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Haedropleura sp. 1 Figs. 37 ���42, 70��� 72 Material examined. Plio/Pleistocene ��� late Piacenzian/early Gelasian: Pieve Vecchia (Pisa), 43 �� 29 ��� 57 ���N, 10 �� 29 ��� 15 ���E, 5 sh. Description. Shell small (max length 8.7 mm; see Appendix 1), elongate-fusiform, glossy, whitish. Protoconch entirely smooth, peg-like, paucispiral (of 1.3���1.5 whorls), with papillose tip and weakly convex, almost straight remaining half-whorl. Scattered punctate markings present just above suture. Protoconch average diameter 0.78 mm, SD= 0.02 mm and length 0.79 mm, SD= 0.02 mm, respectively (see Appendix 1). Transition to teleoconch marked by narrow sigmoid fold, faint wrinkles also present on some specimens. Teleoconch glossy when well preserved, white, of max. 5.2 whorls, with high, conical spire; whorl sides regularly convex over abapical whorl, slightly concave the remaining portion. Suture moderately deep, slightly undulated by rib-terminations. Aperture oblong with small parietal callus, present in all studied specimens. Columellar lip straight, thin. Outer lip incomplete on all available specimens, thin, backed by moderate varix, more pronounced in specimens with> 5 teleoconch whorls. Anal sinus shallow but broad. Siphonal canal short, wide, without notch. Last whorl moderately to well-rounded with short neck. Axial sculpture consists of 9���10 narrow, rounded, opisthocline ribs along with wellmarked growth lines. Axial ribs on spire slightly curved, extending from suture to suture, subdued and pinched adapically, prominent on lower half of whorls; on last whorl, ribs low to obsolete, fading out at mid-whorl. Spiral sculpture consists of dense, close-set threads, wider on neck than higher up, not evident on spire whorls of all specimens. Distribution. Haedropleura sp. 1 is known only from Orciano Pisano (late Piacenzian���early Gelasian). Remarks. This morphotype shows all the principal characters of the genus Haedropleura. However, given the lack of specimens (only two in good condition), from a single locality, its intra-specific variability cannot be assessed adequately. Therefore, we refrain from instituting a new species until more specimens are available., Published as part of Scarponi, Daniele, Bella, Giano Della & Ceregato, Alessandro, 2011, The genus Haedropleura (Neogastropoda, Toxoglossa = Conoidea) in the Plio ��� Quaternary of the Mediterranean basin, pp. 37-55 in Zootaxa 2796 on page 47, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206562

Scarponi, Daniele, Bella, Giano Della, Ceregato, Alessandro (2011): The genus Haedropleura (Neogastropoda, Toxoglossa = Conoidea) in the Plio – Quaternary of the Mediterranean basin. Zootaxa 2796: 37-55, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206562

Genus Haedropleura Monterosato in Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883 Type species (s.d.) Murex septangularis Montagu, 1803, Published as part of Scarponi, Daniele, Bella, Giano Della & Ceregato, Alessandro, 2011, The genus Haedropleura (Neogastropoda, Toxoglossa = Conoidea) in the Plio ��� Quaternary of the Mediterranean basin, pp. 37-55 in Zootaxa 2796 on page 39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206562, {"references":["Bucquoy, E., Dautzenberg, P. & Dollfus, G. (1882 - 1886) Les Mollusques Marins de Roussillon. Tome Premier: Gastropodes avec Atlas de 66 Planches. J-B Bailliere & Fils, Paris, 570 pp. [Cited portion published in 1883].","Montagu, G. (1803) Testacea Britannica or natural history of British shells, marine, land, and fresh-water, including the most minute: systematically arranged and embellished with figures. J. White, London, 291 pp."]}

Haedropleura bucciniformis (Bellardi, 1847) Figs. 13 ���18, 61��� 63 Raphitoma bucciniformis Bellardi, 1847: 110, pl. 4, fig. 22. Pleurotoma Ponzii De Rayneval et al., 1854: 19. Bela bucciniformis Bellardi, 1877: 149, pl. 5, fig. 8 (with synonymy). Bela (Haedropleura) bucciniformis Cerulli-Irelli, 1910: 51 [243], pl. 5 [36], fig. 1 (with synonymy). non Bela bucciniformis Greco, 1970: 291, pl. 4, figs. 2���3. Bela bucciniformis Ferrero et al., 1981: 74, pl. 17, fig. 2 (syntype). Bela (Bela) bucciniformis Cavallo & Repetto, 1992: 140, fig. 375. Bela bucciniformis Chirli, 1997: 51, pl. 13, figs. 3���5 (with synonymy). Bela bucciniformis Ver a-P el ���ez, 2002: 210, pl. 4, figs. A���, B���. Haedropleura bucciniformis Scarponi & Della Bella, 2004: 54, figs. 83 a, b, 90. Original description. [Testa turrita: spira subcylindrica: anfractibus planulatis, longitudinaliter costatis: costis 8 crassiusculis, continuis, interstitiis aequantibus, transversim lineolis fuscis cinctis: ultimo antice abbreviato, subtruncato: canali indistincto: aperture ovata, antice dilatata. Piccola specie composta di sei o sette giri di spira appiattiti portanti ciascuno otto coste longitudinali, rette, rotondate, continue, eguali agli interstizii, attraversati da varie linee di color rossiccio scuro: l���ultimo anfratto brevissimo, quasi troncato anteriormente a foggia dei Buccini.]