3)], femur + patella 0.95/0.28 (3.4) [0.89/0.26 (3.4)], tibia 0.58/0.10 (5.8) [0.53/0.10 (5.5)], basitarsus 0.33/0.09 (3.7) [0.29/0.08 (3.8), telotarsus 0.69/0.05 (13.9) [0.65/0.05 (13.4)]. Ecological Remarks. Specimens of Pseudochthonius diamachi sp. nov. were found in the Três Cobras cave, located in Serra do Ramalho municipality, in the southwest of Bahia state, Brazil. This cave has 5.620 meters of horizontal projection, presenting a labyrinth of internal conduits and chambers (Figs 4A–B). The cave has many entrances (Fig. 4A) that are situated mostly at the base of the limestone outcrop. Accordingly, the cave atmosphere is influenced by airflow from the entrances, which dries out several conduits during the dry season (Fig. 4B). However, inner chambers and conduits remain moist even during the dry season. In such moist and environmentally stable areas, most of the cave-restricted fauna is encountered, which includes specimens of P. diamachi sp. nov., usually observed walking on the cave floor (Figs 4C–D) a phenomenon that is not observed in non-troglobitic cave-dwelling species of Pseudochthonius, generally spotted underneath rocks on the cave floor, even in moist areas. The reduction of cryptobiotic behavior is commonly observed in multiple troglobitic invertebrates, including arachnids, such as palpigrades (Souza & Ferreira 2010), amblypygids (Vasconcelos & Ferreira 2017) and even pseudoscorpions from other families (Viana et al. 2018). The main organic resources occurring in the cave are plant debris from the epigean vegetation (which is mainly concentrated near entrances) and bat guano. The latter is most common in deeper regions of the cave where the pseudoscorpions were observed. Such piles attract many springtails and other small invertebrates, such as barklice and immature crickets, which may represent the main prey for the pseudoscorpions. The cave receives no human visitors, except for a few speleologists that sporadically enter the cave for research. However, the external area is highly damaged (Fig. 10A). During our visit to the area, drone images revealed the extensive tree logging in the cave surroundings. Most areas surrounding the cave were converted to pastures or have had the vegetation cleared and burned, probably for pasture expansion. We suggest reforestation as a means to preserve the cave and its fauna.

Pseudochthonius pali sp. nov. Material examined. Holotype male (ISLA 100992), preserved in ethanol: Brazil, Serra do Ramalho, Bahia, Gruna do Google Cave (13º37’41.93”S, 43º48’49.04”W), 22 September 2021, leg. R. L Ferreira. Allotype female (ISLA 100993), same data as holotype. Etymology. Páli (from Greek “πάλη”) can be translated as “fight, battle”, and represents the recent fight of the Brazilian speleology community in favor of cave preservation and against the recent presidential decree that allowed the destruction of maximum relevance caves in Brazil. This noun should be treated as noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Differing from the other members of the genus by the following combination of characters: Absence of eyes or eyespots; carapace with a strong posterior constriction; ist–est/ist–esb trichobothria ratio of 2.46 (2.77); chelal fixed finger with 34 (39) acute teeth with heterodonty starting from the 10 th proximal tooth, chelal movable finger with 36 (38) small and retrorse teeth; cheliceral fixed finger with 9 (11) spaced and regular teeth, movable finger with 9 (12) teeth, with no constrictions or distal isolated teeth; presence of two and four setae on the first and second tergites, respectively; trichobothria est, it and et grouped; body length of 1.33 (1.70) mm; chela 5.9 to 6.5 times as long as broad. Description (Figs 9C–D, 11B). Body pale yellowish, very translucent; chelicerae slightly orange, abdomen beige. Vestitural setae thin and anteriorly projected on prosoma and posteriorly projected on opisthosoma. Carapace (Fig. 8C). 1.09 (1.05) times longer than broad, strongly constricted posteriorly showing a difference between ocular width and posterior width of 0.11 (0.15) mm (Fig. 8C); anterior margin all serrated; no eyes or eyespots; epistome strongly dentate and saw-like (ranging to lateral setae); posterior margin of carapace smooth; chaetotaxy 4+2: 4: 4: 2: 2 (18). Chelicera (Figs 2A–B, 8B). Hand with 5 setae; movable finger with 1 subdistal seta and fixed finger; galea present as a smooth hump; fixed finger with 9 (11) well-defined acute teeth; movable finger with 9 (12) well-defined acute teeth; rallum with 7 blades, serrula exterior with 14 blades, serrula interior with 10 blades. Tergites. Not divided; surface smooth; chaetotaxy uniseriate, I–XI 2: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 4: 6: 2: 2 + 2 sensory setae. Anal operculum without dorsal setae. Pleural membranes striate. Coxae (Figs 8A–G). Manducatory process with two apical setae, lateral ones slightly smaller than medial; rest of palp coxae with 3 setae arranged in a triangle; delicate lamellae outlined by 9 small spines. Pedal (Fig. 8A): coxal spines plumose (highly dentated), arranged in a single transverse row in coxae I (3–5) and II (5–6) ((Fig. 8G), chaetotaxy: I 4+1, II 4 (5), III 7–8, IV 8 (9); intercoxal tubercle absent. Genital operculum of female: 9 setae distributed in three horizontal rows: 2: 3: 4, genital opening not clearly bifurcated. Genital operculum of male (Fig. 8H): anterior margin of operculum with 8 discal setae distributed marginally; six valvular setae on each side of the opening; 4 surrounding setae and 3-2(5) microlateral setae (Fig. 8H). Sternites: chaetotaxy IV‒XI: 10: 8: 8: 8: 8: 6: 4: 2. Anal operculum with two ventral setae. Palp (Figs 8F, I). Trochanter 1.67 times longer than wide, femur 5.65 (5.71) times longer than wide, patella 2.22 (2.23) times longer than wide. Femoral chaetotaxy 5: 6: 3: 5: 2. Trichobothrial pattern: ib and isb located at the half portion of the hand proximad to a tiny hump (Fig. 8I), adjacent to each other, eb proximad to esb, ist distad to esb, it between est and et, et proximad from dx and distad to it; ist closer to esb than to est (ratio distance ist-est/ist-esb = 2.46 [2.77]). Fixed finger slightly sigmoid; movable finger slightly curved (Fig. 8I). Chelal fixed finger with 34 (39) acute, triangular, and widely spaced teeth, with heterodonty starting from the 10 th teeth. Movable finger with 36 (38) small and projected backwards teeth. Leg IV (Fig. 8E). Arolia slightly smaller than claws. Measurements (length/width or depth in mm and ratios in parenthesis calculated by using three significant digits): Male holotype (female paratypes in brackets). Body length 1.33 [1.70]. Carapace 0.42/0.39 (1.1) [0.49/0.46 (1.1)]. Palps: trochanter 0.20/0.12 (1.7) [0.22/0.13 (1.7)], femur 0.63/0.11 (5.7) [0.74/0.13 (5.7)], patella 0.28/0.13 (2.2) [0.31/0.14 (2.2)], chela 0.87/0.13 (6.5) [0.98/0.17 (5.9)], movable finger length 0.58 [0.64]. Leg I: trochanter 0.14/0.10 (1.4) [0.15/0.11 (1.4)], femur 0.34/0.07 (5.2) [0.39/0.07 (5.5)], patella 0.18/0.05 (3.6) [0.2/0.06 (3.6)], femur/patella 1.9 [2.0], tibia 0.19/0.04 (4.7) [0.22/0.04 (5.0)], tarsus 0.35/0.03 (10.2) [0.41/0.04 (10.2)]. Leg IV: Trochanter: 0.12/0.11 (1.2) [0.16/0.12 (1.3)], femur + patella 0.5/0.19 (2.7) [0.6/0.21 (2.8)], tibia 0.31/0.08 (3.9) [0.37/0.09 (4.2)], basitarsus 0.17/0.06 (2.9) [0.22/0.06 (3.6)], telotarsus 0.36/0.04 (9.9) [0.42/0.04 (10.6)]. Ecological Remarks. Specimens of Pseudochthonius pali sp. nov. were found in the Gruna do Google cave, located in Serra do Ramalho municipality, southwestern Bahia state, Brazil. This cave has 1.230 meters of horizontal projection, with a single entrance, which represents a sinkhole (Fig. 9A). There is an intermittent drainage in the external landscape, which drains to the cave entrance. Hence, a huge amount of sediment and organic matter are seasonally carried to the cave demanding periodic debris removal in order to access inner conduits. The conduits are predominantly wide, and moistened sediments cover the floor (Fig. 9B). The majority of the main conduit is seasonally flooded, and the main organic resource observed is plant-decaying material. The specimens of P. pali sp. nov. were found walking freely on the floor (Figs 9C–D) situated in an upper chamber located laterally in relation to the main cave conduit, at about 600 meters from the entrance. This cave has only been visited by speleologists since its discovery, due to the difficult access to its inner portions, which leads to a quite preserved interior. Nonetheless, since it receives a huge contribution of external sediments brought by water, an apparent silting was observed along the main conduit of the cave. However, contrary to the observations for the other two caves herein described, the external landscape surrounding the cave (especially upstream) is slightly modified, and a secondary forest predominates along the area., Published as part of Prado, Guilherme C. & Ferreira, Rodrigo L., 2023, Three new troglobitic species of Pseudochthonius Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from northeastern Brazil, pp. 92-110 in Zootaxa 5249 (1) on pages 103-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5249.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7685373

Prado, Guilherme C., Ferreira, Rodrigo L. (2023): Three new troglobitic species of Pseudochthonius Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 5249 (1): 92-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5249.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5249.1.5

Pseudochthonius koinopoliteia sp. nov. Material examined. Holotype male (ISLA 100996), preserved in ethanol: Brazil, Carinhanha, Bahia, Gruna da Água Clara Cave (13º48’4.26”S, 43º57’6.24”W), 11 October 2017, leg. R. L Ferreira. Allotype female (ISLA 100997), preserved in ethanol: Brazil, Carinhanha, Bahia, Pedro Cassiano Cave (13º47’52.80”S, 43º54’50.40”W), 14 September 2021, leg. R. L Ferreira. Paratype female (ISLA 103872), preserved in ethanol: same local and coordinates as holotype, 3 September 2022, leg. R. L Ferreira. Etymology. Koinopoliteía (from Greek “κοινοπολιτεία”) can be translated as commonwealth. As previously mentioned, Brazilian caves are a public good, with no possibility of ownership by individuals or entities. This noun should be treated as a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Differing from the other members of the genus by the following combination of characters: Absence of eyes or eyespots; carapace rectangular with almost no posterior constriction; ist–est/ist–esb trichobothria ratio of 0.68 (0.73–0.85); chelal fixed finger with 38 acute teeth with heterodonty starting from the 10 th proximal tooth, chelal movable finger with 38 acute and well-defined teeth; cheliceral fixed finger with 7 teeth, exhibiting a constriction between the second and 5 th proximal ones, movable finger of the chelicera with 8 (13) teeth, the second and third ones constricted, with a distal isolated tooth; presence of two setae on the first and second tergites; trichobothrium et proximad to dx and distad to it; body length of 1.69 (1.71–1.95) mm; chela 7.2 to 7.7 times as long as broad. Description (Figs 6D, 8C). Body pale yellowish, very translucent; chelicerae slightly orange, abdomen beige. Some parts of the body scaly. Vestitural setae thin and anteriorly projected on prosoma and posteriorly projected on opisthosoma. Carapace (Fig. 5D). 1.18 (1.12–1.21) times longer than broad, posteriorly slightly constricted showing a difference between ocular width and posterior width of 0.03 (0.06) mm (Fig. 5D); anterior margin partially serrated; no eyes or eyespots; epistome small and strongly dentate and serrated (ranging to seta ame); posterior margin of carapace smooth; chaetotaxy 4+2: 4: 4: 2: 2 (18). Chelicera (Figs 2D–E, 5H). Hand with 5 setae; movable finger with 1 subdistal seta; galea present as a tubercle; fixed finger with 7 acute teeth highly constricted between 2 nd and 5 th (including a small slightly distal one); movable finger with 9(13) acute teeth (including a small distal one) with 2 nd and 3 rd teeth highly constricted (Figs 2D, 10H); rallum with 7 blades; serrula exterior with 15 blades, serrula interior with 9 blades. Tergites. Not divided; surface smooth; chaetotaxy uniseriate, I–XI 2: 2: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 2: 2. Anal operculum without dorsal setae. Pleural membranes slightly striate. Coxae (Figs 5A, F). Manducatory process with two apical setae; rest of palp coxae with 3 setae arranged in a triangle; delicate lamellae outlined by 10(11) small spines. Pedal (Figs 5A, F): coxal spines plumose, arranged in a single transverse row in coxae I (5–6) and II (4–5) (Fig. 5F), chaetotaxy: I 4+1, II 5– 6, III 8, IV 7–8 (9); intercoxal tubercle absent. Genital operculum of female: 8 setae distributed in three transversal rows: 2: 4: 2, genital opening not bifurcated, 3 rd tergite with 16 linear setae. Genital operculum of male (Fig. 5G): Anterior genital operculum with 8 discal setae, 6 valvular genital setae and 4 setae along the sternite, with 2 microlateral setae on each side. Sternites: chaetotaxy IV‒XI: 10+ 4–6m: 8+ 2m: 8+ 2m: 9 (10): 8 (9): 6: 2(3: 4 + 2 sensory setae. Anal operculum with 2 ventral setae. Palp (Figs 5C, I). Trochanter 1.66 (1.27–1.65) times longer than wide, femur 6.76 (6.63–6.85) times longer than wide, patella 2.16 (2.13–2.26) times longer than wide. Femoral chaetotaxy 5: 5 (6): 3 (5): 6: 2. Trichobothrial pattern: ib and isb located at the half portion of the hand, adjacent to each other, slightly dislocated to the paraxial face of the chela, eb proximad to esb, it proximad to est, et distad from it and proximad to dx; ist closer to est than esb (ratio distance ist-est/ist-esb = 0.68 (0.73–0.85). Fixed finger slightly sigmoid; movable finger slightly curved (Fig. 5I). Chelal fixed finger with 38 (39) acute, triangular, and widely spaced teeth, with heterodonty starting proximally from the 10 th teeth. Movable finger with 38 acute, triangular, and widely spaced teeth, alternated in size. Leg IV (Fig. 5B). Arolia almost with the same length as claws; a soft hump near end of telotarsus. Measurements (length/width or depth in mm and ratios in parenthesis calculated by using three significant digits): Male holotype (female paratypes in brackets). Body length 1.69 [1.71–1.95]. Carapace 0.46/0.39 (1.2) [0.49–0.50/0.40–0.42 (1.2)]. Palps: trochanter 0.21/0.13 (1.7) [0.17–0.23/0.13–0.14 (1.3–1.6)], femur 0.74/0.11 (6.8) [0.78–0.82/0.11–0.12 (6.8–6.9)], patella 0.28/0.13 (2.2) [0.28–0.31/0.13–0.15 (2.3)], chela 1.04/0.15 (7.2) [1.04–1.16/0.14–0.17 (7.6–7.7)], movable finger length 0.66 [0.70–0.71]. Leg I: trochanter 0.14/0.11 (1.2) [0.13– 0.15/0.11–0.13 (1.2)], femur 0.43/0.07 (6.1) [0.46/0.07–0.08 (6.2–6.5)], patella 0.22/0.06 (4.0) [0.23–0.24/0.06 (4.0–4.1)], femur/patella 1.95 [1.93–2.00], tibia 0.23/0.05 (4.8) [0.23–0.24/0.05 (4.8–4.9)], tarsus 0.45/0.05 (10.0) [0.48–0.49/0.04–0.05 (9.8–11.6)]. Leg IV: Trochanter: 0.27/0.14 (1.9) [0.17–0.24/0.13 (1.3–1.8)], femur + patella 0.72/0.21 (3.3) [0.73–0.75/0.21–0.23 (3.5)], tibia 0.45/0.08 (5.4) [0.45–0.48/0.07–0.09 (5.5–6.1)], basitarsus 0.25/0.07 (3.4) [0.25–0.26/0.06–0.07 (3.9–4.1)], telotarsus 0.54/0.04 (13.8) [0.58/–0.04 (16.5)]. Ecological Remarks. Specimens of Pseudochthonius koinopoliteia sp. nov. were found in two caves: Gruna da Água Clara cave(Figs6A–C)and Gruna do Pedro Cassiano cave(Figs7A–D), both located in Carinhanha municipality, southwestern Bahia state, Brazil. The Gruna da Água Clara cave has 13.880 meters of horizontal projection and belongs to a set of functionally interconnected caves known as the Água Clara cave system (ACCS). This system has approximately 24 km of extension, composed of four limestone caves traversed by an intermittent stream, active during the austral summer (October to March) (Souza-Silva et al. 2021). On the other hand, the Gruna do Pedro Cassiano cave presents 2.660 meters of horizontal projection and does not belong to the ACCS, even located near the system (about 4 km in straight line). Although Gruna do Pedro Cassiano cave receives local visitors sporadically, the water flow trespassing the cave during the rainy periods (Figs 7C–D) seasonally “erases” eventual impacts caused by the visitors (such as trampling on cave sediments). Furthermore, local visitors do not reach the deepest regions of the cave–where the only specimen was found–since visitors tend to stay closer to the entrance. On the other hand, only speleologists visit the Gruna da Água Clara cave during technical/scientific expeditions, which seldom occurs. Such activities apparently do not represent a threat to the species. Most of the original forests have been removed and replaced by pastures or other monocultures, severely altering the surrounding external environment (Fig. 7A)., Published as part of Prado, Guilherme C. & Ferreira, Rodrigo L., 2023, Three new troglobitic species of Pseudochthonius Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from northeastern Brazil, pp. 92-110 in Zootaxa 5249 (1) on pages 98-100, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5249.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7685373, {"references":["Souza-Silva, M., Cerqueira, R. F. V., Pellegrini, T. G. & Ferreira, R. L. (2021) Habitat selection of cave-restricted fauna in a new hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in Neotropics. Biodiversity and Conservation, 30, 4223 - 4250. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10531 - 021 - 02302 - 8"]}

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:38:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-12 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundacao RENOVA Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) FAPES Instituto Linha D'Agua Understanding habitat-level variation in community structure provides an informed basis for natural resources' management. Reef fishes are a major component of tropical marine biodiversity, but their abundance and distribution are poorly assessed beyond conventional SCUBA diving depths. Based on a baited-video survey of fish assemblages in Southwestern Atlantic's most biodiverse region we show that species composition responded mainly to the two major hard-bottom megahabitats (reefs and rhodolith beds) and to the amount of light reaching the bottom. Both megahabitats encompassed typical reef fish assemblages but, unexpectedly, richness in rhodolith beds and reefs was equivalent. The dissimilar fish biomass and trophic structure in reefs and rhodolith beds indicates that these systems function based on contrasting energy pathways, such as the much lower herbivory recorded in the latter. Rhodolith beds, the dominant benthic megahabitat in the tropical Southwestern Atlantic shelf, play an underrated role as fish habitats, and it is critical that they are considered in conservation planning. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Biol, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, SAGE COPPE, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Univ Fed Rural Rio de Janeiro, Lab Ecol Aquat & Educ Ambiental, Tres Rios, RJ, Brazil Univ Fed Sul Bahia, Lab Ecol & Conservacao Marinha, Porto Seguro, BA, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Lab Pesquisa Elasmobranquios, Sao Vicente, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Inst Mar, Lab Ecol & Conservacao Marinha, Santos, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Lab Pesquisa Elasmobranquios, Sao Vicente, SP, Brazil

Genus Gaucha Mello-Leit��o, 1924 Gaucha Mello-Leit��o, 1924: 140���141 (as Ga��cha [sic]). Type species: Gaucha fasciata Mello-Leit��o, 1924 (by original designation). Gauchella Mello-Leit��o, 1937: 84 (synonymized by Botero-Trujillo et al. 2017: 13). Type species: Gaucha stoeckeli Roewer, 1934 (by original designation). Metacleobis Roewer, 1934: 589 (synonymized by Botero-Trujillo et al. 2017: 13). Type species: Metacleobis fulvipes Roewer, 1934 (by original designation). Mummuciella Roewer, 1934: 583, 587 (synonymized by Mello-Leit��o, 1937: 84). Type species: Mummuciella simoni Roewer, 1934 (by original designation). Species composition. Thirteen South American species, namely: Gaucha avexada; Gaucha cabriola; Gaucha casuhati Botero-Trujillo, Ott & Carvalho, 2017; Gaucha curupi Botero-Trujillo, Ott & Carvalho, 2017; Gaucha eremolembra Botero-Trujillo, Ott & Carvalho, 2017; Gaucha fasciata Mello-Leit��o, 1924; Gaucha fulvipes (Roewer, 1934); Gaucha ibirapemussu (Carvalho, Candiani, Bonaldo, Suesdek & Silva, 2010); Gaucha mauryi; Gaucha piranauru sp. nov.; Gaucha ramirezi; Gaucha santana Botero-Trujillo, Ott, Mattoni, Nime, Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2019; and Gaucha stoeckeli Roewer, 1934. Distribution. Argentina (Buenos Aires, C��rdoba and Santiago del Estero provinces), Bolivia (Cochabamba and La Paz departments), Brazil (States of Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goi��s, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Piau��, Rio Grande do Sul, Tocantins), Uruguay (Lavalleja, R��o Negro, Rivera). Diagnosis. Based on Botero-Trujillo et al. (2017, 2019). Members of Gaucha are recognized by the following combination of characters: (i) Cheliceral movable finger MP tooth noticeably large, taller than MM tooth (mostly evident in males). (ii) Cheliceral movable finger mucron of males with gnathal edge carina prominent and convex on lateral aspect. (iii) Cheliceral fixed finger FSD tooth absent, otherwise present only in some specimens, often reduced to the size of a minute denticle in males. (iv) Cheliceral fixed finger of female curved on lateral aspect; angular dorsal crest absent, at most obsolete. (v) Males and females with ctenidia present: sparse on 1st and 2nd postgenital sternites (spiracular sternites I and II); more abundant on 3rd and 4th post-genital sternites (post-spiracular sternites I and II); and one or two ctenidia close to posterior margin of 5th post-genital sternite (post-spiracular sternite III). (vi) Ctenidia filiform, setiform and similar on the five sternites; distinguishable from integumental setae by being longer, single-tipped (non-bifid), and flexible. Additionally, most Gaucha species present sub-ventral whitish bands of the opisthosomal pleural membranes with scattered black marks surrounding the sockets of some setae, with the exception of G. ramirezi, that exhibits an inverse pattern (i.e., white marks on the blackish bands)., Published as part of Souza, Maysa F. V. R., Ferreira, Rodrigo L. & Carvalho, Leonardo S., 2021, A new species of the genus Gaucha Mello-Leit��o, 1924 from Minas Gerais, Brazil (Solifugae, Mummuciidae), pp. 559-572 in Zootaxa 5061 (3) on page 561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5061.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/5650022, {"references":["Mello-Leitao, C. (1924) A new South-American solpugid. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 28, 140 - 143.","Botero-Trujillo, R., Ott, R. & Carvalho, L. S. (2017) Systematic revision and phylogeny of the South American sun-spider genus Gaucha Mello-Leitao (Solifugae: Mummuciidae), with description of four new species and two new generic synonymies. Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny, 75, 3 - 44.","Roewer, C. F. (1934) Solifuga, Palpigrada. In: Bronn, H. G. (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. V Band: Arthropoda. IV Abteilung: Arachnoidea und kleinere ihnen nahegestellte gruppen. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft mbh, Leipzig, pp. 481 - 723.","Botero-Trujillo, R., Ott, R., Mattoni, C. I., Nime, M. F. & Ojanguren-Affilastro, A. (2019 b) Two new species of the sun-spider genus Gaucha from Argentina and Brazil (Solifugae, Mummuciidae). Zootaxa, 4551 (2), 180 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4551.2.3"]}

Gaucha piranauru, new species Figs 1–23; Tab. 1 Type material. Holotype: male from BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Rio Pardo de Minas, Vale do Rio Peixe Bravo, 16°04’41.36”S, 42°43’42.53”W, 09.iv.2016, R. L. Ferreira leg., pitfall trap (ISLA 15684). Paratypes: 2 ♂ (CHNUF-PI 4063 and ISLA 15683), same data of holotype, and 1 ♀ (ISLA 15685; Fig. 1), same locality and collector of the holotype, 22.ii.2015, hand collection. Etymology. The epithet piranauru is formed by a combination of words: “ pira ” which means “fish” and “ naurú ” which means “angry”, both words coming from the Tupi-Guarani (Brazilian Indian languages). Therefore, piranauru means ‘‘angry fish”—in Portuguese, “peixe bravo”—in allusion to the name of the region where the species occurs (vale do rio Peixe Bravo). It is to be treated as a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Gaucha piranauru sp. nov. is a representative of the ibirapemussu species group, based on the longer mucron of the movable fingers of males (compared to females; Figs 8–13), bearing a prominent and convex gnathal edge carina; by the absence of a FSD tooth (Figs 22–23); and by the long and slender cheliceral fixed finger mucron in males (compared to males of the fasciata species group). It can be distinguished from the remaining representatives of the ibirapemussu species group by the combination of the following characters: (1) reduced cheliceral fixed finger FD tooth, closely positioned and smaller than FM tooth; (2) cheliceral fixed finger FP tooth, larger than FM tooth; (3) cheliceral fixed finger with PFSP and RFSM teeth present; (4) cheliceral movable finger MM tooth well developed, larger than MSM tooth and smaller than MP tooth (Figs 22–23). Description. Male holotype (ISLA 15684). Color on 70% ethanol-preserved specimens: Propeltidium base color yellow, with yellowish-brown areas without well-defined borders in the central region and close to the edges (darker areas on anterolateral portion, close to the lateral lobes; Figs 2, 4). Ocular tubercle brownish, darker around the eyes. Chelicerae with manus predominantly yellow with yellowish-brown areas dorsally and retrolaterally; fingers and teeth yellowish with reddish tips (Figs 8, 10, 12). Meso-, metapeltidium, and dorsal surface of opisthosoma with a three-dark-band design typical of the family (Figs 2, 4): tergites with median, longitudinal brown band, and paired, thinner lateral whitish bands, the latter with some brown pigment interspersed; pleural membranes with subdorsal brown and sub-ventral white bands; the white band of the opisthosomal pleural membrane with brown marks surrounding the socket of most setae, and brown pigment along the inter-segmental transversal vertices especially on posterior half (Fig. 6); sternites base color yellowish with some whitish pigment interspersed and lateral margins conspicuously darkened especially on two/three posteriormost sternites (Fig. 7), and preanal sternite entirely dark; anal plate dark except for dorsal whitish regions. Ventral surface of prosoma uniformly yellowish; sternum lighter than coxae. Pedipalps yellowish brown, with telotarsus darker than the rest of pedipalp (Fig. 2). Leg I brownish. Legs II to IV with proximal articles brownish on dorsal surfaces, lighter on ventral surfaces; tibia, basitarsus, and telotarsus darker and with more uniform coloration. Malleoli predominantly whitish with distal margin darkened. Morphology: Opisthosoma with ctenidia present, at least on 2nd to 4th post-genital sternites (spiracular sternite II and post-spiracular sternites I–II), a small number seen in spiracular II but more abundant in the others (see black arrows in Fig. 7); ctenidia filiform and setiform, similar in thickness to the bifid setae (in male and female), but located on darker and larger sockets; ctenidia not seen in spiracular sternite I. A row of rigid hairs is present at 4 th postgenital sternite (white arrow in Fig. 7). Pedipalp with all segments coated with bifurcated setae of different sizes; femur, basitarsus, and especially tibia with ventral set of very long setae, some of them as long as the tibia; clubbed setae not seen under light microscopy; spiniform setae absent. Leg I: thin, without claws and spines. Walking legs: covered with abundant small- to medium-sized bifurcated setae, and a few longer setae. Legs II and III: tibia with pro- and retroventral rows of three spiniform setae each, retrolateral ones thinner than prolateral, and distal-most pair longer and more robust than others; basitarsus with row of three retroventral, and one distal subventral spiniform setae, in a 2.2.3 rather staggered pattern; telotarsus bi-segmented with pro- and retroventral rows of five and four spiniform setae respectively, in a 1.2.2/2.2 pattern. Leg IV: tibia with row of five spiniform setae on proventral surface and single distal spiniform seta on retroventral surface, distal pair longer and slightly more robust; basitarsus with row of five proventral and one distal retroventral spiniform setae, in a 1.1.1.1,2 pattern; telotarsus bi-segmented with incomplete (ventral) segmentation on first (basal) tarsomere, with pro- and retroventral rows of six spiniform setae each, in a 2.2.2-2/2.2 pattern. Chelicera (Figs 8–11, 14, 22, 23): Fixed finger with all three primary teeth (FP, FM, and FD) and one secondary FSM tooth; FM columnar; FD reduced in size and with square apex and positioned very close to FM; FP longer than other teeth in the finger; FM larger and higher than FD, such that FP> FM >> FD; FM and FSM separated by a diastema. Fixed finger FSD secondary tooth absent. Fixed finger retrolateral fondal series composed of five teeth (RFA ≈ RFM> RFSM > RFSP) and prolateral fondal series composed of three teeth (PFM ≈ PFP >> PFSP); PFM and PFP separated by a diastema. Fixed finger prodorsal carina straight along most of its length; mucron remarkably long and predominantly straight, not markedly thin, and with the apex (FT tooth) slightly curved towards the venter. Movable finger MP tooth pronounced, markedly higher than MSM and MM; MM larger than MSM, both teeth slightly higher than broader. Chelicera, prolateral surface with carpet-like field of barbed and bristle-like promedial (pm) setae covering the distalmost third of manus (Figs 8, 10, 15). Flagellum drop-like, moderately inflated posteriorly and medially, with distal part narrow and tubular in appearance (Figs 15, 16, 18); ventral margin slightly sinuous (Fig. 16). Flagellum with conspicuous spicules along prodorsal margin (Figs 18–20), restricted to an area with a rugose tegument; both the rugose tegument and the spicules not extending to the retrolateral or to the prolateral surface (Fig. 21); apex of the flagellum reaching four-fifths of the mucron length from the base (Figs 15–18), surpassing the mucron apex upon examination angle (Figs 8, 10, 23); apex narrow and with distinct spicules that share the rugose tegument with the flagellar base (Fig. 17). Female paratype (ISLA 15685; Fig. 1). Similar to males with regard to coloration (except that female legs are brownish, darker at the tibia, basitarsus, and telotarsus; Figs 3, 5) and most morphological aspects, but larger in size (morphometric values in Table 1). Chelicera on lateral aspect, fixed finger highest elevation at level of FD tooth (Figs 12, 13). Fixed finger robust, markedly curved towards the ventral side. Movable finger MP tooth slightly higher than MM tooth; MM higher than MSM (Figs 12, 13); movable finger retrolateral carina similarly developed to that of male. Variation. All the chelicerae of males (n = 6 chelicerae) and female (n = 2) were confirmed to lack the fixed finger FSD tooth. Fixed finger primary teeth FM and FD are broken in the right chelicera (used for SEM; Figs 14–21) of one male paratype (CHNUFPI 4063). Fixed finger secondary tooth FSM is absent or broken in both chelicerae of the other male paratype (ISLA 15683). Measurements of all males in Table 1. Distribution. Gaucha piranauru sp. nov. is known only from Rio Pardo de Minas, State of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil (Fig. 24). Natural history. The first specimen (female) was found during an expedition to the Vale do Rio Peixe Bravo region aiming at surveying cave fauna. In November 2015, at the end of the afternoon, a female was found while crossing a dirt road. In April 2016, a set of pitfalls was installed in the same area that the female was collected. The pitfalls were arranged in 100 meters linear transects and were installed 20 meters from each other (5 pitfalls per transect). Four transects were installed and the distance between them was 50 meters (hence, 20 pitfalls were installed, in an area of 20,000m 2). The pitfalls were filled with a saturated NaCl solution and were left in the field for three days. Three males were collected in pitfalls. Since only a single collection was conducted with pitfalls, it is not possible to currently address any aspect of the species’ autecology or behavior. However, the fact that the female was observed at the end of the afternoon may eventually indicate a diurnal/crepuscular activity, tough this merit further research. The area comprises a well-preserved Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) patch, in the northern state of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil (Figs 25–28). However, it is important to mention that several areas have been deforested in the region, and the pristine Cerrado vegetation has been replaced by Eucalyptus crops, whose wood is used in industries. This ongoing deforestation process, allied to the potential risk of future mining activities (the region is rich in iron ore) raises concerns about the future of the area.

The ibirapemussu species-group Species composition: Six species from Brazil, namely: Gaucha avexada; G. eremolembra; G. ibirapemussu; G. mauryi; G. cabriola; and Gaucha piranauru sp. nov., Published as part of Souza, Maysa F. V. R., Ferreira, Rodrigo L. & Carvalho, Leonardo S., 2021, A new species of the genus Gaucha Mello-Leit��o, 1924 from Minas Gerais, Brazil (Solifugae, Mummuciidae), pp. 559-572 in Zootaxa 5061 (3) on page 561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5061.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/5650022

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:31:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-09-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Marine protected areas (MPAs) represent a useful tool for resource management, as well as to conserve and/or restore biological communities. The level of protection is key factor influencing the marine biodiversity, where a more enforced protection is expected to drive positive outcomes. In 2008, a large MPAs network (∼11,380 km 2) was established in one of off the most populated and industrialized areas in the world (i.e., São Paulo State coast, southeast Brazil). Given many goods and services provided by marine ecosystems, this MPA network represents the most challenging marine conservation initiative in Brazil. Harboring​ areas with different socio-ecological contexts and management regimes, this MPA network provides a unique opportunity to investigate the effects of cumulative impacts. We contrasted the biomass and size structure of reef fish in three subtropical islands under different levels of enforcement. We analyzed the influence of variables as island size, benthic cover, depth, topographic complexity, wave exposure, and protection level on the biomass of reef fish assemblages. Protection level was the main attribute responsible to explain the high biomass of fish target species and small territorial herbivores. In sites sheltered from the waves, the biomass of groupers was ∼1600% higher within enforced area than that from open-access area. Beyond the idea of positive effects of enforcement on reef fish biomass and size, we add evidences that even under multiple stressors, the area-based management is still a strong tool to marine conservation. Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação Marinha (LABECMar) Instituto do Mar Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Dr. Carvalho de Mendonça, 144 Instituto de Biologia and SAGE/COPPE Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro CT-2, Rua Moniz de Aragão 360, bl.2 Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária Departamento de Ciências do Meio Ambiente Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pref. Alberto da Silva Lavinas, 1847 Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitarú, São Vicente Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas Universidade Federal do ABC Rua Arcturus, 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo Instituto Laje Viva São Paulo SP Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitarú, São Vicente FAPESP: #2017/22273-0 FAPESP: #2019/19423-5

Ecologically important marine ecosystems should be identified and protected, as is the case of the poorly known SW Atlantic rhodolith beds. Understanding the main variables predicting biodiversity patterns is essential for determining priority areas for conservation. Here, we analyzed the macroinvertebrate associated with rhodoliths from euphotic and mesophotic zones from the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago investigating the drivers of diversity distribution in this habitat. Rhodoliths were sampled and vagile macroinvertebrates (>500 μm) were classified and quantified. We verified that estimated density of organisms associated with rhodoliths in the euphotic zone was 17 % greater than the mesophotic zone. The communities along depth zones show dissimilarities, suggesting that both environments are ecologically distinct. Comparisons with other ecosystems revealed that rhodolith beds have similar diversity of macroinvertebrates. We also found that four of the six tested variables predicted 85 % of the variability observed in the vagile macroinvertebrate community (i.e. average diameter, depth, biomass of macroalgae and density of rhodoliths in the bed). These variables should be taken into account in future research in modeling the biodiversity associated with the rhodolith beds. This is especially relevant in the SW Atlantic where the rhodolith beds seem to harbor an associated biodiversity greater than previous works had indicated, moreover, they represent one of the main ecosystems that are often superimposed with mining activities.

Parasmittina amazonensis Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. (Fig. 7A–D) Material examined. Holotype: MNRJBRY-1451: Brazil, Maranhão state (Sta #7, 00°14.742’S – 044°54.089’W), 23 m, on rhodoliths, 29 September 2014, collected by Fernando Moraes & Rodrigo Moura (NHo Cruzeiro do Sul). Etymology. Referring to the type locality, the reef system off the Amazon River mouth. Diagnosis. Colony encrusting, initially forming circular patches and later becoming multilaminar; frontal shield ventricose, imperforate; peristome well developed laterally with median U-shaped pseudosinus; orifice with broad anvil-shaped lyrula and six, robust oral spines; latero-oral avicularium oval with serrated rostrum; frontal avicularium elliptical; ovicell with tubular pseudopores. Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, initially forming unilamellar, circular patches (Fig. 7A), later becoming multilaminar. Autozooids polygonal, slightly longer than wide [L 275–363–439 (SD 50, N 15); W 180– 304– 456 µm (SD 30, N 15)]; frontal shield ventricose, imperforate except for 11–17 circular, marginal areolar pores varying in size (Fig. 7A). Peristome well developed laterally, forming a median U-shaped pseudosinus (Fig. 7B). Primary orifice circular and hidden by peristome, with a broad anvil-shaped lyrula, occupying almost the entire proximal margin of the orifice and with a straight edge; six oral spines (rarely five) on non-ovicellate zooids and only two spines visible when ovicell is present (Fig. 7A, B); spine bases robust [24–27– 31 µm in diameter (SD 2, N 17)]. Single or paired oval, latero-oral avicularia [L 43–48– 61 µm (SD 5, N 14)] with rostrum tip serrated, directed distolaterally towards the orifice, with complete crossbar (Fig. 7 B, D). An additional avicularium present on frontal shield of some zooids, randomly oriented, similar in shape to latero-oral avicularia, but larger [L 74–79– 84 µm (SD 5, N 3)] and more elliptical (Fig. 7A). Ovicell hyperstomial, slightly wider than long [L 135–150–172 (SD 13; N 8); W 152–165– 177 µm (SD 10, N 8)], ooecial surface perforated by about 20 small and tubular pseudopores (Fig. 7A, D). Remarks. Eight Parasmittina species have been recorded from Brazil (Ramalho et al. 2018), all with only four thin oral spines. The two most similar congeners of P. amazonensis Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. are: P. fraseri Osburn, 1952, from the Pacific Ocean, and P. talismani (Calvet, 1906), from the Atlantic Ocean. Reverter-Gil & Fernández-Pulpeiro (2007), who studied the paratypes of P. talismani and images of P. fraseli, mentioned that the two species share several characters, such as the broad lyrula with straight edge, well developed peristome, avicularium supported by peristome and up to five oral spines. These authors recommended a taxonomic revision to confirm the identification and distribution of these two species. Some of these characters are also shared with P. amazonensis Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. (i.e., broad lyrula, ovicell perforated by circular, tubular pseudopores, and avicularia lateral to the orifice), but P. fraseri differs in having 3–5 oral spines, a single long-pointed frontal avicularium (absent in the new species), and peristomial avicularia with smooth, rounded to elliptical rostrum (serrated in the new species), while P. talismani differs in having 4–5 oral spines, ovicell almost immersed in the distal zooid, and lateral and frontal avicularia similar in size (lateral avicularia are smaller than frontal ones in the new species). Another similar species is P. tubula (Kirkpatrick, 1888) described from Mauritania, which has six oral spines, broad lyrula, very small frontal avicularium, lacks avicularia lateral to orifice, and the peristome is not as well developed as in the new species.