. Type material. The original type material, from Vezza d���Alba (Zanclean), consisting of four syntypes, is housed at MSNT (Bellardi-Sacco Collection). Specimen number 0 11.06.0 0 4, figured by Ferrero Mortara et al. (1981, pl. 17, fig. 12), is here designated the lectotype in accordance with the purpose of ensuring the name���s proper and consistent application of a taxon (see ICZN Code, 1999: article 74.7.3). Type locality. Vezza d���Alba (Cuneo), Italy. Material examined. Pliocene ��� Zanclean: Il Treppiede (Florence), 43 �� 29 ��� 37 ���N, 11 ��07��� 21 ���E, 1 sh.; Vezza d���Alba (Cuneo) in MSNT 2 sh.; Villalvernia (Alessandria) in MGGC, 1 sh.; ��� Zanclean/early Piacenzian: Cedda River (Poggibonsi), 43 �� 23 ��� 44 ���N, 11 �� 11 ��� 52 ���E, 4 sh.; Guistrigona (Siena), 43 �� 19 ��� 24 ���N, 11 �� 29 ��� 16 ���E, 1 sh.; ��� Piacenzian: La Serra (Pisa), 43 �� 39 ��� 31 ���N, 10 �� 48 ��� 59 ���E, 2 sh.; La Speranza (Siena), 43 �� 26 ��� 29 ���N, 11 ��06���01���E, 2 sh.; Melograni (Siena), 43 �� 26 ��� 23 ���N, 11 ��03���05���E, 4 sh.; Terre Rosse (Siena), 43 �� 19 ��� 32 ���N, 11 �� 30 ��� 50 ���E, 3 sh. Pleistocene ��� Calabrian: Monte Mario (Roma) in MGGC, 1 sh. Remarks. Bellardi���s species has a small, solid, cylindro-conic shell with a multispiral protoconch (2.4 to 2.8 whorls; average diameter 0.68 mm, SD= 0.06 mm; see Appendix 1), indicating a planktotrophic larval phase. The protoconch sculpture consists of sparse, widespread punctate markings and, on the last whorl, 6 to 8 arched, opisthocline folds (see Fig. 61). The teleoconch consists of max. ~ 6.5 almost flat-sided whorls, separated by a shallow, slightly marginated suture, giving the spire a distinctive cyrtoconoid outline. The axial ornamentation consists of 8���9 prominent, well-rounded ribs on the last whorl and 9���10 on the penultimate whorl (see Appendix 1). Ribs are almost straight, each as wide as their interspaces, and extend from suture to suture. On the last whorl they are visible also on the short neck. Growth lines are evident and replicate the outer lip shape. Teleoconch spiral ornamentation is well marked on most specimens, dense (even though some specimens show well-spaced spiral elements, and consisting of rounded ridges of two different sizes Figs. 16���18). On the fasciole and on the neck spiral elements are respectively smaller and more closely packed, and coarser and more widely spaced. The aperture is elongate-oval, with a thick parietal callus and a thickly variced outer lip shaped as in H. septangularis. It ends in a very short, wide anterior canal. The anal sinus is wide and shallow on most specimens, but in some the outer lip varix and the parietal callus affects the sinus shape. Well preserved specimens commonly record traces of the original color pattern, consisting of 3���5 maroon spiral lines on spire whorls and 7���9 on body whorl. Haedropleura bucciniformis shows some morphological affinities to H. septangularis. However, it has always been separated on the basis of: 1) the cyrtoconoid spire; 2) the higher number of ribs on early whorls; 3) stronger and more widely spaced spiral sculpture with several maroon colored spiral lines; 4) the more superficial suture; 5) the protoconch with a slightly more numerous whorls and stronger axial ornamentation; and 6) on average H. bucciniformis has a smaller teleoconch (see Appendix 1)., Published as part of Scarponi, Daniele, Bella, Giano Della & Ceregato, Alessandro, 2011, The genus Haedropleura (Neogastropoda, Toxoglossa = Conoidea) in the Plio ��� Quaternary of the Mediterranean basin, pp. 37-55 in Zootaxa 2796 on pages 42-43, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206562, {"references":["Bellardi, L. (1847) Monografia delle Pleurotome fossili del Piemonte. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, serie 2, 9, 531 - 650 [according to Janssen R. 1993, the journal issue was published in 1848, but a separate was distributed in 1847: Monografia delle Pleurotome Fossili del Piemonte. Stamperia Reale, Torino, 119 pp.].","de Rayneval, M. Le C., van den Hecke, M. & Ponzi, M. (1854) Catalogue des Fossiles du Monte Mario. Versailles. 21 pp.","Bellardi, L. (1877) I molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria. Parte II. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, serie 2, 29, 1 - 373.","Cerulli-Irelli, S. (1910) Fauna Malacologica Mariana Parte Quarta. Scaphopoda: Dentaliidae. Gastropoda: Stenogyridae, Gadiniidae, Acteonidae, Tornatinidae, Scaphandridae, Bullidae, Ringiculidae, Philinidae, Umbrellidae, Conidae, Pleurotomidae. Palaeontographia Italica, 16, 23 - 70.","Greco, A. (1970) La malacofauna pliocenica di contrada Cerausi presso Serradifalco (Caltanissetta). Geologica Romana, 9, 275 - 314.","Ferrero Mortara, E., Montefameglio, L., Pavia, G. & Tampieri, R. (1981). Catalogo dei tipi e degli esemplari figurati della collezione Bellardi e Sacco, parte I. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Cataloghi, 6, 1 - 327.","Cavallo, O. & Repetto, G. (1992) Conchiglie fossili del Roero Atlante iconografico. Associazione Naturalistica Piemontese Memorie, 2, 1 - 251.","Chirli, C. (1997) Malacofauna Pliocenica Toscana. Superfamilia Conoidea. B. M. B., Firenze, 129 pp.","Scarponi, D. & Della Bella, G. (2004) I molluschi marini del Plio-Pleistocene dell'Emilia-Romagna e della Toscana. Superfamiglia Conoidea. Vol. I. Drilliidae e Turridae. Bologna, Regione Emilia Romagna, 96 pp."]}

Haedropleura formosa n. sp. Figs. 19 –27, 64– 66 Haedropleura sp. 1 Scarponi & Della Bella, 2004: 56, figs. 88 a,b, 93. Haedropleura secalina Bernasconi & Robba, 1984: 279, pl. 3, fig. 2. Type material. Holotype and 14 paratypes (Appendix 1), in Della Bella Collection at MGGC (Bologna, Italy). Catalogue number 23459 (holotype) and 23460 (paratypes). Type locality. Codrignano (Borgo Tossignano, Bologna), Italy, (see Ruggieri (1962) for information on the type locality). Material examined. Pliocene – Zanclean: Villa Filicaia (Florence), 43 ° 32 ’ 26 ”N 11 ° 55 ’ 38 ”E, 1 sh. Plio/Pleistocene – Piacenzian/Gelasian: Pieve Vecchia (Pisa), 43 ° 29 ’ 57 ”N 10 ° 29 ’ 15 ”E, 1 sh. Pleistocene – Gelasian: La Sterza (Pisa), 43 ° 30 ’ 11 ”N, 10 ° 43 ’ 22 ”E, 3 sh.; Maiola (Bologna), 44 ° 25 ’ 15 ”N 11 °05’ 33 ”E, 4 sh.; – Calabrian: Codrignano (Bologna), 44 ° 18 ’ 14 ”N, 11 ° 38 ’ 55 ”E, 6 sh. Description. Shell small (maximum length 11.2 mm, maximum diameter 4.7 mm), elongate-fusiform, solid, with conical spire (see Appendix 1). Protoconch multispiral (2.8 –3.0 whorls; average diameter 0.84 mm, SD= 0.05 mm), with small, flattened tip and very convex, relatively wide remaining whorls (see Appendix 1). Protoconch mainly smooth except for punctate markings on last whorl, restricted to suture area. On last protoconch whorl, 3–5 arched, opisthocline axial plicae mark transition to teleoconch. Teleoconch glossy white when well-preserved, of max ~ 6.1 whorls, with high spire, whorl sides regularly convex below mid-whorl, straight or slightly concave over adapical half. Suture undulated by rib-terminations, slightly marginated. Aperture oblong, with parietal callus evident in specimens with> 4 teleoconch whorls. Columellar lip straight, thin. Outer lip thin but backed by wide, round varix, present on all specimens with> 4 teleoconch whorls; varix roundly arched, upper part spread forward, corresponding to broad, moderately deep subsutural sinus, then curving gently down, extending to ill-defined anterior siphonal canal; canal wide, with slight notch. Last whorl moderately to strongly rounded, especially in specimens with more than five whorls. Axial sculpture consists of slightly curved, rounded, opisthocline ribs and wellmarked growth lines. Axial ribs extend from suture to suture, prominent abapically, subdued and pinched adapically, 8–9 on spire whorls (see Appendix 1). Ribs on last whorl 8–9 on most specimens, reaching neck but not prominent towards base. Spiral sculpture consists of dense, close-set threads, wider towards base, narrower on anal fasciole, separated by very shallow, incised interspaces. Except for last whorl, spiral elements evident only on wellpreserved specimens. Etymology. This species is named for its plump protoconch whorls. Distribution. Haedropleura formosa n. sp. is known from sedimentary successions in Italy, surely from Zanclean to Calabrian (Plio–Pleistocene) (see above). Remarks. Haedropleura formosa n. sp. displays all the principal characters of the genus Haedropleura. Furthermore, the teleoconch features studied overlap strongly (except for the number of axial ribs) with those of H. septangularis, the type species of the genus (see Appendix 1). However, the characteristic, taller protoconch outline coupled with its relatively large dimensions (highlighting a significant gap in protoconch morphometric measures) make H. formosa easily distinguishable from the type species (H. formosa average protoconch length 0.84 mm, SD= 0.06 mm, vs. H. septangularis 0.64 mm, SD= 0.05 mm; see Appendix 1 for further details).