Cribrilaria lateralis Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. (Fig. 5A–C) Material examined. Holotype: MNRJBRY-1527; Paratypes: MNRJBRY-1401, MNRJBRY-1436: all from Brazil, Amapá state (Sta #3, 03°35.4267’N – 049°07.6028’W), 90 m, on sponge, 26 September 2014, collected by Fernando Moraes & Rodrigo Moura (NHo Cruzeiro do Sul). Etymology. From the Latin (lateralis, -e) meaning lateral, referring to the lateral orientation of interzooidal avicularia. Diagnosis. Autozooid with 14–18 costae, the first pair forming an umbo and five oral spines; costae with raised pelmatidium on the outer tip; large interzooidal avicularia with smooth, acicular rostrum oriented laterally; ovicell type A with median suture, a central umbo or short tubercles. Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Autozooids rounded hexagonal, longer than wide [L 300–359–481 (SD 41, N 15); W 208–248– 293 µm (SD 27, N 18)] (Fig. 5A). Narrow gymnocyst visible on most zooids, sometimes more extended proximally; frontal shield with 14–18 costae, relatively flat, with small and raised pelmatidium on the outer costal tips; costae converging to the center, not forming a midline suture; 4–6 small intercostal lacunae between adjacent costae (Fig. 5A, B). A V-shaped apertural bar formed by the first pair of costae, raised at the center forming an umbo and containing a large and elliptical pore (sometimes hidden by umbo) (Fig. 5A, B). Orifice transversally D-shaped [L 39–48–57 (SD 6, N 18); W 62–70– 76 µm (SD 4, N 19)], proximal border smooth, almost straight; five oral spines, four still visible in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 5A). Interzooidal avicularia large [L 252–280– 321 µm (SD 36, N 3)], often laterally oriented, placed on a large, smooth cystid; rostrum acicular with smooth edges (Fig. 5A, B); condyles blunt; mandible shaped as rostrum. Ovicell formed by distal zooid (type A sensu Bishop & Househam 1987), irregular in shape, usually wider than long [L 108–134–159 (SD 14, N 24); W 135–158– 181 µm (SD 12, N 26)]. Ooecial surface smooth, non-perforated and with distinct ornamentations including a median suture, a central umbo or short tubercles (Fig. 5A, B). Ancestrula tatiform with 12 spines around gymnocystal edge, some of them with inwardly oriented apophyses (Fig. 5C). Remarks. Among cribrilinids reported from Brazil, Cribrilaria lateralis n. sp. resembles Puellina sp. of Winston et al. (2014), which based on the new classification by Rosso et al. (2018) fits better in Cribrilaria, in having five oral spines, V-shaped apertural bar with a lacuna, and flat radiating costae without midline ridges. However, Puellina sp. differs in having 14 costae without an outer, raised pelmatidium, and also lacks avicularia. The colony described by Winston et al. (2014) was poorly preserved (with broken and abraded zooids), impeding further morphological comparisons. Brazilian specimens with five oral spines have been identifies as C. radiata (Moll, 1803), but this species is considered a species complex and all Brazilian material needs to be revised (Vieira et al. 2008). Harmelin (1970) designated a neotype for C. radiata. Based on the neotype, C. radiata differs from the new species in having larger zooids (L 378–501– 630 µm, W 252–353– 504 µm), orifice (L 48–56– 63 µm, W 85–98– 115 µm), avicularia (L 230–310– 420 µm), and ovicell (L 190–218– 252 µm, W 200–228– 262 µm), a greater number of costae (16–29), and commonly four oral spines. Marcus (1937) described the Brazilian C. radiata as having fewer costae (six to ten), larger zooids, two or three small suboral lacunae, ovicell wider than long, interzooidal avicularia with small cystid (often immersed), and ancestrula with 11 spines without apophyses, therefore different from the new species. Winston (2005) described C. saginata, a species with interzooidal avicularia laterally oriented, well developed cystid, five oral spines and the same number of costae, but with small suboral pores, absence of pelmatidia on the outer tips of the costae, and larger zooids (L 594–730– 882 µm, W 450–560– 684 µm), avicularia (L 198–320– 468 µm), and ovicells (L 252–260– 270 µm, W 288–290– 288 µm).

Pourtalesella duoavicularia Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. (Fig. 12C–F) Material examined. Holotype: MNRJBRY-1443; Paratype: MNRJBRY-1458: Brazil, Pará state (Sta #6, 00°45.359’N – 046°38.49’W), 50 m, both samples on rhodoliths, 29 September 2014, collected by Fernando Moraes & Rodrigo Moura (NHo Cruzeiro do Sul). Etymology. From the Latin duo (meaning two) plus avicularia, referring to the two types of avicularia characteristic of the species. Diagnosis. Colony encrusting, starting as a flat sheet and becoming irregular with age. Orifice subcircular with broadly V-shaped sinus. Two kinds of avicularia: small and rounded with serrated rostrum, placed distolaterally to the orifice; larger and triangular with smooth rostrum, placed below and laterally to the orifice. Ovicell globose, flat frontally; ectooecium partially calcified exposing a semicircular area of entooecium with radial ridges; not closed by zooidal operculum. Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, initially flat with autozooids regularly disposed, but becoming irregular (huddle) with age, uni- or multilaminar (Fig. 10A, B). Autozooids rounded hexagonal, longer than wide [L 329–375–437 (SD 32, N 18); W 239–275– 323 µm (SD 23, N 18)], separated by deep furrows obscured with age (Fig. 12C, D). Frontal shield in young zooids smooth, with small, rounded pseudopores becoming smaller with increasing calcification. Primary orifice subcircular [L 80–90–102 (SD 7, N 18); W 82–92– 96 µm (SD 4, N 23)], anter smooth and poster with broadly V-shaped sinus; peristome surrounding the primary orifice proximally and laterally but not covering it (Fig. 12D). Two types of avicularia: (1) infrequent, small [L 40–49– 56 µm (SD 8, N 3)] avicularium placed distolaterally to orifice embedded in the peristome, oriented proximolaterally, sometimes slightly larger, on a large cystid and directed upwards; rostrum rounded with serrated edge and crossbar complete, (Fig. 12E); (2) more common, larger avicularium [L 73–91– 109 µm (SD 8, N 16)], placed laterally below the orifice, sometimes quite far from it, oriented distolaterally, sometimes raised from the frontal surface; rostrum triangular with smooth edge; crossbar complete (Fig. 10A–C). Ovicell globose, wider than long [L 128–146–164 (SD 12, N 11); W 156–176– 205 µm (SD 14, N 10)], usually immersed in calcification, flat frontally; ectooecium partially calcified exposing a semicircular area of entooecium with radial ridges (Fig. 12E, F); aperture not closed by zooidal operculum; usually peristome fused laterally with the proximal margin of the ovicell. Remarks. The main difference between Pourtalesella Winston, 2005 and Buffonellaria Canu & Bassler, 1927 is in the frontal shield, which is perforate in the former genus and imperforate in the latter (Berning & Kuklinski 2008). Despite these authors mentioned that some autozooids of Buffonellaria may occasionally retain pseudopores in later ontogeny, and this difference may have less systematic significance than previously thought, we prefer to maintain the Amazonas’ specimens in Pourtalesella, owing to the presence of a pseudoporous frontal shield, as seen in other Atlantic Pourtalesella species, pending a revision of this genus. Four Pourtalesella species have been described from the Atlantic Ocean, two of them from Brazil: P. alipioi (described as Schizopodrella alipioi Marcus, 1955), and P. carvalhoi (Marcus, 1937). Pourtalesella alipioi has ovicell with pseudoporous entooecium, two latero-oral avicularia with oval rostra, and four distal oral spines. In the original description of Pourtalesella, Winston (2005) mentioned “no spines except on ancestrula”, but the material described by Marcus (1955) has four oral spines and the ooecial surface perforated by several pores. Therefore, the status of S. alipioi requires clarification. On the other hand, P. carvalhoi is similar to P. duoavicularia Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. in the number and shape of avicularia, and shape of the ovicell, but can be distinguished by the sinus shape (very narrow V-shaped in P. carvalhoi, very broad in the new species), and the smaller oral avicularium. Pourtalesella incrassata (Canu & Bassler, 1928b), described from North Atlantic, differs from the new species in having narrower V-shaped sinus, single or paired oval avicularia placed laterally to the orifice and oriented distolaterally, and additional avicularia on or close to the ovicellate zooids (Winston 2005, fig. 253), while P. rugosa (Osburn, 1940), also described from North Atlantic, has only oral avicularia with blunt pointed rostra., Published as part of Ramalho, Laís V., Moraes, Fernando C., Salgado, Leonardo T., Bastos, Alex C. & Moura, Rodrigo L., 2021, Bryozoa from the reefs off the Amazon River mouth: checklist, thirteen new species, and notes on their ecology and distribution, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 4950 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4950.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4643245, {"references":["Winston, J. E. (2005) Re-description and revision of Smitt's \" Floridan Bryozoa \" in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir, 7, 1 - 147.","Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S. (1927) Classification of the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 69, 1 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.69 - 2640.1","Berning, B. & Kuklinski, P. (2008) North-east Atlantic and Mediterranean species of the genus Buffonellaria (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata): implications for biodiversity and biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 152, 537 - 566. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2007.00379. x","Marcus, E. (1955) Notas sobre briozoos marinhos brasileiros. Arquivos Avulsos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 42, 273 - 342.","Marcus, E. (1937) Bryozoarios marinhos brasileiros I. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 1, 5 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2526 - 4877. bsffclzoologia. 1937.113912","Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S. (1928 b) Les bryozoaires du Maroc et de Mauritanie, 2 memoire. Memoires de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc, 18, 1 - 85.","Osburn, R. C. (1940) Bryozoa of Porto Rico with a resume of West Indian Bryozoan fauna. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, 16, 321 - 486."]}

Cuneiforma asymetrica d’Hondt & Schopf, 1985 (Fig. 3D, E) Cuneiforma asymetrica d’Hondt & Schopf, 1985: p. 930, pl. IX, figs 1–2. Material examined. MNRJBRY-1534: Brazil, Pará state (Sta #4, 01°17.989’N – 046°46.732’W), 55 m, on sponge, 27 September 2014, collected by Fernando Moraes & Rodrigo Moura (NHo Cruzeiro do Sul). Description. Colony delicate, erect, branched (Fig. 3D), fixed to the substrate by rhizoids.Autozooids disposed uniserially, elongate [L 674–766– 936 µm (SD 99, N 5)] with a dilated distal portion [W 116–122– 125 µm (SD 4, N 4)], and narrower elongate proximal portion [L 421–478–595 (SD 79, N 4); W 40–54– 67 µm (SD 9, N 6)] (Fig. 3D). Opesia oval [L 263–281– 307 µm (SD 16, N 5)] with a U- or V-shaped proximal end; distal corners with a small spine-like, not articulated protuberance (broken in Fig. 3E). Autozooids of the main axis budded from the basal distal wall of the mother zooid; new zooids originating a secondary branch budded from both sides of the lateral distal wall (Fig. 3D, E). Ovicell and ancestrula not observed. Distribution. Know from the South Atlantic (Pernambuco state, Northeastern Brazil), North Atlantic (d’Hondt & Schopf 1985; Vieira et al. 2008), and off the Amazon River mouth (Pará state, Northern Brazil) (present study). Remarks. Brettiella Gordon, 1984, also in the family Bugulidae, resembles Cuneiforma asymetrica, but includes two Pacific species characterized by reptant, uniserial, branching colonies. Zooids of Brettiella are shaped like Cuneiforma but lack operculum, spines and avicularia. Cuneiforma was erected to include only C. asymetrica characterized by the presence of an operculum and a pair of small distal spines, completely linear colony, zooids with elongated proximal portion and dilated distal portion. This species has not been found since its first description (d’Hondt & Schopf 1985), while subsequent mentions in the literature were referring to the original taxonomic record (e.g., Vieira et al. 2008; Vieira et al. 2010). A single colony with some bifurcations was examined in this study. Measurements are compatible with those of the original description (i.e., dilated region: 300 µm long, 150 µm diameter; elongated region: 400 µm long on average)., Published as part of Ramalho, Laís V., Moraes, Fernando C., Salgado, Leonardo T., Bastos, Alex C. & Moura, Rodrigo L., 2021, Bryozoa from the reefs off the Amazon River mouth: checklist, thirteen new species, and notes on their ecology and distribution, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 4950 (1) on page 7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4950.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4643245, {"references":["d'Hondt, J. - L. & Schopf, T. J. M. (1985) Bryozoaires des grandes profondeurs recueillis lors des campagnes oceanographiques de la Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution de 1961 a 1968. Bulletin du Museum National d'histoire Naturelle, 4 (6), 907 - 973.","Vieira, L. M., Migotto, A. E. & Winston, J. E. (2008) Synopsis and annotated checklist of recent marine Bryozoa from Brazil. Zootaxa, 1810 (1), 1 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1810.1.1","Gordon, D. P. (1984) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata from the Kermadec Ridge. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 91, 1 - 198."]}

Thornelya atlanticoensis Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. (Fig. 9A–D) Material examined. Holotype: MNRJBRY-1452: Brazil, Maranhão state (Sta #7, 00°14.742’S – 044°54.089’W), 23 m, on rhodolith, 29 September 2014, collected by Fernando Moraes & Rodrigo Moura (NHo Cruzeiro do Sul). Etymology. Referring to the this first record of the genus Thornelya from the Atlantic Ocean. Diagnosis. Autozooids with tubercular frontal shield, perforate by rounded pseudopores and with slit-like or elliptical areolar pores; 7–8 oral spines. One or two elongate triangular avicularia with serrated rostrum and hooked tip; ovicell globular with several rounded pseudopores and triangular avicularium. Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Autozooids rectangular to polygonal in shape, longer than wide [L 403–472–526 (SD 41, N 16); W 292–375– 469 µm (SD 51, N 20)] (Fig. 9A–C). Frontal shield tubercular, perforated by 35–52 rounded pseudopores [9–11– 14 µm diameter (SD 1, N 30)]; some (about 10) slit-like or elliptical marginal areolar pores also present, around the zooids, better visible along lateral margins (Fig. 9A, C). Primary orifice [L 102–113–122 (SD 6, N 15); W 82–95– 105 µm (SD 6, N 18)] with semicircular and smooth anter, separated from the shallow and concave poster by small, rounded condyles; 7–8 hollow and long oral spines [18– 21– 27 µm base diameter (SD 2, N 27)] (Fig. 9B, C). One or a pair of elongate triangular avicularia [L 128–159– 197 µm (SD 21, N 25)] placed laterally to orifice near the zooidal margin, somewhat raised from frontal surface, directed disto-laterally towards orifice or distally, with complete crossbar, and rostrum with serrated margins and hooked tip (Fig. 9A, B, D). Ovicell irregularly globular, wider than long [L 226–241–260 (SD 13, N 5); W 261–271– 280 µm (SD 8, N 5)]; ooecial surface similar to frontal shield, perforated by 26–33 rounded pseudopores, bearing one triangular and smaller avicularium with serrated rostrum oriented proximally; aperture closed by operculum. Remarks. This is the first record of Thornelya from the Atlantic Ocean. The genus is characterized by a primary orifice with broad and concave proximal border bearing distinct condyles and typically six oral spines (T. ceylonica has 6–8 oral spines); ovicell densely perforated, often bearing avicularia and closed by the autozooidal operculum (Tilbrook et al. 2001). Four other Thornelya species are known, from the Indian and Pacific oceans, T. ceylonica (Thornely, 1905), T. fuscina Tilbrook et al., 2001, T. ? mila (Scholz, 1993) and T. perarmata Harmer, 1957. These species differ from Thornelya atlanticoensis Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. in having small latero-oral avicularia, usually more than two with the rostrum directed towards the orifice (more distally directed in the new species), and fewer oral spines (up to 6), except T. ceylonica, which has 6–8 spines (7–8 in the new species). Thornelya perarmata shares with the new species the presence of a pair of elongate marginal avicularia but differs in having numerous small avicularia placed on the zooidal margins, always six oral spines, and fewer frontal pseudopores (Ryland & Hayward 1992).

Stephanollona domuspusilla Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. (Figs 11D, E; 12A, B) Material examined. Holotype: MNRJBRY-1543: Brazil, Amapá state (Sta #3, 03°35.4267’N – 049°07.6028’W), 90 m, on sponge, 26 September 2014, collected by Fernando Moraes & Rodrigo Moura (NHo Cruzeiro do Sul). Etymology. From the Latin noun domus (meaning home) plus the adjective pusilla, - us, - um (meaning small), referring to the small size of the zooids. Diagnosis. Autozooids with tubercular, imperforate frontal shield; 5–7 oral spines, the most proximal pair lanceolate; orifice with distal border denticulate and U-shaped sinus constricted by small lateral teeth; condyles projecting beyond the sinus border. Two kinds of adventitious avicularia: small, single and rounded suboral avicularium with serrated rostrum, and another large, elongate avicularium, triangular with rounded tip, placed laterally. Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, uni- to multilaminar (Fig. 11D). Autozooids small, oval to irregularly polygonal, longer than wide [L 317–369–441 (SD 35, N 11); W 242–302– 360 µm (SD 42, N 11)]; frontal shield tubercular, imperforate except for some (5–7) scattered medium to large sized [14–24– 39 µm diameter (SD 6, N 27)], rounded, marginal areolar pores (Figs 11D, E, 12A, B). Orifice cleithridiate, longer than wide [L 116–133–147 (SD 10, N 11); W 101–111– 118 µm (SD 7, N 11)], with 5–7 (usually six) hollow spines [13–26– 35 µm diameter (SD 6, N 17)], four visible in ovicellate zooids; the most proximal pair of spines lanceolate, the others spear-shaped with irregular calcification (Figs 11E, 12A, B); distal border denticulate with 14–18 small beads; U-shaped sinus constricted by small lateral teeth; two long downward facing condyles projecting beyond the sinus border (Figs 11E, 12A, B); one zooid with a broader and shallower sinus observed (Fig. 11E). Two types of avicularia: (1) single, small [L 42–57– 73 µm (SD 10, N 7)], rounded avicularium placed suborally (rarely laterally) and oriented laterally, usually inclined in respect to the frontal wall; rostrum rounded, serrated, and crossbar complete without columella (Figs 11E, 12A, B); (2) single large, elongate [L 187–203– 219 µm (SD 16, N 3)], somewhat triangular avicularium, placed laterally to orifice; rostrum triangular with rounded and slightly hooked tip, slightly curved to one side; crossbar complete without columella (Figs 11E, 12A). Ovicell hyperstomial, wider than long [L 146–149–151 (SD 4, N 2); W 181–186– 191 µm (SD 7, N 2)], with smooth ooecial surface similar to the zooidal frontal wall (Fig. 12B). Remarks. The two most similar species recorded in Brazil are Stephanollona arborescens Vieira et al., 2010b and S. angusta Vieira et al., 2010b. The former species has the same small, rounded avicularium and six spines, but differs from S. domuspusilla Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. in having larger zooids (L 346–468–667, W 259–346– 445 µm), smaller orifice wider than long (L 80–94–111, W 93–103– 117 µm), condyles encroaching on the sinus (in the new species the condyles slightly surpass the opening), small avicularium usually proximo-laterally placed and proximo-laterally directed (in the new species the avicularium is suboral and laterally directed), and occasionally elongate avicularia rarely associated with the orifice (while in the new species it is lateral to orifice), and the rostrum is not hooked and the lateral margins are almost straight (see fig. 87, 89 in Vieira et al. 2010b). Stephanollona angusta has two or more avicularia per autozooid, small, rounded avicularium with smooth rostrum placed proximolaterally to the orifice or proximally to the large avicularia. Stephanollona boreopacifica Yang et al., 2018b from Korea, resembles the new species in having U-shaped sinus and rounded small avicularia with serrated borders, but can be distinguished by the narrower orifice (L 103–138, W 70–85 µm), and wider, more elongate avicularia associated with the ovicell (Yang et al. 2018b). Several species included in Stephanollona have broad, shallow orificial sinus, a feature characteristic of Stephanollina Vigneaux, 1949, previously a subgenus of Stephanollona, that Gordon (2006) suggested to elevate to the rank of genus in the new family Sfeniellidae Gordon, 2006. More recently, Di Martino & Taylor (2017) followed Gordon’s (2006) suggestions and included Stephanollina in Sfeniellidae modifying both the diagnoses of the family and of the genus Stephanollina, selecting Stephanollina dentata as the type species. Based on this, species of Stephanollona with shallow sinus must be reviewed.