Haedropleura secalina (Philippi, 1844) Figs. 7 ���12, 55��� 60 Pleurotoma secalinum Philippi, 1844: 170, pl. 26, fig. 9. Bellaspira secalina Nordsieck, 1977: 13, pl. 1, fig. 8. non Haedropleura secalina Bernasconi & Robba, 1984: 279, pl. 3, fig. 2 (= H. formosa n. sp.). Haedropleura secalina Chirli, 1997: 36, pl. 9, figs. 10���11, non fig. 12 (with synonymy). Haedropleura septangularis Ardovini & Cossignani, 1999: 67, fig. 125. Haedropleura secalina Cachia et al., 2001: 60 (in part), pl. 9, fig. 4 (with synonymy). Haedropleura secalina Scarponi & Della Bella, 2004: 55, figs. 84 a, b, 91 (with synonymy). Original description. [Pl. testa turrito-fusiformi, fulva; anfractibus rotundatis; costis longitudinalibus circa decem subflexuosis, subcontinuis, in ultimo anfr. abbreviatis; apertura oblonga, spira breviore; labro extus varicoso. Testa 4 ����������� alta, 1 ����������� lata, tenuissime transversim striata, (...)]. Type material. Only two syntypes from Naples are in the MNZHU, catalogue number: MB.Ga. 459.1 and MB.Ga. 459.2 (the original lot included 21 specimens). As the first syntype corresponds very well to the description, drawing and measurements cited by Philippi (1844: 170), it is here designated as the lectotype in accordance with the purpose of ensuring the name���s proper and consistent application of a taxon (see ICZN Code, 1999: article 74.7.3). Type locality. Naples (Italy). Material examined. Pliocene ��� Zanclean: Villa Filicaia (Florence), 43 �� 32 ��� 26 ���N, 10 �� 55 ��� 38 ���E, 1 sh.; ��� Zanclean/early Piancenzian: Poggio alla Staffa (Siena), 43 �� 26 ��� 40 ���N, 11 ��05��� 33 ���E, 5 sh.; ��� Piacenzian: La Speranza (Siena) 43 �� 26 ��� 29 ���N, 11 ��06���01���E, 12 sh.; Melograni (Siena), 43 �� 26 ��� 23 ���N, 11 ��03���05���E, 5 sh.; Terre Rosse (Siena), 43 �� 19 ��� 32 ���N, 11 �� 30 ��� 50 ���E, 1 sh. Pleistocene ��� Tarantian: Saracinello (Reggio Calabria), MGGC collection. Recent: Brindisi harbour (Italy), 40 �� 39 ��� 38 ���N, 17 �� 57 ��� 30 ���E, 0m, 2 sh.; Campomarino (Italy), 40 �� 17 ��� 49 ���N, 17 �� 34 ��� 13 ���E, - 5m, 3 sh.; Ceuta (Spain), 35 �� 52 ��� 38 ���N, 5 �� 18 ��� 50 ���E - 16m, 8 sh.; Naples (Italy), MNZHU collection, 2 sh.; Porto Cesareo (Italy), 40 �� 16 ��� 14 ���N, 17 �� 52 ��� 34 ���E, - 4m, 3 sh.; Procida (Italy), 40 �� 45 ���06���N, 14 ��00��� 16 ���E, - 4m, 9 sh. and 1 spm.; St. Florent (France), 42 �� 40 ��� 35 ���N, 9 �� 17 ��� 31 ���E, - 5m, 3 sh. Distribution. Fossil specimens cited from the Miocene of the Loire Basin, France (Glibert 1954) need further investigations. Upper Miocene (Tortonian) material from Piedmont, Italy (Bernasconi & Robba 1984) is not attributable to this species. The lectotype of H. secalina has a paucispiral, papillate protoconch of 1.5 whorls (see Appendix 1), whereas the material from Piedmont has a multispiral mamillate protoconch of ~ 3 whorls. Haedropleura secalina is present, even if not very abundant, in the Plio���Quaternary of Italy (Ruggieri 1948; Chirli 1997; Scarponi & Della Bella 2004). In the living fauna, H. secalina is known with certainty from the entire Mediterranean Sea and from the neighbouring Atlantic ((Madeira) Nordsieck 1977; Cachia et al. 2001). Remarks. Haedropleura secalina has a solid, glossy, fusiform shell with a paucispiral, papillose protoconch (1.4 to 1.8 whorls; average diameter 0.64 mm, SD= 0.04 mm; see Appendix 1), indicating a non-planktotrophic larval phase. The protoconch is smooth, except for scanty punctate markings present near the suture and an obsolete, narrow axial fold marking the transition to the teleoconch (faint wrinkles are also present at the teleoconch transition on some specimens). The teleoconch consists of max. ~ 7 whorls, regularly convex on their abapical half and slightly concave on their adapical part. The axial sculpture is very close to that of H. septangularis even though the ribs are more numerous and slender (8���11 on the last whorl; see also Appendix 1). The aperture is elongate with a small parietal callus, ending in a poorly defined, very wide anterior canal. For features of the animal we refer to Cachia et al. (2001). Haedropleura secalina has been long synonymised with H. septangularis, despite being readily diagnosed by its paucispiral protoconch (on average 1.5 whorls, SD= 0.1). This is not surprising, especially during the 19 th century where protoconch features were commonly overlooked. Indeed, the teleoconch outline, outer lip, anal sinus and sculpture show strong affinities to those of H. septangularis. If the protoconch is missing, only a few teleoconch features (unfortunately showing a certain degree of overlap) are useful to discriminate between the two species. H. secalina has a higher number of narrower axial ribs and the anterior canal is wider but less well-defined. However, with complete specimens the protoconch is a useful diagnostic feature that allows immediate separation of the two species. The specimen cited by Bernasconi & Robba (1984) as H. secalina from the Tortonian and Early Pliocene of Italy we consider to belong in H. formosa n. sp., Published as part of Scarponi, Daniele, Bella, Giano Della & Ceregato, Alessandro, 2011, The genus Haedropleura (Neogastropoda, Toxoglossa = Conoidea) in the Plio ��� Quaternary of the Mediterranean basin, pp. 37-55 in Zootaxa 2796 on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206562, {"references":["Philippi, R. A. (1844) Enumeratio molluscorum siciliae cum viventium tum in tellure terziaria fossilium quae in itinere suo observavit auctor. Volumen secundum continens addenda et emendanda, nec non comparationem faunae recentis siciliae cum faunis aliarum terrarum et cum fauna periodi tertiariae. Halis Saxonum, E. Anton., 303 pp.","Nordsieck, F. (1977) The Turridae of the European Seas. La Piramide, Rome, 131 pp.","Bernasconi, M. P. & Robba, E. (1984) The Pliocene Turridae from Western Liguria. I. Clavinae, Turrinae, Turriculinae, Crassispirinae, Borsoniinae, Clathurellinae. Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali (Torino), 2, 257 - 358.","Chirli, C. (1997) Malacofauna Pliocenica Toscana. Superfamilia Conoidea. B. M. B., Firenze, 129 pp.","Ardovini, R. & Cossignani, T. (1999) Atlante delle Conchiglie di Profondit del Mediterraneo. L'Informatore Piceno, Ancona, 111 pp.","Cachia, C., Mifsud, C. & Sammut, P. M. (2001) The Marine Mollusca of the Maltese Islands. Part Three. Sub-Class Prosobranchia to Sub-Class Pulmonata, Order Basommatophora. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 266 pp.","Scarponi, D. & Della Bella, G. (2004) I molluschi marini del Plio-Pleistocene dell'Emilia-Romagna e della Toscana. Superfamiglia Conoidea. Vol. I. Drilliidae e Turridae. Bologna, Regione Emilia Romagna, 96 pp.","Glibert, M. (1954) Pleurotomes du Miocene de la Belgique et du bassin de la Loire. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Memoire, 129, 1 - 75.","Ruggieri, G. (1948) Il terrazzo marino presiciliano della penisola di Crotone. Giornale di Geologia, serie 2, 20, 39 - 62."]}

Haedropleura contii (Bellardi, 1877) Bela contii Bellardi, 1877: 149, pl. 5, fig. 7. Bela contii Ferrero Mortara et al., 1981: 74, pl. 13, fig. 11 (holotype).? Haedropleura contii Glibert, 1954: 54, pl. 6, fig. 14. Haedropleura contii Bernasconi & Robba, 1984: 278, pl. 3, fig. 1 (holotype). Original description. [Distinguunt hanc speciem a Bel. septangulari (Mont.) sequentes notae: Anfractus magis convexi: suturae magis profundae. - Costae longitudinales numerosiores, quatuordecim, minores, obliquae, non per omnes anfractus continuae: pars antica ultimi anfractus transverse striata; striae super costas longitudinales decurrentes. Long. 12 mm: Lat. 5 mm]. Type material. Holotype (MSNT) Bellardi-Sacco Collection, catalogue number BS.011.06.003, from Zinola (Savona), figured by Ferrero Mortara et al. (1981, pl. 13, fig. 11) and Bernasconi & Robba (1984, pl. 3, fig. 1). Type locality. Zinola (Savona), Italy. Material examined. Type material only. Distribution. Haedropleura contii is known with certainty only from the Early Pliocene of Italy (Bernasconi & Robba 1984). Glibert (1954) reported three specimens from the Redonien (i.e., late Tortonian���early Zanclean; Neraudeau et al. 2003) of the Loire Basin (France). Glibert���s material needs further investigation. The specimen he illustrated is similar to the type material, however, the protoconch, which in H. contii is a distinctive feature, is broken and cannot be compared. Remarks. Haedropleura contii is an extremely rare species, and its intra-specific variability cannot be assessed (see Appendix 1). Indeed, since its description only one specimen has been found in the clay succession at Zinola, and probably three specimens in the Loire basin (Glibert 1954). We refer to Bernasconi & Robba (1984) and Ferrero Mortara et al. (1981) for illustrations of the only known specimen. Bernasconi & Robba (1984) provided a thorough description of the type material, and here we highlight its characteristic features: shell with high spire and almost evenly convex whorls, decorated by 10���14 rounded ribs, each half the width wide of an interspace. Spiral threads visible on the last whorl but very faint on the spire. Protoconch of 3.5 eroded whorls, the tip small and the teleoconch transition marked by faint, narrow, axial folds. Aperture oval with a variced outer lip, interior smooth. Anal sinus wide and shallow., Published as part of Scarponi, Daniele, Bella, Giano Della & Ceregato, Alessandro, 2011, The genus Haedropleura (Neogastropoda, Toxoglossa = Conoidea) in the Plio ��� Quaternary of the Mediterranean basin, pp. 37-55 in Zootaxa 2796 on page 43, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206562, {"references":["Bellardi, L. (1877) I molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria. Parte II. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, serie 2, 29, 1 - 373.","Ferrero Mortara, E., Montefameglio, L., Pavia, G. & Tampieri, R. (1981). Catalogo dei tipi e degli esemplari figurati della collezione Bellardi e Sacco, parte I. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Cataloghi, 6, 1 - 327.","Glibert, M. (1954) Pleurotomes du Miocene de la Belgique et du bassin de la Loire. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Memoire, 129, 1 - 75.","Bernasconi, M. P. & Robba, E. (1984) The Pliocene Turridae from Western Liguria. I. Clavinae, Turrinae, Turriculinae, Crassispirinae, Borsoniinae, Clathurellinae. Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali (Torino), 2, 257 - 358.","Neraudeau, D., Barbe, S., Mercier, D. & Roman, J. (2003) Signatures paleoclimatiques des echinides marsupiaux du Messinien atlantique facies redonien. Annales de Paleontologie, 89, 153 - 170."]}

Haedropleura septangularis (Montagu, 1803) Figs. 1 ���6, 49��� 54 Murex septangularis Montagu, 1803: 268, pl. 9, fig. 5. Pleurotoma heptagona Scacchi, 1835: 42, pl. 1, fig. 17. Bela septangularis Bellardi, 1877: 147 (with synonymy). Bela (Haedropleura) septangularis Sacco, 1904: 47, pl. 12, figs. 51���52. Bela (Haedropleura) septangularis Cerulli-Irellli, 1910: 51 [243], pl. 4 [35], figs. 55���57 (with synonymy). Bellaspira septangularis Nordsieck, 1977: 13 (in part), pl. 1, fig. 6. ? Bellaspira septangularis maderensis Nordsieck, 1977: 13, pl. 1, fig. 7. Haedropleura septangularis Chirli, 1997: 37, pl. 10, figs. 5���7 (with synonymy). non Haedropleura septangularis Ardovini & Cossignani, 1999: 67, fig. 125 (= H. secalina).? Haedropleura septangularis Delamotte & Vardala-Theodorou, 2001: 136, fig. A. Haedropleura septangularis Scarponi & Della Bella, 2004: 55, figs. 85 ���87, 92 (with synonymy). Original description. [M. with seven or eight, strong, smooth, tapered whorls, terminating in a fine point, of a light purplish-brown colour and somewhat glossy; with seven longitudinal ridges, that run the whole length, scarcely interrupted by the separating line: the sides, or space between the ribs, are but little concave, which gives the shell a heptagonal appearance: aperture oblong-oval, ending in a short canal; outer lip sharp at the edge, thickened at the back by a ridge, the upper part contracted to an angle, where the margin is a little indented; pillar lip a little replicated. Length five-eighths of an inch; breadth two eighths; but rarely so large. Sometimes this shell is white at the junction of each whorl; worn specimens are dull, opaque white (...)]. Type material. Lectotype (RAMM) Montagu Collection, catalogue number EXEMS: 63 / 1976 / 4251 (Dave Bolton, RAMM curator pers. comm.). Montagu (1803) stated that his specimens were from Falmouth, Salcombe and Weymouth (South West, Great Britain), so apparently he had at least three (but probably more, as it is possible to deduce from the original description). The original collection is represented now by only a single shell (Bernasconi & Robba 1984), from Britain (as indicated in the original Montagu���s label), with no more detail of its collection locality (Dave Bolton pers. comm.). This remaining syntype was reported as the holotype by Bernasconi & Robba (1984). However we were not able to find in that paper any statement with which the two authors explicitly indicated that they were selecting that particular specimen to serve as the name-bearing type. Following ICZN Code, 1999, art. 74.5, a subsequent use of the term ��� holotype ��� does not constitute a valid lectotype designation. Hence, the RAMM specimen is here designated the lectotype in accordance with the purpose of ensuring the name���s proper and consistent application of a taxon (see ICZN Code, 1999: article 74.7.3). Type locality. ��� Britain ��� (Great Britain). Material examined. Pliocene ��� Zanclean: Villa Filicaia (Florence), 43 �� 32 ��� 26 ���N, 10 �� 55 ��� 38 ���E, 4 sh.; ��� Zanclean/Piacenzian: Poggio alla Staffa (Siena), 43 �� 26 ��� 40 ���N, 11 ��05��� 33 ���E, 1 sh.; ��� Piacenzian: Melograni (Siena), 43 �� 26 ��� 23 ���N, 11 ��03���05���E, 8 sh.; Terre Rosse (Siena), 43 �� 19 ��� 32 ���N, 11 �� 30 ��� 50 ���E, 2 sh. Recent: Capo Comino (Italy), 40 �� 33 ���00���N, 9 �� 49 ��� 31 ���E, - 25m, 4 sh.; Calafuria (Italy), 43 �� 28 ��� 18 ���N, 10 �� 19 ��� 52 ���E, - 20m, 1 sh.; Devon (Great Britain) and Mediterranean MGGC collection, depth not stated, 2 sh.; Punta Ala (Italy), 42 �� 48 ��� 23 ���N, 10 �� 44 ��� 48 ���E, - 3m, 2 spm; Quercianella (Italy), 43 �� 26 ��� 36 ���N, 10 �� 19 ��� 34 ���E, - 41m, 3 sh.; San Vincenzo (Italy), 43 ��05��� 39 ���N, 10 �� 30 ��� 35 ���E, - 15 / 18m, 1 sh.; Torre San Giovanni (Italy), 39 �� 53 ��� 18 ���N, 18 ��06��� 33 ���E, - 3m, 1 sh. Distribution. Haedropleura