Glabrilaria antoniettae Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. (Fig. 6A–C) Material examined. Holotype: MNRJBRY-1526; Paratypes: MNRJBRY-1478: Brazil, Maranhão state (Sta #7, 00°14.742’S – 044°54.089’W), 23 m, on sponge, 29 September 2014; MNRJBRY-1400, MNRJBRY-1427, MN- RJBRY-1483: Brazil, Amapá state (Sta #3, 03°35.4267’N – 049°07.6028’W), 90 m, on sponge, 26 September 2014; MNRJBRY-1499: Brazil, Amapá state (Sta #1, 04°23.807’N – 050°41.646’W), 64 m, on sponge, 24 September 2014; MNRJBRY-1487: Brazil, Pará state (Sta #4, 01°17.989’N – 046°46.732’W), 55 m, on sponge, 27 September 2014; MNRJBRY-1449: Brazil, Pará state (Sta #6, 00°45.359’N – 046°38.49’W), 50 m, on rhodoliths, 28 September 2014; collected by Fernando Moraes & Rodrigo Moura (NHo Cruzeiro do Sul). Etymology. In honour of Antonietta Rosso (University of Catania, Italy) for her relevant work on Cribrilinidae. Diagnosis. Autozooid with 16–20 costae, the first pair forming a bifid protuberance, and seven oral spines; interzooidal avicularia semi-erect, with acicular and serrated rostrum oriented distally or distolaterally; single or paired semi-erect avicularia associated with the type A ovicell ornamented with a median suture. Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Autozooids polygonal, longer than wide [L 258–352– 479 (SD 52, N 22); W 213–256– 307 µm (SD 25, N 22)] (Fig. 6A). Orifice transversally D-shaped, wider than long [L 34–49–64 (SD 5, N 21); W 52–59– 67 µm (SD 4, N 21)], with seven (non-ovicellate zooids) or four (ovicellate zooids) oral spines (Fig. 6A–C); the most proximal pair of spines only slightly above the proximal border of the orifice; base of the spines thick, surface irregularly calcified ending in a thin tip (Fig. 6B, C). Proximal and distal orifice edges smooth, without beaded margin or condyles (Fig. 6A, B). Frontal surface with 16–20 costae converging towards the median line and 5–7 intercostal lacunae; first pair of costae, when not developed, leaving an elliptical pore visible, but often more developed and raised, forming a bifid protuberance hiding the elliptical proximal pore (Fig. 6B, C). Interzooidal avicularia semi-erect [L 98–137– 180 µm (SD 22, N 25)], large, oriented distally or distolaterally, developed from one pore on the lateral wall; rostrum acicular with serrated margins, ending in a hooked tip; proximal region rounded with a large pore; blunt condyles (Figs 6A, B). One or two semi-erect avicularia associated with ovicell (Fig. 6A, C). Ovicell hyperstomial, type A (sensu Bishop & Househam 1987), wider than long [L 93–113–129 (SD 9, N 15); W 128–158– 176 µm (SD 13, N 10)], irregular in shape, occupying part of the next distal zooid, with smooth ooecial surface; a median suture extending from proximal border to mid region (Fig. 6A, C); aperture closed by zooidal operculum. Remarks. To date there are no Glabrilaria species described from Brazil (Vieira et al. 2008; Winston et al. 2014). Among Brazilian cribrilinids only Puellina octospinata Winston et al., 2014, here re-assigned to Cribrilaria, C. octospinata n. comb., following Rosso et al. (2018), has 7–8 oral spines but differs in having smaller and not semi-erect avicularia. The most similar species is Cribrilaria harmeri (Ristedt, 1985), from the Pacific Ocean, which has seven oral spines, four visible in fertile zooids, and a single subapertural lumen. However, it differs from the new species in having the first pair of costae proximal to the orifice forming a shorter umbo, a narrower interzooidal avicularium (not semi-erect) that can have either smooth or finely serrated margin (always serrated in the new species), smaller polymorphs (zooids, avicularia and ovicells) than the new species (see Dick et al. 2007; Dick & Grischenko 2017; Yang et al. 2018a), and an umbo near the proximal margin of the ovicell (not observed in the new species). Glabrilaria africana (Hayward & Cook, 1983) and G. corbula Bishop & Househam, 1987 also have seven oral spines, but the former species has a greater number of subapertural pores (up to five large and many small ones), no suboral umbo, and a small umbo on the ovicell, while the latter species has avicularia with smooth rostrum and ovicell ornamented by 4–6 ridges. From the North Atlantic, there are two Glabrilaria species, G. hirsuta Rosso et al., 2018 and G. polita Rosso et al., 2018. Both species differ from the new species by having erect avicularia, and a different number of oral spines (six in G. hirsuta and five in G. polita)., Published as part of Ramalho, Laís V., Moraes, Fernando C., Salgado, Leonardo T., Bastos, Alex C. & Moura, Rodrigo L., 2021, Bryozoa from the reefs off the Amazon River mouth: checklist, thirteen new species, and notes on their ecology and distribution, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 4950 (1) on pages 11-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4950.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4643245, {"references":["Bishop, J. D. D. & Househam, B. C. (1987) Puellina (Bryozoa; Cheilostomatida; Cribrilinidae) from British and adjacent waters. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 53, 1 - 63.","Vieira, L. M., Migotto, A. E. & Winston, J. E. (2008) Synopsis and annotated checklist of recent marine Bryozoa from Brazil. Zootaxa, 1810 (1), 1 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1810.1.1","Winston, J. E., Vieira, L. M. & Woollacott, R. M. (2014) Scientific Results of the Hassler Expedition. Bryozoa. No. 2. Brazil. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 161 (5), 139 - 239. https: // doi. org / 10.3099 / MCZ 14.1","Ristedt, H. (1985) Cribrilaria - Arten (Bryozoa) des Indopazifiks (Rotes Meer, Seychellen, Philippinen). Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Palaontologischen Institut der Universitat Hamburg, 59, 15 - 38.","Dick, M. H., Tilbrook, K. J. & Mawatari, S. F. (2007) Diversity and taxonomy of rocky-intertidal Bryozoa on the Island of Hawaii, USA. Journal of Natural History, 40 (38), 2197 - 2258. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930601062771","Dick, M. H. & Grischenko, A. V. (2017) Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan, Journal of Natural History, 51 (3 - 4), 141 - 266. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2016.1253797","Yang, H. J., Seo, J. E., Min, B. S., Grischenko, A. V. & Gordon, D. P. (2018 a) Cribrilinidae (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) of Korea. Zootaxa, 4377 (2), 216 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4377.2.4","Hayward, P. J. & Cook, P. L. (1983) The South African Museum's Meiring Naude Cruises. Part 13, Bryozoa II. Annals of the South African Museum, 91, 1 - 161."]}

Cranosina gilbertoi Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. (Fig. 2A–C) Material examined. Holotype: MNRJBRY-1457: Brazil, Pará state (Sta #6, 00°45.359’N – 046°38.49’W), 50 m, on rhodolith, 28 September 2014, collected by Fernando Moraes & Rodrigo Moura (NHo Cruzeiro do Sul). Etymology. In honour of Gilberto Menezes Amado-Filho, a dear friend and leading Brazilian marine scientist who dedicated his last years to study the Amazon Reef System. Diagnosis. Small colonies with large and oval autozooids; 11–14 spines around the opesia; large avicularium placed distally of each autozooid with rostrum ending in an open tip; ovicell endozooidal. Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar; only small, incomplete, fragments found, showing a spiral growth pattern (Fig. 2A). Autozooid large, oval, longer than wide [L 464–518–594 (SD 45, N 18); W 280– 355– 414 µm (SD 34, N 23)], separated by narrow grooves, with a distinct tuberculate cryptocyst varying in width, bearing 11 to 14 spines (visible as spine bases) around the opesia [L 349–399–472 (SD 30, N 23); W 173–217– 297 µm (SD 28, N 25)]; large pore chambers on the lateral and distal walls (Fig. 2B, C). Interzooidal avicularia [L 125–146–159 (SD 11, N 14); W 61–80– 90 µm (SD 8, N 14)] located distally of each autozooid, directed laterally or proximo-laterally with rostrum ending in an open tip, somewhat trapezoidal in shape, with strong and incomplete condyles (Fig. 2B, C); mandible not observed. Ovicell endozooidal; fertile autozooids show a slight elevation and thickening of the distal rim (Fig. 2C). Remarks. The genus Cranosina comprises 10 known species, half of them fossil. This is the first record of a living Cranosina in the Atlantic Ocean (Bock 2020, accessed 13 November 2020). The two most similar species are C. coronata (Hincks, 1881) from the Indo-West Pacific, which lacks spines around the opesia, and has interzooidal avicularia always directed laterally (Hincks 1881; Tilbrook et al. 2001; Tilbrook 2006); and C. colombiana Osburn, 1950 from the East Pacific, which has fewer spines (8–10) surrounding mainly the proximal half of the opesia, narrower cryptocyst, square avicularium chamber (150 µm in all dimensions), and slightly longer and narrower (L 500–550–650, W 250–300– 400 µm) autozooids.Another species described from the Pacific Ocean, C. spiralis Chimonides & Cook, 1994 has similar budding pattern (left or right-handed spiral series in the same colony) and distal avicularia, but lacks spines, has larger zooids (510–820 x 320–500 µm), and longer avicularium rostrum (150–310 µm) with thick condyles.

Crisia brasiliensis Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. (Fig. 13A, B) Material examined. Holotype: MNRJBRY-1468: Brazil, Amapá state (Sta#3, 03°35.4267’N – 049°07.6028’W), 90 m, on sponge, 26 September 2014; Paratypes: MNRJBRY-1437, MNRJBRY-1481, MNRJBRY-1524: Brazil, Amapá state (Sta #3, 03°35.4267’N – 049°07.6028’W), 90 m, on sponge, 26 September 2014; MNRJBRY-1489: Brazil, Pará state (Sta #4, 01°17.989’N – 046°46.732’W), 55 m, on sponge, 27 September 2014; collected by Fernando Moraes & Rodrigo Moura (NHo Cruzeiro do Sul). Etymology. Referring to the type locality (i.e., Brazilian waters). Diagnosis. Colony with 7–20 autozooid per internode; internodes connected by black joints. Autozooids with more or less developed peristomes; apertures circular; frontal surface with slit-like pseudopores. Gonozooid large, elongate, pear-shaped with slit-like pseudopores; ooeciostome short and curved forward with elliptical ooeciopore. Description. Colony arborescent, delicate, branched and jointed; new branches usually arising laterally to the fifth or sixth zooid of an internode. Infertile internodes [L 1432–1966– 2613 µm (SD 422, N 8)] composed of 7–20 autozooids alternately placed, and 7–12 autozooids in fertile internodes; internodes connected by black joints. Autozooids with more or less developed peristome, short to moderately long, usually facing upwards and/or slightly outwards, and with circular aperture; frontal surface with slit-like pseudopores. Large, pear-shaped gonozooid [L 514–548–578 (SD 24, N 5); W 290–309– 328 µm (SD 16, N 5)], elongate and forming close to a bifurcation; ooeciostome short, curved and facing forward, placed distally of the brood chamber; ooeciopore slightly elliptical [L 50–54–57 (SD 3, N 4); W 61–68– 76 µm (SD 7; N 4)]; gonozooidal surface punctuated by numerous slit-like pseudopores (internally circular). Remarks. Seven Crisia species have been recorded from Brazil: C. aculeata Hassal, 1840, C. cylindrica Busk, 1886, C. ramosa Harmer, 1891, C. pseudosolena (Marcus, 1937), C. ficulnea Buge, 1979, C. micra Marcus, 1955, and C. fragosa Ramalho et al., 2009. Winston et al. (2014) and Ramalho et al. (2018) recorded Crisia colonies in Rio de Janeiro state and in the Abrolhos Bank, Brazil, but the lack of gonozooids precluded specific identifications. Crisia brasiliensis Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. is easily distinguished from its congeners by the presence of black joints, slit-like pseudopores on gonozooidal and autozooidal surface, gonozooid with ooeciostome curved forward and ooeciopore slightly elliptical. Crisia fragosa is the most similar Brazilian species having slit-like pseudopores on the surface. However, it differs by presenting pale joints, fewer zooids in each internode, larger gonozooid (L 630–710–757, W 339–349– 359 µm), and circular ooeciopore (68–78– 87 µm in diameter). Crisia denticulata (Lamarck, 1816), from the Northeastern Atlantic, also has black joints and autozooids with peristomes that are not so developed (Hayward & Ryland 1985), but it differs from the new species in having circular pseudopores, and inconspicuous ooeciopore with a very short tube., Published as part of Ramalho, Laís V., Moraes, Fernando C., Salgado, Leonardo T., Bastos, Alex C. & Moura, Rodrigo L., 2021, Bryozoa from the reefs off the Amazon River mouth: checklist, thirteen new species, and notes on their ecology and distribution, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 4950 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4950.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4643245, {"references":["Busk, G. (1886) Report on the Polyzoa collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Part 2. The Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata and Pedicellinea. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H. M. S. \" Challenger \", Zoology, 17, 1 - 47.","Harmer, S. F. (1891) On the British species of Crisia. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, New Series, 32, 127 - 181.","Marcus, E. (1937) Bryozoarios marinhos brasileiros I. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 1, 5 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2526 - 4877. bsffclzoologia. 1937.113912","Buge, E. (1979) Campagne de la Calypso au large des cotes Atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962) Bryozoaires cyclostomes. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 55, 207 - 261.","Marcus, E. (1955) Notas sobre briozoos marinhos brasileiros. Arquivos Avulsos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 42, 273 - 342.","Ramalho, L. V., Muricy, G. & Taylor, P. D. (2009) Cyclostomata (Bryozoa, Stenolaemata) from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Zootaxa, 2057 (1), 32 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2057.1.2","Winston, J. E., Vieira, L. M. & Woollacott, R. M. (2014) Scientific Results of the Hassler Expedition. Bryozoa. No. 2. Brazil. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 161 (5), 139 - 239. https: // doi. org / 10.3099 / MCZ 14.1","Ramalho, L. V., Taylor, P. D., Moraes, F. C., Moura, R., Amado-Filho, G. M. & Bastos, A. C. (2018) Bryozoan framework composition in the oddly shaped reefs from Abrolhos Bank, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic: taxonomy and ecology. Zootaxa, 4483 (1), 155 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4483.1.6","Lamarck, J. B. P. A. M. (1816) Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres ... precedee d'une introduction offrant la determination des caracteres essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres coorps naturels, enfin, exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie. Vol. 2. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5086","Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1985) Cyclostome Bryozoans. In: Kermack, D. M. & Barnes, R. S. K. (Eds.), Synopses of the British Fauna. New Series. E. J. Brill for the Linnean Society, London, pp. 1 - 147."]}

Stylopoma hastata Ramalho et al., 2018 (Fig. 8C–F) Stylopoma hastata Ramalho et al., 2018: p. 168, fig. 5C–E. Material examined. MNRJBRY-1453, MNRJBRY-1474, MNRJBRY-1494, MNRJBRY-1495: Brazil, Maranhão state (Sta #7, 00°14.742’S – 044°54.089’W), 23 m, on sponges, 29 September 2014; MNRJBRY-1460, MNRJBRY- 1549: Brazil, Pará state (Sta#6, 00°45.359’N – 046°38.49’W), 50 m, on rhodoliths, 29 September 2014; collected by Fernando Moraes & Rodrigo Moura (NHo Cruzeiro do Sul). Distribution. Known from Maranhão and Pará states in Northern Brazil (present study), and Abrolhos Bank, Bahia state, Brazil (Ramalho et al. 2018). Remarks. Stylopoma hastata Ramalho et al., 2018 was originally described from the Abrolhos Bank, Bahia state, Brazil, based on non-ovicellate material. Northern Brazil specimens allow the first description of ovicells (Fig. 8C–E), which are globose [L 321–380–408 (SD 34, N 8); W 330–418– 501 µm (SD 50, N 8)] with ooecial surface similar to the frontal shield of autozooids, evenly perforated by small pseudopores at the centre of polygonal depressions; small triangular avicularia [L 47–51– 58 µm (SD 6, N 3)] (similar to those observed on the autozooids) are found on the ovicell surface; the aperture consists in a crescentic lumen formed by the fusion of the labellum at the center, arising from the proximal edge (Fig. 8D–E). The figures also show the characteristic elongate avicularia (Fig. 8C, F)., Published as part of Ramalho, Laís V., Moraes, Fernando C., Salgado, Leonardo T., Bastos, Alex C. & Moura, Rodrigo L., 2021, Bryozoa from the reefs off the Amazon River mouth: checklist, thirteen new species, and notes on their ecology and distribution, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 4950 (1) on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4950.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4643245, {"references":["Ramalho, L. V., Taylor, P. D., Moraes, F. C., Moura, R., Amado-Filho, G. M. & Bastos, A. C. (2018) Bryozoan framework composition in the oddly shaped reefs from Abrolhos Bank, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic: taxonomy and ecology. Zootaxa, 4483 (1), 155 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4483.1.6"]}

Therenia dianae Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. (Fig. 9E–G) Material examined. Holotype: MNRJBRY-1431: Brazil, Amapá state (Sta #3, 03°35.4267’N – 049°07.6028’W), 90 m, on rhodolith, 26 September 2014, collected by Fernando Moraes & Rodrigo Moura (NHo Cruzeiro do Sul). Etymology. Named after Diana Vieira Canabarro Savi, daughter of the first author. Diagnosis. Autozooidal frontal shield perforate by tiny pseudopores; orifice almost circular with a pair of rectangular condyles. Single avicularium, somewhat oval, variably broader at the distal end, with a thick rim, without columella and somewhat twisted. Ovicell usually immersed, except at the colony border, frontally formed by a flat, smooth, crescentic and broad gymnocystal band. Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Autozooids polygonal, longer than wide [L 550–655– 737 (SD 50, N 13); W 414–472– 530 µm (SD 35, N 15)]; frontal shield flat, perforated by tiny and closely-spaced pseudopores, sometimes lacking from the proximal orificial region; 4–5 larger marginal areolar pores widely spaced (Fig. 9E–G). Orifice wider than long [L 103–119–130 (SD 9, N 13); W 123–148– 168 µm (SD 13, N 13)], almost circular, with a deeply immersed shelf along the distolateral margin, a small U-shaped sinus proximally and a pair of rectangular condyles almost as long as the proximal margin (Fig. 9G); distolateral orifice border in autozooid with a thickened calcified rim (Fig. 9E–G). Avicularium [L 120–162–187 (SD 19, N 20); W 107–135– 170 µm (SD 19, N 17)] single, proximolateral to orifice, right or left placed at the distal end of an elongate and perforated cystid, somewhat oval, variably broader at the distal end, with a very thick (variable) rim; crossbar complete, thick, without columella and somewhat twisted (Fig. 9F, G). Ovicell more visible in the zooids placed at the edge of the colony, usually immersed in other parts; ooecial surface smooth, frontally formed by a flat, smooth, crescentic and broad gymnocystal band (Fig. 9F, G); aperture closed by zooidal operculum. Remarks. Berning et al. (2008) revised the genus Therenia David & Pouyet, 1978 and distinguished it from Escharina Milne Edwards, 1836 and Herentia Gray, 1848 mainly by the pseudoporous frontal shield, the greater number and smaller size of communication pores along the vertical walls, and the asymmetrical and usually twisted avicularium crossbar. Canu & Bassler (1928a) and Marcus (1955) identified some specimens from Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo states (Brazil) as Therenia porosa (Smitt, 1873), but Berning et al. (2008) noted that those specimens have broader sinus and different condyles and are likely to represent an undescribed species. These Brazilian specimens also contrast with T. dianae Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. by the broader sinus, smaller condyles, smaller avicularium with a less developed rim. Therenia porosa described from Florida (Winston 2005) differs from the new species in having smaller oval avicularium (L 100; W 80 µm on average), without a well developed rim and such a distinct cystid, and orifice with robust condyles. Therenia rosei Berning et al., 2008 also resembles T. dianae Ramalho & Moraes n. sp., but has larger frontal pseudopores, wider sinus, thickened rim framing the distolateral orifice margin, and oval to kidneyshaped avicularium rostrum., Published as part of Ramalho, Laís V., Moraes, Fernando C., Salgado, Leonardo T., Bastos, Alex C. & Moura, Rodrigo L., 2021, Bryozoa from the reefs off the Amazon River mouth: checklist, thirteen new species, and notes on their ecology and distribution, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 4950 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4950.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4643245, {"references":["David, L. & Pouyet, S. (1978) Le genre Herentia Gray, 1848 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Systematique et phylogenese, biostratigraphie et biogeographie. Documents des Laboratoires de Geologie de la Faculte des Sciences de Lyon HS, 4, 167 - 193.","Gray, J. E. (1848) List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the British Museum. Part. I, Centroniae or radiated animals. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 173 pp.","Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S. (1928 a) Bryozoaires du Bresil. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences de Seine-et-Oise, 9, 58 - 110.","Marcus, E. (1955) Notas sobre briozoos marinhos brasileiros. Arquivos Avulsos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 42, 273 - 342.","Smitt, F. A. (1873) Floridan Bryozoa collected by Count L. F. de Pourtales, Part 2. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 11 (4), 1 - 83.","Winston, J. E. (2005) Re-description and revision of Smitt's \" Floridan Bryozoa \" in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir, 7, 1 - 147."]}