septangularis is known from the entire Mediterranean Sea, north to the Atlantic coasts of Europe, on gravelly bottoms from 10 m to 50 m depth (Monterosato 1884; Fretter & Graham 1978). The fossil material has been reported from: Miocene (Helvetian) of the Loire Basin, France (Glibert 1954 however, this material needs further investigation), Pliocene of Great Britain (Harmer 1915), and Plio���Pleistocene of the Mediterranean Basin (see synonymy). Remarks. Haedropleura septangularis has a solid, fusiform, glossy shell, with a multispiral protoconch (2.2 to 2.6 whorls; average diameter 0.65 mm, SD= 0.04 mm; see Appendix 1), indicating planktotrophic larval development. Pliocene specimens tend to have a slightly higher number of protoconch whorls and smaller diameter of the first embryonic whorl than living specimens (that is, number of whorls 2.40���2.60 vs. 2.20���2.40, see Appendix 1 and Figs. 49 ���50, 52��� 53). However, this distinction is not statistically significant at the examined sample size. Protoconch sculpture is mainly smooth except for sparse punctate markings, restricted to the suture area, along with a few opisthocline, arched plicae. The latter are present only on the last whorl. Teleoconch consists of max. 6.5 whorls, slightly convex on their abapical half and almost straight and oblique on their adapical part, giving the spire a distinctive conical outline. The most conspicuous axial ornament is prominent, slightly arched, opisthocline costae that entirely cross the whorl deflecting the suture (7 to 8 on the last whorl; see also Appendix 1). Growth lines are usually evident and follow the outer lip shape. The teleoconch spiral ornamentation consists of small, flat ridges, mainly even in size except for the fasciole and neck, where they are smaller and coarser than higher up. The aperture is elongate-oval, with a well-developed parietal callus on most specimens. The callus modifies the anal sinus outline in some specimens (Fig. 2). The outer lip is thin but is backed by a strong varix in most specimens. The lip curves forward, forming a shallow but broad sinus, then curves rapidly down and extends almost straight to a short anterior canal (Figs. 1���4). The columellar lip is straight and thin, with no umbilical groove. For anatomical features we refer to Fretter & Graham (1978; and references therein). The teleoconch outline and sculpture show strong affinities to those of Haedropleura secalina (see below, and Appendix 1). However, the protoconch provides helpful diagnostic characters to discriminate easily between the two species. The paucispiral apex of H. secalina, with a wide, papillose embryonic whorl, is completely different from the H. septangularis multispiral protoconch with a smaller, blunt embryonic tip. Besides, H. septangularis has several relatively strong arcuate plicae at the teleoconch junction that are missing in H. secalina. Protoconch dimensions and teleoconch characters (see Appendix 1) are comparable between the Recent and fossil samples, warranting the inclusion of Pliocene morphotypes into Montagu���s species. Traces of the original coloration were not visible in examined fossil shells, whereas living specimens are usually buff-coloured., Published as part of Scarponi, Daniele, Bella, Giano Della & Ceregato, Alessandro, 2011, The genus Haedropleura (Neogastropoda, Toxoglossa = Conoidea) in the Plio ��� Quaternary of the Mediterranean basin, pp. 37-55 in Zootaxa 2796 on pages 40-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206562, {"references":["Montagu, G. (1803) Testacea Britannica or natural history of British shells, marine, land, and fresh-water, including the most minute: systematically arranged and embellished with figures. J. White, London, 291 pp.","Scacchi, A. (1835) Notizie intorno alle conchiglie ed a'zoofiti fossili che si trovano nelle vicinanze di Gravina in Puglia. Parte II. Conchiglie univalvi. Annali Civili del Regno delle Due Sicilie, 7, 5 - 18.","Bellardi, L. (1877) I molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria. Parte II. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, serie 2, 29, 1 - 373.","Sacco, F. (1904) I Molluschi dei Terreni Terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria, Parte XXX. Aggiunte e Correzioni. Considerazioni Generali. Indice Generale dell'Opera. Carlo Clausen, Torino, 203 pp.","Nordsieck, F. (1977) The Turridae of the European Seas. La Piramide, Rome, 131 pp.","Chirli, C. (1997) Malacofauna Pliocenica Toscana. Superfamilia Conoidea. B. M. B., Firenze, 129 pp.","Ardovini, R. & Cossignani, T. (1999) Atlante delle Conchiglie di Profondit del Mediterraneo. L'Informatore Piceno, Ancona, 111 pp.","Delamotte, M. & Vardala-Theodorou, E. (2001) Shells from the Greek seas. Kifissia. Goulandris Natural History Museum, 323 pp.","Scarponi, D. & Della Bella, G. (2004) I molluschi marini del Plio-Pleistocene dell'Emilia-Romagna e della Toscana. Superfamiglia Conoidea. Vol. I. Drilliidae e Turridae. Bologna, Regione Emilia Romagna, 96 pp.","Bernasconi, M. P. & Robba, E. (1984) The Pliocene Turridae from Western Liguria. I. Clavinae, Turrinae, Turriculinae, Crassispirinae, Borsoniinae, Clathurellinae. Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali (Torino), 2, 257 - 358.","di Monterosato, T. A. M. (1884) Nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee. Virzi, Palermo, 152 pp.","Fretter, V. & Graham, A. (1978) The prosobranch molluscs of Britain and Denmark. Part 8 - Neogastropoda. Journal of Molluscan Studies, Supplement 15, 508 - 556.","Glibert, M. (1954) Pleurotomes du Miocene de la Belgique et du bassin de la Loire. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Memoire, 129, 1 - 75.","Harmer, F. W. (1915) The Pliocene Mollusca of Great Britain being supplementary to S. V. Wood's Monograph of the Crag Mollusca. Part II. Monograph of the Palaeontological Society, 68, 201 - 302."]}

The relation between sequence stratigraphic (sea-level driven) processes and paleoecological and macroevolutionary patterns is receiving increasing attention. Here, we evaluate stratigraphic anatomy of diversity patterns across transgressive-regressive (glacial-interglacial) cycles (4th-order sequences) from the upper Quaternary deposits of the Po Plain (Italy). The rich mollusk-dominated fossil assemblages, dominated by extant forms offer a testing ground for exploring how climate-driven sea level changes affect diversity patterns, including sample-level diversity, diversity turnover, and higher-order diversity patterns within and across systems tracts and sequences. The studied depositional sequences were densely sampled from three cores and the resulting data (150 species, 22776 specimens, and 48 Holocene and Pleistocene samples) were analyzed using single-sample and multi-sample rarefaction techniques. For both cycles, sample-level diversity decreased upward in all three cores. The late Transgressive Systems Tract (TST) samples displayed the highest richness and equitability and the Highstand Systems Tract (HST) samples displayed the lowest richness and equitability (the trend reflects primarily the increase in the dominance of most common taxa in HST samples). Most likely, this pattern resulted from a combination of environmental, ecological, and taphonomic processes. For both depositional cycles and all three cores, multi-sample rarefaction simulations suggest that species turnover is more limited in transgressive phases of the cycles. The observed trend may reflect increasing environmental heterogeneity of proximal habitats (averaged within shallowing-upward successions) and/or decreasing time averaging linked to increasing sedimentation rates expected for HST phases of the cycles. Diversity levels observed within individual late-TST systems tracts exceed the sequence and multi-sequence levels, indicating that species turnover was minimal both within and across the last two glacial-interglacial cycles. In summary, equitability and richness of the most common mollusk species track tightly the sequence stratigraphic architecture of the upper Quaternary sedimentary successions of the Po Plain.

Stratigraphic patterns of last occurrences (LOs) of fossil taxa potentially fingerprint mass extinctions and delineate rates and geometries of those events. Although empirical studies of mass extinctions recognize that random sampling causes LOs to occur earlier than the time of extinction (Signor–Lipps effect), sequence stratigraphic controls on the position of LOs are rarely considered. By tracing stratigraphic ranges of extant mollusc species preserved in the Holocene succession of the Po coastal plain (Italy), we demonstrated that, if mass extinction took place today, complex but entirely false extinction patterns would be recorded regionally due to shifts in local community composition and non-random variation in the abundance of skeletal remains, both controlled by relative sea-level changes. Consequently, rather than following an apparent gradual pattern expected from the Signor–Lipps effect, LOs concentrated within intervals of stratigraphic condensation and strong facies shifts mimicking sudden extinction pulses. Methods assuming uniform recovery potential of fossils falsely supported stepwise extinction patterns among studied species and systematically underestimated their stratigraphic ranges. Such effects of stratigraphic architecture, co-produced by ecological, sedimentary and taphonomic processes, can easily confound interpretations of the timing, duration and selectivity of mass extinction events. Our results highlight the necessity of accounting for palaeoenvironmental and sequence stratigraphic context when inferring extinction dynamics from the fossil record.