Stephanollona aff. contracta (Waters, 1899) (Fig. 11A–C) Lepralia contracta Waters, 1899: p. 11, pl. 3, figs 4–6. Cleidochasma contractum: Cook 1964: p. 14, fig. 5A; Arístegui 1984: p. 301, fig. 63d, e, pl. 21, figs 3, 4. Stephanollona contracta: Souto et al. 2010: p. 1434, fig. 15. Material examined. MNRJBRY-1515: Brazil, Amapá state (Sta #3, 03°35.4267’N – 049°07.6028’W), 90 m, on sponge, 26 September 2014, collected by Fernando Moraes & Rodrigo Moura (NHo Cruzeiro do Sul). Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, uni- to multilaminar (Fig. 11A).Autozooids polygonal, longer than wide [L 377–458–518 (SD 44, N 14); W 338–416– 486 µm (SD 35, N 20)]; frontal shield tubercular, imperforate except for about six rounded [11–19– 31 µm diameter (SD 6, N 27)] marginal areolar pores (Fig. 11A, C). Orifice cleithridiate, longer than wide [L 114–128–137 (SD 5, N 20); W 92–102– 110 µm (SD 5, N 22)]; poster denticulate with 15–20 small beads; shallow, broad sinus, almost rectangular; two prominent condyles facing downwards (Fig. 11B, C); six hollow distal spines [12–22– 30 µm diameter (SD 4, N 26)] in non-ovicellate zooids and four visible in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 11B, C). Two types of avicularia: (1) single or paired, small [L 87–99– 113 µm (SD 8, N 24)] and rounded avicularia laterally oriented, placed laterally to orifice; sometimes located more proximally to the orifice or near the proximal zooidal edge; rostrum serrated, raised from the frontal surface; crossbar complete with a strong columella (Fig. 11A, C); (2) single, large and elongate avicularium [L 265–331– 379 µm (SD 59, N 3)], placed lateral to orifice and distally oriented; rostrum with almost parallel sides and rounded tip; crossbar complete, with elongate, thick columella (Fig. 11B). Ovicell hyperstomial [L 146–169–179 (SD 13, N 9); W 172–184– 197 µm (SD 8, N 12)], occupying the proximal region of the next distal zooid; ooecial surface smooth, frontal area with a rounded triangular membranous window (Fig. 11A, C). Remarks. Stephanollona contracta is a species complex with wide morphological variability, mainly in the number of spines (4–8) and colony appearance, which vary depending on colony age and avicularia development (Cook 1964). The material examined herein shows similarities with specimens of S. contracta described from Algarve, Madeira, Havana and Africa (Souto et al. 2010), including the orifice with broad and shallow sinus and beaded anter, ovicell with large uncalcified frontal area, and elongate and rounded avicularia. However, specimen MNRJBRY-1515 differs from those of other Atlantic localities in having always six spines, shorter avicularia with smaller columella, and in the lack of a suboral umbo. Despite such differences, owing to the high intraspecific variability observed for this species, specimens from Northern Brazil are provisionally identified as S. aff. contracta , pending molecular analysis essential to disentangle the species complex. Winston (2005) synonymized Perigastrella contracta, described by Marcus (1937) from São Paulo state, with Stephanollona asper (Canu & Bassler, 1923), described from the Caribbean. Nevertheless, the Brazilian specimens studied by Marcus need to be reassessed, because they differ from the type material of S. asper in having a broader sinus, up to seven oral spines, and circular avicularia occupying most of the frontal surface and also can be interzooidal. Marcus’ material differs from Stephanollona aff. contracta in having adventitious circular avicularia without serrated rostra, sometimes interzooidal avicularia, and ovicells with umbones, while Stephanollona asper from the Caribbean differs in having smaller orifice (L 90–110–140, W 72–90– 108 µm), deep U-shaped sinus (shallow, broad, and almost rectangular in Stephanollona aff. contracta), inner rim of orifice with large beads that extend until the condyles, and small avicularia with rough edges (but not serrated; see Winston 2005). Three other Stephanollona species have been recorded from Brazil: S. angusta Vieira et al., 2010b, S. arborescens Vieira et al., 2010b, and S. robustaspinosa Ramalho et al., 2011, all with six oral spines and differing from each other mainly in the shape of the orificial sinus. Stephanollona angusta has a narrow U-shaped sinus, in addition to a pair of elongate avicularia with narrower rostrum; S. arborescens has erect colonies and U-shaped narrower sinus; and S. robustaspinosa has longer sinus, spear-shaped elongate avicularia, and ovicell with an almost quadrate membranous frontal area. Stephanollona propinqua Winston & Woollacott, 2009 is also similar to S. aff. contracta in having a rounded avicularium in the same position, but it has a wider and shallower sinus, up to eight spines and elongate avicularia scattered over the colony surface, not lateral to the orifice. Finally, S. boreopacifica Yang et al., 2018b from Korea, also has six oral spines, similar elongate avicularia with well-developed ligula, and small rounded avicularia with serrated rostrum, but differs in having a narrower U-shaped sinus and avicularia associated with the ovicell., Published as part of Ramalho, Laís V., Moraes, Fernando C., Salgado, Leonardo T., Bastos, Alex C. & Moura, Rodrigo L., 2021, Bryozoa from the reefs off the Amazon River mouth: checklist, thirteen new species, and notes on their ecology and distribution, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 4950 (1) on pages 22-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4950.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4643245, {"references":["Waters, A. W. (1899) Bryozoa from Madeira. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1899, 6 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2818.1899. tb 00139. x","Cook, P. L. (1964) Polyzoa from West Africa. Notes on the genera Hippoporina Neviani, Hippoporella Canu, Cleidochasma Harmer and Hippoporidra Canu & Bassler. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 12, 1 - 35.","Aristegui, R. J. (1984) Estudio faunistico y ecologico de los Briozoos quilostomados (Ectoprocta, Cheilostomata) del circalitoral de Tenerife. Secretariado de Publicaciones de la Universidad de La Laguna, Coleccion Monografias, 13, 1 - 266.","Souto, J., Reverter Gil, O. & Fernandez Pulpeiro, E. (2010) Gymnolaemate bryozoans from the Algarve (southern Portugal): new species and biogeographical considerations. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 90 (7), 1417 - 1439. https: // doi. org. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315409991640","Winston, J. E. (2005) Re-description and revision of Smitt's \" Floridan Bryozoa \" in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir, 7, 1 - 147.","Marcus, E. (1937) Bryozoarios marinhos brasileiros I. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Zoologia, 1, 5 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2526 - 4877. bsffclzoologia. 1937.113912","Canu, F. & Bassler, R. S. (1923) North American later Tertiary and Quaternary Bryozoa. United States National Museum Bulletin, 125, 1 - 302. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 159661","Vieira, L. M., Gordon, D. P., Souza, F. B. C. & Haddad, M. A. (2010 b) New and little-known cheilostomatous Bryozoa from the south and southeastern Brazilian continental shelf and slope. Zootaxa, 2722 (1), 1 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2722.1.1","Ramalho, L. V., Muricy, G. & Taylor, P. D. (2011) Taxonomic revision of some lepraliomorph cheilostome bryozoans (Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha) from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Journal of Natural History, 45 (13), 767 - 798. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2010.535917","Winston, J. E. & Woollacott, R. M. (2009) Scientific results of the Hassler Expedition. Bryozoa. No. 1. Barbados. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 159 (5), 239 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.3099 / 0027 - 4100 - 159.5.239","Yang, H. J., Seo, J. E. & Gordon, D. P. (2018 b) Sixteen new generic records of Korean Bryozoa from southern coastal waters and Jeju Island, East China Sea: evidence of tropical affinities. Zootaxa, 4422 (4), 493 - 518. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4422.4.3"]}

Parasmittina sp. (Figs 7E, F; 8A, B) Material examined. MNRJBRY-1518: Brazil, Maranhão state (Sta #7, 00°14.742’S – 044°54.089’W), 23 m, on rhodoliths, 29 September 2014; MNRJBRY-1421: Brazil, Amapá state (Sta#3, 03°35.4267’N – 049°07.6028’W), 90 m, on rhodoliths, 26 September 2014; collected by Fernando Moraes & Rodrigo Moura (NHo Cruzeiro do Sul). Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Autozooids approximately rectangular, longer than wide [L 411–564–750 (SD 111, N 13); W 245–298– 357 µm (SD 33, N 13)]; frontal shield abraded, seemingly smooth with circular to elliptical marginal areolar pores, varying in size [18–29– 49 µm diameter (SD 10, N 18)] (Fig. 7E, F). Peristome short, apparently more developed laterally (frequently broken in the studied colonies), forming a shallow, median, U-shaped pseudosinus (Figs 7F, 8A, B). Primary orifice almost circular [L 100–111–125 (SD 7, N 11); W 99–108– 115 µm (SD 5, N 11)], with a pair of thin, pointed triangular condyles slightly curved downwards, and a median anvil-shaped lyrula occupying about one-third of the orifice proximal margin; 1–2 oral spines (rarely three) on the non-ovicellate zooids; spines not visible in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 7F, 8A, B). One spathulate avicularium [L 109–115– 127 µm (SD 6, N 7)] proximo-lateral to orifice and oriented proximally; rostrum smooth, sometimes asymmetrical at the tip, crossbar complete (Figs 7F, 8A); a similar avicularium observed placed more medially on the frontal shield of only one zooid (Fig. 8A, see arrow). Another latero-oral avicularium, larger (L 307 µm), with elongate triangular rostrum, broken at the tip, proximally oriented (Figs 7A, 8B). Ovicell rounded in outline, usually broken, ooecial surface with large and irregular pseudopores, occupying mainly the central region and highly variable in number from 5 to 20 (Figs 7E, F, 8A). Remarks. The studied specimens resemble Parasmittina alba Ramalho et al., 2011 described from Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil) in the shape of the primary orifice, in having the majority of the zooids with two oral spines and spatulate avicularia. However, P. alba differs in having a giant spatulate avicularium, and triangular frontal avicularia with serrated rostrum and ovicell with ectooecium perforated by pseudopores or a fenestra. Another similar species is P. distincta Ramalho et al., 2018, which shares with the Amazon species the circular shape of the primary orifice and the presence of spatulate avicularia lateral to the orifice, but differs in having also triangular avicularia on the side of the orifice, laterally or proximally directed, 2–4 spines (in Parasmittina sp. two spines are more frequent), and beaded distal margin of the primary orifice. The studied specimens were poorly preserved preventing accurate species level identification., Published as part of Ramalho, Laís V., Moraes, Fernando C., Salgado, Leonardo T., Bastos, Alex C. & Moura, Rodrigo L., 2021, Bryozoa from the reefs off the Amazon River mouth: checklist, thirteen new species, and notes on their ecology and distribution, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 4950 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4950.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4643245, {"references":["Ramalho, L. V., Muricy, G. & Taylor, P. D. (2011) Taxonomic revision of some lepraliomorph cheilostome bryozoans (Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha) from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Journal of Natural History, 45 (13), 767 - 798. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2010.535917","Ramalho, L. V., Taylor, P. D., Moraes, F. C., Moura, R., Amado-Filho, G. M. & Bastos, A. C. (2018) Bryozoan framework composition in the oddly shaped reefs from Abrolhos Bank, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic: taxonomy and ecology. Zootaxa, 4483 (1), 155 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4483.1.6"]}

Cribrilaria smitti (Winston, 2005) n. comb. (Fig. 4D, E) Puellina smitti Winston, 2005: p. 34, figs 89–93; Winston & Woollacott 2009: p. 257, fig. 14; Winston 2016: p. 30, fig. 16. Material examined. MNRJBRY-1445: Brazil, Maranhão state (Sta #7, 00°14.742’S – 044°54.089’W), 23 m, on sponge, 29 September 2014, collected by Fernando Moraes & Rodrigo Moura (NHo Cruzeiro do Sul). Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Autozooids rounded hexagonal, longer than wide [L 231–302–346 (SD 31, N 16); W 176–216– 268 µm (SD 26, N 16)], separated by deep sutures; frontal shield without umbo, with 13–16 prominent costae radiating from the middle region and 5–7 intercostal lacunae between adjacent costae (Fig. 4D). Orifice transversally D-shaped [L 39–44–53 (SD 4, N 8); W 46–53– 61 µm (SD 4, N 11)], proximal border straight; six oral spines, four spines still visible in ovicellate zooids (Fig. 4E). Triangular suboral area formed by the first pair of costae, raised, with a central elliptical pore and a lower row with 5–8 pores; papilla pore present inside the triangular suboral area with a short seta (Fig. 4D, E see arrows). Interzooidal avicularia [L 114–137– 155 µm (SD 17, N 6)] on a large and almost circular cystid bearing four pore-chamber windows; rostrum flared at each end and relatively narrow in the middle portion; proximal region almost transversally D-shaped; flared mandible, longer than rostrum, broadening abruptly beyond palate, subcircular, ending in a pointed tip (cordiform-shape) (Fig. 4E). Ovicell type A (sensu Bishop & Househam 1987), slightly wider than long [L 113–123–131 (SD 9; N 3); W 135–136– 138 µm (SD 3, N 2)]; ooecial surface smooth with a medial-proximal umbo (Fig. 4D). Distribution. Known from the Caribbean (Winston 2005; Winston & Woollacott 2009; Winston 2016), and off the Amazon River mouth (Maranhão state, Northern Brazil) (present study). Remarks. We follow Rosso et al. (2018) revision of Puellina, Cribrilaria, and Glabrilaria in transferring Puellina smitti to Cribrilaria. This latter genus is characterized by the presence of an imperforate ovicell (A– or B– type) and avicularia, while Puellina lacks avicularia and it has perforated and C-type ovicell. Two additional congeners have interzooidal avicularia with such a flared mandible: Cribrilaria arrecta (Bishop & Househam, 1987), and C. flabellifera (Kirkpatrick, 1888). Both species also have six oral spines, but C. arrecta has 8–9 costae, which are often medially fused to form a strongly raised ridge or umbo, and 2–3 lacunae between adjacent costae, and the mandible of the interzooidal avicularium is flared but completely triangular at the tip; C. flabellifera has a very large median suboral lacuna, frontal shield with 14–15 costae and 4–5 pores between adjacent costae, and the ovicell has four or more radiating ridges and a median suture on the ooecial surface. Cribrilaria smitti n. comb. colonies from Brazil are slightly smaller than those from the Caribbean ones (autozooids: L 332, W 228 µm; orifice: L 50, W 60 µm) (Winston 2005). This is the first record of this species from the South American coast.

Micropora amapaensis Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. (Fig. 4A–C) Material examined. Holotype: MNRJBRY-1408; Paratype: MNRJBRY-1429: both from Brazil, Amapá state (Sta #3, 03°35.4267’N – 049°07.6028’W), 90 m, on rhodoliths, 26 September 2014, collected by Fernando Moraes & Rodrigo Moura (NHo Cruzeiro do Sul). Etymology. Referring to the type locality, Amapá state, Northern Brazil. Diagnosis. Autozooids with paired, smooth tubercles lateral to orifice; oval to slit-like, asymmetrical opesiules, aligned with tubercles; proximal border of the opesia with a distinct straight and incomplete bar; avicularia absent; smooth, rounded triangular ovicell, closed by zooidal operculum. Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Autozooids disposed regularly in quincunx, separated by fine sutures, polygonal, slightly longer than wide [L 359–434–503 (SD 48, N 17); W 259–358– 421 µm (SD 38, N 20)], distally rounded (Fig. 4A–B). Cryptocyst granular raised proximally to the opesia, perforated by small and scattered pseudopores (Fig. 4B) with radial spines (Fig. 4C). A pair of smooth tubercles located laterally to the orifice. Opesiules large, oval to slit-like [L 56–67– 85 µm (SD 7, N 20)], paired, asymmetrical in size and shape, aligned with the tubercles (Fig. 4B). Opesia transversally D-shaped, wider than long [L 61–74–90 (SD 8, N 19); W 110–128– 143 µm (SD 8, N 19)], distal part smooth, proximal border with a distinct straight and incomplete bar not touching the proximal corners (Fig. 4B). Ovicell wider than long [L 84–118– 137 µm (SD 24, N 4); Wmax (proximal width) 182–191– 201 µm (SD 8, N 4), Wmin (distal width) 60–85– 107 µm (SD 18, N 5)], smooth, rounded triangular, sometimes slightly raised distally, occupying part of the proximal region of the next distal zooid; aperture closed by zooidal operculum (Fig. 4B). Avicularia absent. Remarks. Three species of Micropora are known from Brazil: M. acuminata Winston, 2005 and M. angustiscapulis Winston et al., 2014 from Bahia state, and M. nodimagna Ramalho & Caliari, 2015 from Rio Grande do Sul state. The ovicell surface of M. acuminata is beaded with a sharp ridge; M. nodimagna has a very large orificial tubercle, smooth ovicell with a triangular, medially displaced suture, and several transverse lines on the proximal region; both M. angustiscapulis and M. amapaensis Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. lack avicularia, but the former species has smaller zooids (L 342–396– 450 µm, W 234–291– 360 µm), smaller orifice (L 45–51– 54 µm, W 90–101– 108 µm), raised, beaded cryptocyst edges, tubercles just below the proximal rim on either sides of the orifice, and opesiules narrower and shorter (5 µm). Winston et al. (2014) did not observe any complete ovicells in M. angustiscapulis. There are two other species of Micropora lacking interzooidal avicularia: M. coriacea inarmata Soule, 1959, recorded from the Pacific Ocean, which has minute, knob-like tubercles, two small distal opesiules and ovicells lacking the triangular smooth calcification observed in M. amapaensis Ramalho & Moraes n. sp.; and M. mawatarii Arakawa, 2016, described from Japan and with larger zooids (L 300–860 µm, W 230–720 µm), smooth gymnocyst, small tubercles and elliptical or circular small opesiules, contrasting with the large, oval to slit-like opesiules of the new species. Pseudopores with inner radiating denticulation seems to be a common character in Micropora, being mentioned in several species from different regions and geological ages (e.g., the Recent M. angustiscapulis from Brazil, M. mawatari and M. okadai Silén, 1942 both from Japan, and the Pliocene M. stellata Di Martino et al., 2019 from Florida)., Published as part of Ramalho, Laís V., Moraes, Fernando C., Salgado, Leonardo T., Bastos, Alex C. & Moura, Rodrigo L., 2021, Bryozoa from the reefs off the Amazon River mouth: checklist, thirteen new species, and notes on their ecology and distribution, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 4950 (1) on pages 7-9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4950.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4643245, {"references":["Winston, J. E. (2005) Re-description and revision of Smitt's \" Floridan Bryozoa \" in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir, 7, 1 - 147.","Winston, J. E., Vieira, L. M. & Woollacott, R. M. (2014) Scientific Results of the Hassler Expedition. Bryozoa. No. 2. Brazil. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 161 (5), 139 - 239. https: // doi. org / 10.3099 / MCZ 14.1","Soule, J. D. (1959) Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History expedition to western Mexico. 6. Anascan Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) of the Gulf of California. American Museum Novitates, 1969, 1 - 54.","Arakawa, S. (2016) Taxonomy of some microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity, 21, 9 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.12782 / sd. 21.1.009","Silen, L. (1942) Cheilostomata Anasca (Bryozoa) collected by Prof. Dr. Sixten Bock's expedition to Japan and the Bonin Islands 1914. Arkifv for Zoologi, 33 A, 1 - 130.","Di Martino, E., Taylor, P. D. & Portell, R. W. (2019) Anomia - associated bryozoans from the upper Pliocene (Piacenzian) lower Tamiami Formation of Florida, USA. Palaeontologia Electronica 22.1.11 A, 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.26879 / 920"]}

Antropora cruzeiro Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. (Fig. 3A–C) Material examined. Holotype: MNRJBRY-1546: Brazil, Pará state (Sta #5, 01°6.16’N – 046°29.71’W), 100 m, on rhodolith, 28 September 2014, collected by Fernando Moraes & Rodrigo Moura (NHo Cruzeiro do Sul). Etymology. Referring to the Brazilian Navy Hidro-Oceanographic ship NHo Cruzeiro do Sul and used as a name in apposition. Diagnosis. Autozooids rectangular with piriform to oval opesia; reduced gymnocyst and granular cryptocyst with some denticles; single or paired drop-shaped avicularia placed at autozooidal corners; small and cap-shaped ovicell. Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Autozooids elongate, somewhat rectangular, about twice as long as wide [L 349–368–377 (SD 15, N 11); W 176–198– 213 µm (SD 12; N 11)], separated by distinct grooves. Gymnocyst reduced; lateral wall granular; cryptocyst granular with tiny denticles projecting into the opesia, broader proximally and narrower laterally (Fig. 3A, B). Opesia piriform or oval [L 184–212–233 (SD 13, N 11); W 141–156– 171 µm (SD 9, N 11)], wider proximally and occupying a little more than half of the frontal area (57% on average). One or two tear drop-shaped interzooidal avicularia [L 84–91– 102 µm (SD 6, N 11)] located at autozooidal corners, directed distally (Fig. 3A–C); rostrum pointed triangular, raised from surface, condyles not observed (Fig. 3B, C). Ovicell small, wider than long [L 51–59–71 (SD 6, N 6); W 81–89– 100 µm (SD 6, N 6)], cap-shaped, almost rectangular with imperforate, seemingly smooth surface (Fig. 3C). Vicarious avicularia not observed. Remarks. Antropora cruzeiro Ramalho & Moraes n. sp. resembles A. erectirostra Tilbrook, 1998 from the Indian Ocean (Sri Lanka) in having elongate autozooids with extensive cryptocyst, reduced gymnocyst and triangular interzooidal avicularia with a raised rostrum directed distally. However, the new species is generally smaller than A. erectirostra (autozooid: 500 x 240 µm; opesia: 250 x 160 µm; avicularia: 130 µm long), and has smooth cap-shaped ovicells (smaller and endozooidal in A. erectirostra). Four Antropora species are known from Brazil: A. hastata Winston et al., 2014, A. minor (Marcus, 1937), A. typica (Canu & Bassler, 1928a), and A. granulifera (Hincks, 1880) (Vieira et al. 2008; Winston et al. 2014; Almeida et al. 2015a). All of them have oval autozooids; A. minor has 8-shaped avicularia; A. hastata has interzooidal avicularia with elongate rostrum; A. granulifera has paired triangular avicularia placed distally and with converging rostral tips; and A. typica has a well-developed gymnocyst.

Eukoenenia audax sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8741F9DE-6C56-430F-AF25-691687FBF9E7 Material examined. Holotype, male (ISLA 47676). Paratypes: 4 males (ISLA 47677, ISLA 47678, ISLA 47679, IBSP 31), 2 females (ISLA 47680, ISLA 47681), 2 immatures C (ISLA 47682, IBSP 32), and 2 immatures B (ISLA 47683, ISLA 47684). All collected in Brazil, Goi��s, Nova Roma, Gruta Cabeceira d�����gua (528 m. a.s.l, 13��52���53.57���S, 46��55���44.31���W), 08/VIII/2015, leg. R. L. Ferreira. Diagnosis. Lateral organs with 9���11 finely reticulated blades. A single deutotritosternal seta present, 7 pairs of setae on propeltidium and 3 pairs of setae on metapeltidium, t 1 > t 2 , t 3 . Cheliceral fingers with 9 teeth each. Coxae II���IV with 5, 5, 2 thick setae. Basitarsus of leg IV with 6 setae (grt, gla, r, esp and 2 esd). Opisthosomal tergites II���VI with two pairs of setae t between one setae s on each side. Opisthosomal sternites IV���VI with two pairs of a setae (a 1 , a 2 ) flanked by a thinner seta (s) on each side. First lobe of male genitalia with 13 pairs of setae (2 st + 9 + 2 fusules on each half), second and third lobes with 5 and 4 pairs of setae, respectively. First lobe of female genitalia with 11 pairs of setae. Description. Body length without flagellum 1765 (1565���1770). Prosoma. Frontal organ with two reticulated branches with rounded ends (Fig. 2). Lateral organ with 11 (9���11) pointed and reticulated blades (Fig. 1). Propeltidium with 7 + 7 setae (Fig. 2) and metapeltidium, with 3 + 3 setae, t 1 135 (120���147) longer than t 2 92 (87���107) and t 3 95 (95���100) (Fig. 3). Labrum with 5 + 5 setae. Sternum with one deuto-tritosternal seta (Fig. 6). Basal segment of chelicera with 6 proximal setae, p 4 and p 6 thickened and densely barbed and p 1 longer and thicker than the remaining setae (as shown for the immature B in Fig. 7); three distal setae: d 3 162 (150���165) longer than d 1 65 (62���70) and d 2 67 (67���72); d 3 long, tapering and with small sparse setules; d 1 and d 2 thickened, with subparallel borders, tiny setules and a crown of spines on a truncated and expanded tip (Fig. 8). Hand of chelicera with 7 setae, 6 dorsal and one ventral setae; one long dorsal seta 74 (67���87) projected forward and inserted in distal edge at the base of the fixed finger; fingers with 9 teeth each. Coxal chaetotaxy. Pedipalp coxa with 19 setae of different lengths (Fig. 9). Coxa I with 15 setae: 13 normal and 2 tiny and thin microsetae (Fig. 10). Coxa II with 15 setae: 5 thick and 10 normal setae (Fig. 11). Coxa III with 14 setae: 5 thick, 7 normal, a long macroseta and a microseta (proximal to the macroseta) (Fig. 12). Coxa IV with 10 setae: 2 thick and 8 normal setae (Fig. 13). Palp (Fig. 15���16). ta3 with fs, cs with a basal spine, 2 r, 11 m and 9 normal setae; ta2 with 6 m; ta1 with 2 m; bta2 with 5 m and 1 normal seta; bta1 with 2 m and 1 normal seta; ti with 1 m and 8 normal setae; fe with 2 m and 6 normal setae; tc with 9 setae (2 smaller than the others). Palp formula: ta3: fs, cs, 2 r, 11 m, 9n; ta2: 6 m; ta1: 2 m; bta2: 5 m, 1n; bta1: 2 m, 1n; ti: 1 m, 8n; fe: 2 m, 6n; tc: 9n, including 2 short setae (not ms). Leg I (Figs 14, 17). ta3 with 5 fs with subequal branches, 2 r, rs, cs, 13 m and 5 normal setae; ta2 with 5 m, 1 tb and 1 fs; ta1 with 3 r and 2 normal setae; bta4 with 5 m, 1 tb and 1 fs; bta3 with 1 r, 1 grt and 1 short normal seta; bta2 with 3 m, 1 normal seta, 2 tb and 1 long fs; bta1 with 1 normal seta, 1 m, 2 tb and 1 fs (with the inner branch shorter than the outer); ti with 9 normal setae; pa with 9 normal setae and 1 tb; fe with 9 normal setae; tc with 11 normal setae (2 of them considerably smaller). Leg I formula: ta3: 5 fs, 2 r, cs, rs, 13 m, 5n; ta2: 5 m, 1 fs, 1 tb; ta1: 3 r, 2n; bta4: 5 m, 1 fs, 1 tb; bta3: 1 r, 1 grt, 1n (short); bta2: 3 m, 1 fs, 2 tb, 1n; bta1: 1 m, 1 fs, 2 tb,1n; ti: 9n; pa: 9n, 1 tb; fe: 9n; tc: 11n. Basitarsus leg IV (IVbta) (Fig. 19) with 6 setae (grt, gla, r, esp and 2 esd); seta r inserted most distally: dr/IVbta = 0.76 (0.71���0.76); pair esd inserted distally but below the r seta insertion level; gla inserted at the base of the segment and at the same level as the single esp present; grt inserted slightly above esp and gla; esp, gla and grt inserted one third from the base of the segment. Length of these setae are given in Table 1. Opisthosoma. Tergites II���VI with 3 + 3 dorsal setae, two pairs of t setae (t 1 , t 2 ) between a pair of slender setae (s). Sternite III with 2 + 2 setae, 70 (50���77) (external) and 83 (65���82) (internal). Sternites IV���VI each with 2 + 2 thickened setae (a 1 , a 2 ) between a pair of slender setae (s 1 ); a 1 86 (65���87), a 2 90 (75���102), and s 63 (45���67). A pair of small orifices present between a 1 setae on sternites IV���VI (Figs 20���21). Intersegmental furrows between sternites III���IV, IV���V, V���VI and VI���VII with paired cavities, one at each side of the opisthosoma (Figs 18, 38). Last pair (between sternites VI���VII) less conspicuous and not clearly visible in all specimens. Some of these cavities (i.e. in holotype) seem to be open to the exterior, and the border of the cuticle is clearly visible. However, it is difficult to determine whether the opening is natural or it is rather tore tissue. Segments VII���XI with 8 setae each. Male genitalia (Figs 22���23). First lobe with 13 + 13 setae: 2 + 2 anterior setae (st 1 , st 2 ), 2 + 2 setae as part of the long fusules, 2 + 2 setae adjacent to each fusule and being part of the same fusule structure, 2 + 2 anterior setae on 2 independent prominent structures on each side, and 5 + 5 more setae of different lengths. Fusules separated from each other (within each side), wider at their bases, long, stylized and ending on a secretory seta. Second lobe with 5 + 5 setae (a, b, c, c���, d) and third lobe with 4 + 4 (x, y, z, w). Each half of the third lobe with at least 10 small orifices (Fig. 22). Female genitalia (Figs 24���25). First lobe with 11 + 11 setae in six transverse rows: 2 + 2 sternal setae (st 1 , st 2 ) followed by 2 + 2, 1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1 and 4+4 distal setae (a 1 = 20, a 2 = 22, a 3 = 30, a 4 = 40); inner surface of the first lobe with a group of 3 orifices on each side and a medial pair of smaller orifices. Second lobe with 3 + 3 setae (x = 25, y = 42, z = 37); there is a series of cuticular spines and a group of 4 orifices on each half of this lobe. Measurements and ratios of the adult specimens are given in Table 1. ......continued on the next page Flagellum (Figs 28���31). Only the first nine segments preserved in adult male ISLA 47679; missing in all other adult specimens. Segments 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 with an apical crown of spines. All nine segments bear a row of long setae inserted in distal half (2 setae smaller than others on segments II and VI). The number of setae and the length of these flagellar segments are reported in Table 2. Immature, types B and C. Frontal organ similar to the adults (Fig. 4). Lateral organs with 7���9 blades (Fig. 5). Metapeltidium with t 1 (87���95), t 2 (65���75) and t 3 (72���85). Labrum with 4 pairs of setae. Proximal (Fig. 7) and distal setae (d 1 = 45���52; d 2 = 47���52; d 3 = 100���120) on basal segment of chelicera with shape and relative lengths similar to the adults. Hand of chelicera with 6 setae, 5 dorsal and one ventral setae, including one long dorsal seta projected forward and inserted in distal edge at the base of the fixed finger; fingers with 8 teeth each. Coxal chaetotaxy: pedipalp with 18 setae; coxa I with 15 setae; coxa II with 4 thick and 10 normal setae; coxa III with 4 thick, 7 normal, a long macroseta and a microseta; coxa IV with 1 thick and 8 normal setae. The chaetotaxy of the remaining body segments is similar to that of the adults, including the ventral cavities. Genital area of immature B: first lobe with 4 + 4 setae and 1 + 1 on the second lobe (Fig. 26); sternite III with 2 + 2 setae at each side of the second lobe. Genital area of immature C: first genital lobe with 5 + 5 long setae, in addition of a st pair of setae; second lobe without setae, and third lobe with a pair of short setae; sternite III with 2 + 2 setae at each side of the third lobe (Fig. 27). Measurements and ratios of the immature specimens are given in Table 3. ......continued on the next page Flagellum. Only the first seven segments are preserved in the specimen ISLA 47684; segments 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 with an apical crown of spines, all seven segments with a row of long setae inserted in distal half (2 setae smaller than others on segments II and VI). The number of setae and the length of these flagellar segments are included in Table 2. Etymology. The specific name audax comes from Latin and it means ���audacious, daring���. It refers to the unusual distribution of this troglobitic species inhabiting the sandy sediments deposited by the water stream in the cave (see ���Habitat and ecological notes��� for details). Habitat and ecological notes. Specimens of Eukoenenia audax were only found in the cave Cabeceira d�����gua, located in the municipality of Nova Roma, state of Goi��s, Brazil (Figs 32���33). Despite the efforts to sample other nearby caves in the area, no palpigrades were captured. The Cabeceira d�����gua is a limestone cave with 3,670 meters of horizontal projection and most part of its main passage runs along an autogenic stream that arises at the deepest portion of the cave (Fig. 35). The cave has two entrances, both partially obstructed by big rocks and sandy sediments that make the access to the inner portions of the cave difficult. One entrance is blocked by medium sized rocks (Fig. 36) and a spring pours out of the cave throughout these rocks. A second entrance, around 100 meters from the first one, leads to a dry creek bed that ends in a small lake. Although this way seems to be also blocked, it is possible to continue into the cave through a lateral opening by the side of the lake, which is normally filled with sediment. After unblocking this passage, a narrow corridor leads back to the main passage. There is a siphon around 200 meters from the ���unblocked��� access point (the water level reaches the cave ceiling), and the access to the inner portion of the cave is only possible during dry periods. Therefore, this last section of the cave is isolated from the exterior most of the time and it is extremely humid. The stream runs through the cave and deposits sand in different locations. There are also small deposits of plant debris and organic matter. A dry upper level with numerous chambers is accessible from certain points one dozen meters below in the main passage. Remarkably, the natural habitat of E. audax seems to be the sand deposits near the water stream (Fig. 34). All Brazilian troglobitic palpigrades described from caves with water streams in them were collected in their upper levels, away from the main watercourses, i.e. E. spelunca Souza & Ferreira, 2011, E. sagarana Souza & Ferreira, 2012 or E. jequitinhonha Souza & Ferreira, 2016. This may be explained because their small size limits their ability to escape from unexpected and fast water pulses (flash floods). In contrast, E. audax was observed only behind the siphon and close to the water level, mainly on the sand banks or the nearby walls. Despite a thorough search for this species in the upper chambers, palpigrades could not be found there, in contrast to other Brazilian troglobitic species. Several specimens were observed walking on the surface of water ponds near the stream. They seemed to be patiently looking for preys rather than being trapped on it, and this may indicate their ability to move on water. Springtails (Collembola) are quite common in the cave and were identified in the sand banks as potential preys. Another interesting observation about E. audax is its population density. While most Brazilian troglobitic species are scarce (a cave visit yields a few specimens at the most), the density of E. audax is unexpectedly high: dozens of specimens are commonly observed all along the main passage behind the siphon. In the first visit to the cave, more than 50 specimens were observed in a single afternoon. Only a few were collected for conservation purposes and collecting permit restrictions. This distribution and density are certainly atypical, making this cave one of the most remarkable sites worldwide for the study of troglobitic palpigrades. The high number of specimens found offers unique opportunities to investigate biological and ecological aspects of these enigmatic arachnids in the future, as well as to collect samples for molecular work. A similar case has been reported for Ardovsk�� cave, in Slovakia, that houses a big population of Eukoeneni a spelaea (Peyerimhoff, 1902) and that has been the target of several studies in the last 20 years (Kovač et al. 2002; Smrž et al. 2013; Ballesteros et al. 2019). We also recommend to further study the reason for this high density, in addition to the behavioral mechanisms that prevents them from being washed away during flash floods. The cave is rarely visited because of the difficulties described above. Only speleologists who enter the cave to run scientific studies or survey work can reach the cave sections where the palpigrades are found. Although the cave is well preserved, its surroundings are quite altered, especially the natural vegetation that was replaced by pastures. Native vegetation persisted only on limestone outcrops where farming is unfeasible (Fig. 37)., Published as part of Souza, Maysa F. V. R., Mayoral, Jaime & Ferreira, Rodrigo L., 2020, A new troglobitic palpigrade from Central Brazil, with notes on a new opisthosomal character (Arachnida: Palpigradi), pp. 493-514 in Zootaxa 4869 (4) on pages 494-507, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4869.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4418840, {"references":["Ferreira, R. L., Souza, M. F. V. R., Machado, E. O. & Brescovit, A. D. (2011) Description of a new Eukoenenia (Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae) and Metagonia (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Brazilian caves, with notes on their ecological interactions. Journal of Arachnology, 39 (3), 409 - 419. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / Ha 11 - 03.1","Souza, M. F. V. R. & Ferreira, R. L. (2016) Two new troglobiotic palpigrades (Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae) from Brazil. Zootaxa, 4171 (2), 246 - 258. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4171.2.2","Kovac, L., Mock, A., Lupitacik, P. & Palacios-Vargas, J. G. (2002) Distribution of Eukoenenia spelaea (Peyerimhoff, 1902) (Arachnida, Palpigradida) in the Western Carpathians with remarks on its biology and behavior. In: Tajovskyi, K., Balik, V. & Pizl, V. (Eds.), Studies on Soil Fauna in Central Europe, Ceske Budejovice, 2002, pp. 93 - 99.","Ballesteros, J. A., Santibanez Lopez, C. E., Kovac, L., Gavish-Regev, E. & Sharma, P. P. (2019) Ordered phylogenomic subsam- pling enables diagnosis of systematic errors in the placement of the enigmatic arachnid order Palpigradi. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 286, 20192426. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2019.2426"]}

Taxonomy of E. audax Eukoenenia audax shows affinity with other Brazilian troglobitic palpigrades and with the edaphic species E. improvisa Condé, 1979 from French Guiana. The absence of one esp seta on IVbta and the chaetotaxy of tergites II–VI (t 1 , t 2 , s) are shared with E. maquinensis, E. spelunca, E. sagarana, E. cavatica, E. neytiri, E. jequitinhonha, E. navi, E. eywa, E. ibitipoca , E. igrejinha, E. improvisa, E. magna, E. lundi, E. jequitai and E. virgemdalapa (in these three last species, seta gla is also absent on bta IV). The number of setae on sternites IV–VI (a 1 , a 2 , s) in the new species is also similar to those in most of the species previously mentioned, except E. maquinensis, E. sagarana and E. igrejinha (Condé 1979a; Souza & Ferreira 2010, 2011b, 2012a, 2012b, 2016, 2018, 2019a, 2019b, 2020). The chaetotaxy of the female genitalia is similar to that of E. navi, E. eywa, E. neytiri, E. magna, E. lundi and E. jequitinhonha (some species have an asymmetrical or unknown condition). However, the chaetotaxy of the male genitalia is only shared with E. sagarana and E. lundi (Souza & Ferreira 2012a, 2016, 2018, 2020). The new species shares a similar coxal formula with E. navi, E. eywa, E. neytiri and E. magna. The general chaetotaxy of palp and leg I also resembles that of those species, as well as that of E. ibitipoca and E. igrejinha, but there are some differences. For instance, the number of setae on trochanter of leg I is 11 in Eukoenenia audax and 13 for all other species. In addition, E. audax carries 9n on ta3 of the pedipalp while E. navi, E. eywa and E. neytiri carry 11n setae, E. ibitipoca carries 13n and E. magna and E. igrejinha have 8n. On the other hand, E. audax, E. ibitipoca, E. magna and E. igrejinha have a forked seta (fs) on bta2 of leg I, but it is absent in E. navi, E. eywa and E. neytiri (Souza & Ferreira 2018, 2019a, 2019b, 2020). Eukoenenia audax can be differentiated from all South American species and from most palpigrades described to date by the presence of a single deutotritosternal seta. This character state is only shared with E. deleta Condé, 1992 from Thailand and E. vargovitshi Christian, 2014 from the Western Caucasus. A more detailed comparison with E. deleta is not possible since only two specimens were captured: an adult female that was lost before its description and an immature A on which the description of the species was based (Condé 1992). E. vargovitshi differs from the new species in almost all other characters, i.e. number of setae on propeltidium (7 + 7 vs. 10 + 10), number of blades in lateral organs (9–11 vs. 3), number of setae on IVbta (6 vs. 4) and different ventral chaetotaxy on sternites IV–VI (Christian 2014). In addition to the deutotritosternal chaetotaxy, the position of the seta r on IVbta (distal to the insertion of the pair esd) and the number of blades in the lateral organs (9–11 in adults) are unique characters among Brazilian palpigrades. The number of propeltidial setae is also distinctive in the new species. While most species of palpigrades carry 10 + 10 setae on the propeltidium, Eukoenenia audax carries 7 + 7. This character is shared with only 7 other species of Eukoenenia: E. maquinensis, E. sagarana, E. navi, E. eywa, E. neytiri and E. magna from Brazil, and with E. naxos Condé, 1989 from Greece (Condé 1989; Souza & Ferreira 2010, 2012a, 2018, 2020). The presence of 2 thickened setae (a 1, a 2 ) and one seta (s) on sternites IV–VI relates the new species with some other Brazilian species, as discussed above, but also with E. improvisa Condé, 1979, E. lyrifer Condé, 1992, E. pauli Condé, 1979 and E. thais Condé, 1988. All these other species have a different deutotritosternal setae formula (1 vs. 5–7), number of setae on propeltidium (7 + 7 vs. 10 + 10) and smaller legs, i.e. IVbta 215–238 vs. 62–117 (Note: for E. thais Condé reported two values for IVbta, 117 and 223) (Condé 1979a, 1979b; 1988; 1992).

Although marine protected areas can simultaneously contribute to biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, the global network is biased toward particular ecosystem types because they have been established primarily in an ad hoc fashion. The optimization of trade-offs between biodiversity benefits and socioeconomic values increases success of protected areas and minimizes enforcement costs in the long run, but it is often neglected in marine spatial planning (MSP). Although the acquisition of spatially explicit socioeconomic data is perceived as a costly or secondary step in MSP, it is critical to account for lost opportunities by people whose activities will be restricted, especially fishers. We developed an easily reproduced habitat-based approach to estimate the spatial distribution of opportunity cost to fishers in data-poor regions. We assumed the most accessible areas have higher economic and conservation values than less accessible areas and their designation as no-take zones represents a loss of fishing opportunities. We estimated potential distribution of fishing resources from bathymetric ranges and benthic habitat distribution and the relative importance of the different resources for each port of total catches, revenues, and stakeholder perception. In our model, we combined different cost layers to produce a comprehensive cost layer so that we could evaluate of trade-offs. Our approach directly supports conservation planning, can be applied generally, and is expected to facilitate stakeholder input and community acceptance of conservation.

Cleaning is a ubiquitous interspecific interaction on shallow tropical, subtropical, and temperate reefs, involving hundreds of species in all ocean basins. This remarkable mutualism encompasses fish and/or shrimp “cleaners” that remove and consume organic debris, parasites, tissue, and mucus from “client” invertebrates (e.g., anemones, crabs, octopuses) and vertebrates (e.g., sharks, bony fishes, turtles, iguanas, and cetaceans. Often regarded as a facilitative interaction, cleaning may be an important driver of reef community structure. Cleaning evolved independently in several unrelated taxa, resulting in a remarkable diversity of interaction types and behaviors. Besides the burden of epibionts, wounds, and parasites, visual and tactile signaling comprise the proximate causation of cleaning interactions. However, there are a few examples of nocturnal cleaning on marine ecosystems, which always involve shrimps acting as cleaners. Here, we report on caridean shrimps (Decapoda: Caridea) cleaning four species of carnivorous fishes in the disphotic-aphotic transition zone (280–320 m depth), based on submersible observations at the continental shelf slope off Northeastern Brazil. This is the first record of shrimp-fish cleaning interactions in deep-cold waters, and our observations support the idea that tactile signaling is of foremost importance in such interactions. We hypothesize that the complex daytime behavior and other adaptations of dedicated cleaner shrimps may have evolved from incidental cleaning by shrimps seeking food on nocturnal shelters of larger fish, or on deep water, where vision plays a minor role.

The reproductive biology of the white grunt Haemulon plumierii was studied from 360 individuals obtained from artisanal fisheries landings in the Abrolhos Bank, Brazil, between August 2010 and March 2012. The overall sex-ratio did not differ significantly from 1:1, although males predominated in larger size classes. β-Binomial modelling of historical sex-ratio data indicated that the catch rate of females has increased in recent years. Females reached maturity at a smaller total length (LT ; 214 mm) than males (235 mm LT ) and the LT at which 50% of all individuals are mature (L50 ) was 220 mm, corresponding to 41·5% of the maximum recorded LT . Variation in the gonado-somatic index and in the relative frequency of reproductive stages indicates that reproduction occurs year round, with increased activity during the austral spring and summer. Fecundity was not size dependent. The reproductive parameters provided here can support management measures focussed on seasonal closures during spawning peaks (September to November and February to March) and minimum sizes (>L50 ) for the capture of this important artisanal fisheries resource in Abrolhos, the region with the largest and most biodiverse coralline reefs in the South Atlantic Ocean.

Viana, Ana Clara M., Ferreira, Rodrigo L. (2020): Spelaeobochica mahnerti, a new cave-dwelling pseudoscorpion from Brazil (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Bochicidae), with comments on the troglomorphism of the Brazilian bochicid species. Zootaxa 4731 (1): 134-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4731.1.9

Key to species of Spelaeobochica (modified from Viana et al., 2018) 1 With two tiny, lateroventral tubercles on each side of carapace; pedipalps: femur 4.1���4.2 times longer than broad, chela with pedicel 4.1���4.2 times longer than broad; leg IV: femur+patella 3.8 times longer than broad................ S. allodentatus - Without tubercles on each side of carapace; pedipalps: femur> 4.2 times longer than broad, chela with pedicel> 4.2 times longer than broad; leg IV: femur+patella> 3.8 times longer than broad........................................... 2 2 Rallum of 3 dentate blades, trichobothrium ib far distad from the middle of the chelal hand (near the base of the fixed finger)..................................................................................... S. mahnerti sp. n. - Rallum of 4���6 dentate blades, trichobothrium ib slightly distal to the middle of the chelal hand....................... 3 3 Rallum of 6 dentate blades; pedipalps: hand without a tooth-like protuberance on paraxial side near base of fixed finger, femur and patella without tooth-like protuberances, femur 12.5���13.3 times longer than broad; leg IV: femur+patella 9.4���9.5 times longer than broad���......................................................................... S. muchmorei - Rallum of 4 dentate blades; pedipalps: hand with a tooth-like protuberance on paraxial side near base of fixed finger, femur and patella with small tooth-like protuberances, femur 7.8���12.0 times longer than broad; leg IV: femur+patella 4.2���8.6 times longer than broad���......................................................................................... 4 4 Pedipalps: femur 7.8���8.3 times longer than broad, chela with pedicel 6.1���6.9 times longer than broad, trichobothrium est proximal with respect to st on movable finger, isb in basal position much nearer to esb than to level of sb; leg IV: femur+patella 4.2���6.2 times longer than broad���................................................................... S. iuiu - Pedipalps: femur 11.2���12.0 times longer than broad, chela with pedicel 7.9���8.9 times longer than broad, trichobothrium est distal with respect to st on movable finger, isb in a position much nearer to level of sb than to esb; leg IV: femur+patella 8.0���8.6 times longer than broad���....................................................................... S. goliath, Published as part of Viana, Ana Clara M. & Ferreira, Rodrigo L., 2020, Spelaeobochica mahnerti, a new cave-dwelling pseudoscorpion from Brazil (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Bochicidae), with comments on the troglomorphism of the Brazilian bochicid species, pp. 134-144 in Zootaxa 4731 (1) on page 140, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4731.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/3635692, {"references":["Viana, A. C. M., Souza, M. F. V. R. & Ferreira, R. L. (2018) Spelaeobochica goliath (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Bochicidae), a new troglobitic pseudoscorpion from Brazil. Zootaxa, 4402 (3), 585 - 594. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4402.3.11"]}

Note on Spelaeobochica goliath Viana et al., 2018 In the original description of S. goliath there was an error that we are correcting here. In the Diagnosis section, on page 587, first line, instead of ���[���] rallum of 4���6 dentate blades [���]���, it should have read ��� rallum of 4 dentate blades ���., Published as part of Viana, Ana Clara M. & Ferreira, Rodrigo L., 2020, Spelaeobochica mahnerti, a new cave-dwelling pseudoscorpion from Brazil (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Bochicidae), with comments on the troglomorphism of the Brazilian bochicid species, pp. 134-144 in Zootaxa 4731 (1) on page 139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4731.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/3635692, {"references":["Viana, A. C. M., Souza, M. F. V. R. & Ferreira, R. L. (2018) Spelaeobochica goliath (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Bochicidae), a new troglobitic pseudoscorpion from Brazil. Zootaxa, 4402 (3), 585 - 594. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4402.3.11"]}

Typhloroncus guatemalensis sp. n. (Figs 1���14) Material examined. Holotype female (ISLA 50051), Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, Gruta de Lanqu��n, Lanqu��n (15��34�� 49.5��N, 89��59�� 26.1��W), 21 June 2017, leg. R.L. Ferreira. Paratype female (ISLA 50052), same locality, 24 June 2017, leg. R.L. Ferreira. Etymology. The specific epithet guatemalensis is an adjective that refers to the country where the species was found, Guatemala. Diagnosis. Differing from the other members of genus Typhloroncus by the following combination of characters: eyes absent; epistome low and triangular, apically rounded; distinct transverse furrow present near posterior margin of carapace; appendages slender and elongate (e.g. palpal femur 7.4���7.8, palpal patella 6.0, chela with pedicel 7.5���7.6 times longer than broad); 20���22 trichobothria on fixed chelal finger and hand; fixed chelal teeth irregular, with varied morphology (retrorse, flat-topped and rounded teeth); movable chelal teeth also irregular, with varied morphology (retrorse, flat-topped and obsolescent); chelal teeth of both fingers gradually decreasing in size from distal to proximal; subterminal setae short and acuminate; highly modified ventrodistal setae on telotarsus of all legs. Description of adults (holotype, followed by paratype in square brackets, when different). Troglomorphic habitus (Figs 1���3). Palps, carapace, chelicerae, coxae and first tergites light brown, legs yellowish brown; other parts of body pale yellowish brown. Vestitural setae smooth, long and acuminate. Carapace (Figs 4���5). 1.5 times longer than broad; anterior margin distinctly sclerotized, with a low, triangular epistome, apically rounded; anterior margin of carapace becoming slightly concave towards mid-region; eyes absent; surface distinctly reticulate (Fig. 5), with a finely reticulate transverse band near posterior margin; a distinct transverse furrow near posterior margin; 6 lyrifissures present, 2 near anterior margin (large), 2 near middle of carapace on right side, and 2 near posterior margin; 14 setae (4 on anterior margin and 2 on posterior margin). Chelicera (Figs 6���7). Hand with 7 [6] setae; movable finger with 1 subdistal seta; es seta long; galea long and slender; fixed finger with 7 [9] teeth (seventh tooth slightly bifurcate in holotype), followed by 9 [5] proximal denticles [distal part of finger with fine irregularities, but these might be due to wear or fine debris]; movable finger with 10 [7] teeth, the three proximal teeth minute [proximalmost tooth minute], followed by several proximal denticles; rallum (Fig. 6) with 4 blades, each with small unilateral serrations (from the distalmost blade to the basalmost, I���II 7, III 5, IV 4) [each one with small unilateral serrations, except for blade II (I 11, II 8 on distal side and 3 on proximal side, III 8, IV 6)], blades with unequal sizes (I = II> III> IV); serrula exterior with 24 [23] blades, serrula interior with 21 blades; lamina exterior absent. Tergites. Undivided; surface reticulate; chaetotaxy uniseriate, I���XI 2: 2: 3: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 5 [2: 2: 2: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 5]. Anal operculum with one pair of dorsal setae. Pleural membranes smoothly, longitudinally striate. Coxae. Palpal: manducatory process with 2 long, acuminate, distal setae; rest of palp coxae with 6���8 [7���8] setae; median maxillary lyrifissures subbasally situated; surface reticulate. Pedal coxae chaetotaxy I 6, II 7, III 6���7, IV 7���8 [I 6 ��7, II 7 ��8, III 7, IV 7]; lyrifissures present on posterior half of coxae I���IV, situated medially on coxae I and II, laterally displaced and near foramen margin on coxae III and IV; surface reticulate. Genital operculum of female. 10 [7] minute setae situated on posterior margin of sternite II; surface reticulate; 3 [2] lyrifissures present medially. Gonosac large, with scattered pores. Median and lateral cribrate plates not observed. Female sternites. Chaetotaxy III���XI (1) 4 (1): (1) 6 (1): 10: 11: 11: 10: 11: 10: 4 [(1) 8 (1): (1) 6 (1): 10: 12: 12: 11: 12: 11: 4]. Anal operculum with one pair of ventral setae; anterior margin closely abutting posterior margin of sternite X. Surfaces reticulate. Palp (Figs 8���11). Trochanter mostly reticulate, except for the retrolateral face, which is scaly. Patella slightly reticulate, almost smooth. Femur scaly distally, gradually becoming reticulate proximally. Chelae mostly smooth, except hand dorsum and most of bases of fingers finely granulate. Fixed finger and hand with 21���22 [20] trichobothria; movable finger slightly shorter than fixed finger, with 10 trichobothria. Trichobothrial pattern (Fig. 8): eb, esb and isb not distributed in a straight row at base of finger, eb proximad to esb and isb; eb region with 1 trichobothrium; ib region with 4 trichobothria (the three basalmost ones isolated on a small dorsal eminence); ist region with 6���7 [5] trichobothria; est region with 6 trichobothria; sb not dorsally displaced relative to st; t region reaching level of est region. Venom apparatus present in both fingers; nodus ramosus slightly distal relative to est region in fixed finger and within t region in movable finger. Fixed finger with 98 [94] irregular teeth, the 14 [8] distalmost teeth cusped and retrorse, thereafter teeth flat-topped (Fig. 11), the 8 [7] proximalmost teeth low and rounded; teeth gradually decreasing in size from distal to proximal. Movable finger with 91 irregular teeth, the 14 [16] distalmost teeth cusped and retrorse (Fig. 9), thereafter teeth flat-topped, the 7 [8] proximalmost teeth extremely low, flat and obsolescent; teeth gradually decreasing in size from distal to proximal. Legs (Figs 12���14). Subterminal setae short and acuminate, without rami. Telotarsal segments with a few lanceolate ventrodistal setae (Fig. 12), which are darker and longitudinally striate in distal half. Basitarsi and telotarsi with prominent dorsal setae, but no obvious tactile setae. Arolia not divided and shorter than claws, with ventral hooked process; claws smooth. Measurements and proportions as in Table 1., Published as part of Viana, Ana Clara M. & Ferreira, Rodrigo L., 2019, A new troglobitic species of Typhloroncus (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Ideoroncidae) from Guatemala, pp. 288-300 in Zootaxa 4576 (2) on pages 289-295, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4576.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2624934

Key to species of Typhloroncus (modified from Harvey & Muchmore, 2013) 1 Smaller, epigean species, palpal femur less than 1 mm in length................................................. 2 - Larger, troglobitic species, palpal femur more than 1 mm in length.............................................. 3 2 Eyes present........................................................ T. planodentatus (San Luis Potos��, Mexico) - Eyes absent...................................................... T. coralensis (Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands) 3 Ventrodistal telotarsal setae of legs strongly lanceolate........................................................ 4 - Ventrodistal telotarsal setae simple........................................................................ 5 4 Subterminal tarsal setae of legs strongly lanceolate............................... T. attenuatus (Tamaulipas, Mexico) - Subterminal tarsal setae not modified.................................. T. guatemalensis sp. n. (Lanqu��n, Guatemala) 5 Palpal segments slender, femur of female 5.7 times longer than broad; chela (without pedicel) of female 4.5 times longer than broad....................................................................... T. diabolus (Veracruz, Mexico) - Palpal segments very slender, femur of female greater than 7.0 times longer than broad; chela (without pedicel) of female greater than 5.5 times longer than broad.................................................................... 6 6 Palpal femur of female 7.3 times longer than broad; chela (without pedicel) of female 5.9 times longer than broad...................................................................................... T. troglobius (Puebla, Mexico) Palpal femur of female 7.6 times longer than broad; chela (without pedicel) of female 6.9 times longer than broad................................................................................ T. xilitlensis (San Luis Potos��, Mexico), Published as part of Viana, Ana Clara M. & Ferreira, Rodrigo L., 2019, A new troglobitic species of Typhloroncus (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Ideoroncidae) from Guatemala, pp. 288-300 in Zootaxa 4576 (2) on page 295, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4576.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2624934, {"references":["Harvey, M. S. & Muchmore, W. B. (2013) The systematics of the pseudoscorpion family Ideoroncidae (Pseudoscorpiones: Neobisioidea) in the New World. Journal of Arachnology, 41 (3), 229 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / K 13 - 42.1"]}

The Northern Brazilian shelf is dominated by the interface between the world's largest river and the Atlantic Ocean, which results in a hypossaline/nutrient-rich offshore plume that reaches up to 2.106 km2 across the North Atlantic. The Amazonian-Orinoco Influence Zone is considered an Ecologically and Biologically Significant Area by the United Nation’s Convention of Biological Diversity, encompassing structurally complex and biologically productive ecosystems with high biodiversity. In the last decades, the growing industrialization, together with the exploitation of coastal and marine resources, intensified across the region while management of natural resources’ exploitation remained weak. Ecological knowledge is steadily accumulating, but the fragmented database challenges the development of a comprehensive environmental management agenda. Here, based on an extensive compilation of primary and secondary data, we assessed the spatial extent of the economic activities that impact biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the region (e.g., fisheries, oil and gas development, mining). The representation of biological diversity in the developing network of Coastal and Marine Protected Areas (CMPAs) was also assessed based on the distribution of benthic habitats, river plume dynamics, and the distribution of endangered, protected and commercially important species. Besides outlining the escalating conflicts and policies that hinder the sustainable use of the Amazon shelf off Brazil, our results provide an initial framework for marine spatial planning.

Bryozoans are a key group of sessile invertebrates in some reef frameworks but are typically neglected in environmental monitoring programs. Abrolhos Bank (Brazil) is the largest reef complex in the South Atlantic Ocean, encompassing several reef landscapes over an area of 46,000 km2. A transition takes place across the shelf from mangroves to soft sediments, coastal shallow reefs to a volcanic archipelago – surrounded by fringing reefs – and unique mushroom-shaped biogenic structures, with mesophotic pinnacle reefs, rhodolith beds, sink-holes and shelf break deep environments. The taxonomic composition of the bryozoan fauna was studied in 11 core samples taken from shallow to mesophotic mid-shelf reefs (4–25 m deep) on Abrolhos Bank by divers using a submersible drill. Of the 20 bryozoan species sampled, 17 are new records for Abrolhos Bank and seven species are new to science: Crassimarginatella winstonae n. sp., Parasmittina distincta n. sp., Parasmittina abrolhosensis n. sp., Hemismittoidea asymmetrica n. sp., Stylopoma variabilis n. sp., Stylopoma hastata n. sp., and Plesiocleidochasma acuminata n. sp. (described by Ramalho, Taylor & Moraes). The most conspicuous species is Celleporaria atlantica. These results increase to 48 the total number of bryozoan species known in this region and reinforce the importance of this group as one of the main components apart from crustose coralline algae and corals of the reef framework-building community of Abrolhos Bank.

Loxosceles troglobia sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CB1515BB-A0BE-4E4D-9C8A-BF40FA3789D9 Type material. Male holotype (ISLA 47462), BRAZIL: Bahia, Malhada, Tapera d����gua cave (14��31'2.17"S, 43��40'58.23"W), 11/IX/2016, R.L. Ferreira col. Paratypes: male II (ISLA 47463), male III (ISLA 47464), male IV (IBSP 213031), female I (ISLA 47465), female II (ISLA 47466), female III (IBSP 213032) and female IV (ISLA 47467), same date, locality and collector as the holotype. Other material examined. Two adult females, same date, locality and collector as the type material; one adult female from Tabocas cave (14��35���13.11���S, 43��41���10.87���W), Iuiu, Bahia, Brazil, 22/XI/2016, R.L. Ferreira col. Specimens preparation and condition. All the type specimens are preserved in 70% ethanol. The genitalia of all females, the left palp of the males I, III and IV and the right palp of the males II and IV were dissected and stored in a vial with the specimens. The same applies to the right legs I-IV of the male III and the right legs I, III and IV of female II. In the male I (holotype), the left leg III is missing (the coxa remains and is smaller than others) and the left leg IV is detached and stored with the specimen. Considering the male paratypes, the left palp of the male II, the left leg III of the male III and the right leg IV of the male IV are missing. The left legs I and II of the male IV are detached and preserved in the same vial with the specimen. Regarding the female paratypes, the opisthosoma is detached from the prosoma in females I, II and III and is stored with the specimen. The right leg II of the female II is missing. Etymology. The specific epithet is a Latin word meaning ���troglobiont���, an animal that is restricted to caves. Diagnosis. Loxosceles troglobia sp. nov. can be readily distinguished from the other species of the genus by presenting depigmented and extremely reduced eyes (Figs 2, 5, 13, 16, 24). It belongs to the gaucho group (sensu Gertsch 1967) because the males present the tibia and the tarsus of the pedipalp with similar lengths (tibia/tarsus = 0.98���1.2) and the females have the seminal receptacles connected by a sclerotized transverse plate. The new species differs from the other species of the gaucho group by presenting lighter body coloration, absence of dark bands on lateral parts of the carapace and more elongated legs (Figs 1���3, 12���14, 24���30). The females of the new species ressemble those of L. niedeguidonae by presenting the spermathecae with a thin and weakly sclerotized transversal plate connecting the straight seminal receptacles (Figs 17���20). However, L. niedeguidonae can be distinguished from the new species by the shape of the transversal plate and the seminal receptacles and by presenting an incrassate palpal tarsus (Gon��alves-de-Andrade et al. 2012). The remaining species of this group, conversely, have a broad and strongly sclerotized plate in the spermathecae (Gertsch 1967; Bertani et al. 2010). Considering the male palp, the basally thick embolus is shared with the other members of the group and the thin and downward curving tip of this structure is a distinctive feature of the new species (Figs 6���11). The values of the ratio between length and width of the palpal femur and tibia of the new species are closer to those presented by L. similis, L. variegata and L. gaucho when compared with those presented by L. chapadensis and L. niedeguidonae. The same applies to the values of the ratio between the lengths of palpal tibia and tarsus. The leg formula is shared with L. adelaida and L. similis, as well as with the females of L. gaucho, L. chapadensis and L. niedeguidonae. Description of males. Coloration. Carapace pale yellow, anterior half of pars cephalica and median groove slightly darkened (light orange). Inconspicuous moderate orange Y-mark posteriorly on pars cephalica (Fig. 2). Sternum pale yellow (Fig. 4). Chelicerae (Fig. 5), labium and endites pale yellow (strong yellow in males II and III), darkened (strong reddish brown) in their distal portion. Palps pale yellow (with the extremities of the segments brownish orange in male II) (Figs 6���11). Legs pale yellow (strong yellow in paratypes) with the extremities of each segment darkened (strong reddish brown). Opisthosoma yellowish gray (pale yellow in paratypes) (Fig. 1). Prosoma. Carapace 2.43 (2.26���2.37) long, 2.11 (1.98���2.08) wide. Eyes without pigment (Fig. 2, 5, 24). Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.05 (0.06), PME 0.07 (0.06���0.08), PLE 0.05 (0.06���0.07), PME-PLE 0.35 (0.31��� 0.32), PME-ALE 0.25 (0.21���0.22), ALE-PLE 0.05 (0.04���0.06), PME interdistance 0.06 (0.05���0.07). The right PLE of male IV is atrophied, being reduced to a small white spot. Clypeus 0.28 (0.27���0.3). Labium 0.55 (0.5���0.53) long, 0.52 (0.43���0.5) wide. Sternum 1.23 (1.19���1.22) long, 1.26 (1.16���1.18) wide. Long setae or bristles distributed in parallel rows on the pars cephalica, two rows on each half of pars thoracica and a single row on the side margin of the carapace. Thinner and shorter setae dispersed on carapace (Figs 2, 3, 24). Sternum, labium, chelicerae and endites covered by long setae interspersed with shorter and thinner setae (Figs 4, 5). Opisthosoma. Oval, without protuberances and densely coated by short setae (Fig. 1). Legs and palp. Leg formula II, IV, I, III. Legs length: leg I: femur 7.4 (6.44���6.97), patella 0.95 (0.84���0.86), tibia 8.9 (7.82���8.37), metatarsus 9.92 (8.33���8.97), tarsus 1.99 (1.61���1.73), total 29.16 (25.04���26.9); II: 9.28 (8.15��� 8.85), 1.02 (0.89���0.9), 12.12 (10.18���11.08), 13.75 (11.36���12.36), 2.04 (1.72���1.83), 38.21 (32.31���34.92); III: 7.3 (6.47���7.06), 0.95 (0.84���0.87), 7.75 (6.84���7.44), 10.37 (8.9���9.58), 1.68 (1.3���1.4), 28.05 (24.35���26.35); IV: 7.97 (6.86���7.48), 1.01 (0.8���0.89), 8.66 (7.56���8.26), 11.4 (9.62���10.44), 1.86 (1.49���1.58), 30.9 (26.33���28.65). Palp: femur 1.36 (1.17���1.26) long, 0.27 (0.24���0.27) wide; patella 0.45 (0.4���0.43) long, 0.28 (0.26���0.28) wide; tibia 0.65 (0.55���0.6) long, 0.4 (0.38���0.39) wide; tarsus 0.6 (0.5���0.6) long, 0.35 (0.32���0.42) wide. Ratio between the lengths of some segments of the leg I (and its total length) and carapace: femur 3 (2.8���3.1), tibia 3.7 (3.5���3.7) and leg I 12 (11.1���11.8) times as long as carapace. Ratio between length and width of palpal segments: femur 5 (4.3���5.2), patella 1.6 (1.5���1.6) and tibia 1.6 (1.3���1.5) times longer than wide, tarsus 1.7 (1.4���1.8) times longer than its basal width. Bulb suboval and slightly shorter than tarsus size. Embolus basally thick, with thickness decreasing towards the apex; its basal portion is slightly sinuous, the medial to distal part nearly straight and the tip is thin and downward curving; approximately 2.4 times longer than bulb length in retrolateral view, without carina, and inserted at the distal half of the bulb (Figs 6���11). Palp and legs covered by long setae interspersed with shorter and thinner setae. Total length: 5.65 (4.96���5.41). The measurements of selected body parts of all males of the type-series are provided at Table 1. Description of females. Similar to males, except for the following characters: Coloration. Carapace pale yellow, anterior half of pars cephalica and median groove slightly darkened (light orange). Inconspicuous moderate orange Y-mark posteriorly on pars cephalica (Fig. 13). Chelicerae strong yellow (pale yellow in female III), darkened (strong reddish brown) in its distal part (Fig. 16). Sternum pale yellow (Fig. 15). Labium and endites strong yellow (pale yellow in female III), darkened (strong reddish brown) in their distal portion. Legs pale yellow (strong yellow in female II) with the extremities of each segment darkened (strong reddish brown). Palps pale yellow (strong yellow in female II), with the distal portion of tarsus strong yellow. Opisthosoma yellowish gray (Fig. 12). Prosoma. Carapace 2.92 (3���3.04) long, 2.37 (2.41���2.5) wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.06 (0.06��� 0.07), PME 0.07 (0.07���0.09), PLE 0.07 (0.07���0.08), PME-PLE 0.44 (0.44���0.49), PME-ALE 0.34 (0.34���0.35), ALE-PLE 0.06 (0.06���0.07), PME interdistance 0.06. Clypeus 0.42 (0.36���0.48). Labium 0.64 (0.71���0.77) long, 0.65 (0.65���0.75) wide. Sternum 1.45 (1.33���1.53) long, 1.35 (1.29���1.46) wide. Legs and palp. Leg formula II, IV, I, III. Legs length: leg I: femur 6.88 (7.4���7.7), patella 0.98 (0.99���1.07), tibia 7.44 (8.31���8.62), metatarsus 7.46 (8.55���8.81), tarsus 1.57 (1.65���1.81), total 24.33 (26.9���27.89); II: 7.98 (8.88��� 9.09), 0.97 (1.03���1.09), 8.73 (9.99���10.27), 9.16 (10.95���11.16), 1.63 (1.76���1.9), 28.47 (32.61���33.34); III: 6.48 (7.04���7.3), 1.02 (1.01���1.08), 6.36 (6.93���7.21), 7.77 (8.73���8.93), 1.35 (1.46���1.57), 22.98 (25.18���25.91); IV: 7.07 (7.77���7.82), 1.01 (1.01���1.07), 7.27 (8.06���8.11), 8.98 (10.12���10.47), 1.56 (1.68���1.85), 25.89 (28.66���29.06). Palp: femur 1.48 (1.52���1.58) long, 0.22 (0.21���0.22) wide; patella 0.49 (0.44���0.48) long, 0.26 (0.26���0.29) wide; tibia 0.86 (0.96���0.98) long, 0.23 (0.21���0.23) wide; tarsus 1.49 (1.32���1.62) long, 0.17 (0.17���0.2) wide. Ratio between the lengths of some segments of the leg I (and its total length) and carapace: femur 2.36 (2.45���2.57), tibia 2.55 (2.75���2.86) and leg I 8.33 (8.91���9.3) times as long as carapace. Ratio between length and width of palpal segments: femur 6.6 (7.1���7.4), patella 1.9 (1.7���1.8), tibia 3.8 (4.3���4.7), tarsus 8.5 (7.7���8.8) times longer than wide; tarsus not incrassate. Genitalia. Spermatheca with straight seminal receptacles connected by a thin and weakly sclerotized transversal plate (Figs 17���20). Total length: 6.36 (6.8���7.43). The measurements of selected body parts of all females of the type-series are provided at Table 1., Published as part of Souza, Maysa F. V. R. & Ferreira, Rodrigo L., 2018, A new highly troglomorphic Loxosceles (Araneae: Sicariidae) from Brazil, pp. 575-587 in Zootaxa 4438 (3) on pages 576-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1298190, {"references":["Gertsch, W. J. (1967) The spider genus Loxosceles in South America (Araneae, Scytodidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 136, 117 - 174.","Goncalves-de-Andrade, R. M., Bertani, R., Nagahama, R. H. & Barbosa, M. F. R. (2012) Loxosceles niedeguidonae (Araneae, Sicariidae) a new species of brown spider from Brazilian semi-arid region. ZooKeys, 175, 27 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 175.2259","Bertani, R., Fukushima, C. S. & Nagahama, R. H. (2010) Loxosceles chapadensis (Araneae: Sicariidae): a new recluse spider species of the gaucho group from Brazil. Journal of Arachnology, 38 (2), 364 - 367. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / A 09 - 92.1"]}

Hyallela troglofugia sp. nov. (Figs. 2–6) Material examined. Type material (Fig 2): holotype male, cephalothorax length 0.37 mm, total length 3.76 mm, Brazil, Minas Gerais state, municipality of Nova Lima, collection point P1 (UTM geographical coordinates: E 617842 N 7795039), ISLA21114, July 2013, Oliveira, M. P. A & cols. Paratypes: ISLA 21116 (2 males and 3 females entire), ISLA 21117 (8 males and 2 females on slides), collected at the points P1, P2 (E 618000 N 7795048) and P3 (E 618193 N 7795085). Diagnosis. Body surface smooth. Eyes absent. Antenna 1 shorter than antenna 2. Gnathopod 1 propodus inner face with four setae. Gnathopod 2 propodus posterior margin longer than palm, dactylus slightly longer than palm. Pereopod 5 shorter than others. Pereopod 6 slightly longer than 7. Uropod 1 inner ramus without curved seta. Uropod 3 shorter than telson. Telson longer than wide with two strong and two small apical and three small lateral setae. Sternal gills present on pereonites segments 2 to 7. Description of male. Body surface smooth. Mean body length: 6.43 ± 2.9 mm, mean cephalothorax length: 0.53 ± 0.21 mm (n=5). Body surface smooth, epimeral plates not acuminate. Eyes absent. Antenna 1 (Fig. 3) total length reaches second pereonite; flagellum with 9 to 11 articles, with one or two aesthetascs from first to sixth article. Antenna 2 (Fig. 3) total length reaches third pereonite; peduncle surpasses the first pereonite; flagellum with 9 to 12 articles. Upper lip (Fig. 3) margin rounded, distal border covered by setules on dorsal and ventral faces. Mandible (Fig. 3) as described by Watling (1993) without palp; incisor toothed; left lacinia mobilis with five teeth and setal row with three pappose setae; right mandible with two pappose setae; molar process broad and cylindrical with accessory seta. Lower lip (Fig. 3) lobes rounded, with setules on dorsal and ventral faces. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 3) inner plate shorter than outer plate, with two distal papposerrate setae, and several marginal setules. Outer plate with eight serrate setae. Palp short, uni-articulated with few distal setules. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 3) inner and outer plates of similar sizes, inner plate with two papposerrate setae, seven or eight serrulate setae and several simple setae; outer plate with several simple distal setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 3) inner plate with three cuspidate distal setae and several pappose and simple setae; outer plate with simple setae on the margin; palp with four articles with several simple setae. Dactylus unguiform, smaller than third article, with simple seta and distal nail. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 4) subchelate; basis, ischium and merus with simple setae; carpus longer than wide, shorter than propodus, lobe posterior margin without polygonal pattern and comb scales and row of serrate setae present; propodus length about 1.8 times the width (rectangular), hammer-shaped, inner face with four or five serrate setae, posterior margin with denticles as comb scales; dactylus claw-like with simple setae and one dorsal plumose seta (Fig. 4). Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 4) subchelate; basis, ischium and merus with simple setae on the posterior margin; carpus wider than longer, lobe posterior margin elongated without polygonal pattern and comb scales, row of four serrate setae present; propodus 1.4 times longer than wide (rectangular), posterior margin with denticles as comb scales, irregular palm, slope oblique and slightly inclined, palm shorter than posterior margin, palm margin convex with several simple setae and at least 20 cuspidate setae with accessory seta; dactylus claw-like with a dorsal plumose seta. Pereopods 3 to 7 reduced in length (Fig. 4); merus, carpus, propodus posterior margin with sets of two or three cuspidate setae with accessory seta; propodus length about 4.5 times the dactylus length; pereopod 3 and 4 with similar sizes; pereopod 5 smaller than others; pereopod 6 slightly longer than pereopod 7, which is as long as pereopod 3. Pleopods (Fig. 5) peduncle about half the rami length, with distal coupling spines; both rami with several plumose setae. Uropod 1 (Fig. 5) peduncle longer than rami, with two to four lateral and 1 or 2 apical cuspidate setae with accessory seta; inner ramus slightly longer than outer ramus with three to five cuspidate setae on inner margin, without curved seta and with four apical cuspidate setae; outer ramus with two or three cuspidate setae with accessory seta on inner margin, and apex with four to seven cuspidate setae; U1 about 3 times the length of U3. Uropod 2 (Fig. 5) about 0.6 times the length of uropod 1; peduncle slightly longer than rami, with three to four lateral and two apical cuspidate setae; inner and outer ramus similar in length, inner ramus margin with two cuspidate setae with accessory seta, apex with six cuspidate setae, two of them with accessory seta; outer ramus with two to three cuspidate setae with accessory seta in the margin and 4 apical cuspidate setae, one of them with accessory seta. Uropod 3 (Fig. 5) half the length of uropod 2; peduncle longer than wide with three distal cuspidate setae with accessory seta; ramus uni-articulated, half the peduncle length, with four distal cuspidate setae. Telson (Fig. 5) longer than wide, with two long and two short apical cuspidate setae and three plumose setae laterally. Coxal gills sac-like present on pereonites 2 to 7. Sternal gills tubular present on pereonites 2 to 7. Female differences. Cephalothorax length: 0.62 ± 0.03 mm, mean body length: 6.07 ± 1.17 mm (n=2). Antenna 1 flagellum with 8 articles. Antenna 2 flagellum with 11 articles. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 6) shorter than gnathopod 2; carpus and propodus longer than wide, propodus inner face with three serrate setae. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 6) carpus longer than wide; propodus rectangular, 2 times longer than wide, inner face with four serrate setae, palm with 10 simple setae, shorter than posterior margin. Etymology. From the Latin expressions troglo = cave, fugia = fugitive. For details, see the session ‘Remarks’. Affinities. In general, the new species shares some characteristics of taxonomic importance with all the described subterranean species of Hyalella from Brazil (H. caeca Pereira, 1989, H. spelaea Bueno & Cardoso, 2011, H. imbya Rodrigues & Bueno, 2012, H. formosa Cardoso & Araujo, 2014, H. veredae Cardoso & Bueno, 2014, H. epikarstica Rodrigues, Bueno & Ferreira, 2014) and H. montana Rodrigues, Senna, Quadra & Bueno, 2017 (Table 1). As well as most of these species (except for H. spelaea and H. veredae in which eyes are reduced), eyes are absent in H. troglofugia sp nov. Regarding the length of antennae, H. veredae presents a similar number of articles both for A1 and A2 (9 to 11), but in such species A1 and A2 are subequal in length, while the new species presents A1 shorter than A2. This characteristic (A1 shorter than A2) is present in the genus diagnosis, but some species like H. imbya, H. formosa and H. epikarstica present A2 longer than A1. Hyalella troglofugia sp nov also shares the presence of sternal gills from pereonites 2 to 7 with H. veredae. The new species presents four similarities with H. formosa: G1 dactylus longer than propodus palm, P5 shorter than other pereopods, telson longer than wide and sternal gills on pereonites 2 to 7. However, these species differs in relation to the proportion of A1 and A2 length (H. formosa: A1 longer than A2; H. troglofugia sp nov: A1 shorter than A2), curved seta on U1 (present in H. formosa and absent in the new species), as well as in the proportion between G1 propodus palm and posterior margin (H. formosa: palm longer than posterior margin; H. troglofugia sp nov: palm shorter than posterior margin) and between U3 and telson (H. formosa: U3 and telson similar in length; H. troglofugia sp nov: U3 shorter than telson). Regarding the two first subterranean species of Hyalella described in Brazil (H. caeca and H. spelaea), the new species is similar due to the absence of curved setae and A1 shorter than A2, but in H. caeca the G1 propodus palm is longer than the posterior margin. In relation to H. spelaea, H. troglofugia sp nov differs mainly in function of the longer G2 dactylus, number of setae on inner face of G1 propodus and absence of eyes. Hyalella troglofugia sp nov also shares the presence of U3 shorter than telson with H. imbya and H. epikarstica, but differs in relation to the length of antennae and length proportions in gnathopods and pereopods. In relation to H. montana, H. troglofugia is similar regarding the A1 flagellum articles, proportion between A1 and A2 length and proportion among pereopods length, as well as the absence of curved seta on U1 and reduced U3 size. However, these two species differ in relation to the number of articles of A2 flagellum, number of setae on inner face of G1 propodus, proportion between G2 propodus palm and posterior margin length and between dactylus and palm length. These species differ mainly in relation to the eyes, since only some individuals of H. montana presented reduction or absence of them, while all individuals of H. troglofugia are anophtalmic. Habitat and Threats. The landscape where Fazenda Stream is inserted, the habitat of H. troglofugia sp nov, may be characterized as a mosaic compounded by urban areas, quarries, pastures and forest fragments (Figure 1A). The metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte is also close to the study site, the third largest urban agglomeration of Brazil and the 88th of the world (Worldatlas 2017). Among the impacts caused by urban expansion, the excessive consumption and alteration of water quality are potential risks for this new species (Larson et al. 2009). The presence of urban centers affects the natural cycle of hydric infiltration in the soil, thus altering the rainwater drainage, reducing the level of water table and increasing the probability of contamination of adjacent springs by anthropic wastes (White et al. 1986, Sharp et al. 2003). The substitution of native vegetation by areas of livestock and/or crops represents secondary effects of such high demographic density and causes several environmental problems such as fragmentation, invasive species, erosion and pollution of soil, water pollution, imbalances in the carbon cycle, among others (Klink & Machado 2005). Moreover, this region comprises one of the main areas of surface iron ore exploration in the world. This type of mineral extraction removes and discards the ferruginous crust that covers the mineral reserves, thus modifying the landscape and causing a huge impact for the local and regional biodiversity (Ferreira et al. 2015). During the extraction and processing of iron ore, the indiscriminate use of water alters the balance between the aquifer recharge and residence time of groundwater, what limits the system capacity of hydric resilience (Gama & Matias 2015). Other threat to the habitat of H. troglofugia sp nov. refers to the use of such streams as motorcycle tracks during recreational activities especially in the weekends, what promotes the silting, homogenization of substrates, removal of macrophytes and roots in the streams, thus suppressing potential micro-habitats for the new species. Finally, areas surrounding the Fazenda Stream present several unfinished works of railway infrastructure, such as stretches of abandoned tunnels, pillars and bridges built in the 70’s for a federal project called Ferrovia do Aço (Teixeira 2011). Such constructions demonstrate that the landscape presents a long history of anthropic modifications without inventories and adequate management of the associated fauna.