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Hericium erinaceus is a traditional edible mushroom. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for humans and other mammals. To develop a Se biofortification strategy for H. erinaceus, the effects of selenate, selenite, and selenomethionine (SeMet) on Se uptake and mushroom growth were investigated. Selenium bioaccessibility and the major Se species present in Se-enriched H. erinaceus were tested in vitro . The H. erinaceus growth was efficiently affected by SeMet than by selenite and selenate. Selenium concentrations in fruiting bodies increased with substrate Se concentration and disturbed accumulation of other microelements. Substrate Se was absorbed and transformed into organic forms. The major Se species in Se-enriched fruiting bodies was SeMet (>63.9%). During in vitro gastrointestinal digestion tests, 51% of total Se was released, and selenocystine (SeCys 2 ) (90%) and Se-methylselenocysteine (MeSeCys) (76%) were more easily digested than SeMet (51%). H. erinaceus is suggested as a novel dietary source of supplemental bioavailable Se., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element with multiple functions that may help mitigate adverse health conditions. Cordyceps militaris is an edible mushroom with medicinal properties. The experiment was conducted under artificial cultivation, with five Se concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μg g -1 ) and three forms of Se (selenate, selenite, and selenomethionine). C. militaris can absorb inorganic from the substrate and convert it to organic Se compounds (selenocystine, selenomethionine, and an unknown species) in fruiting bodies. Compared with the control treatment, Se applications (40 μg g -1 selenate and selenite) significantly increased the Se concentration in fruiting bodies by 130.9 and 128.1 μg g -1 , respectively. The biofortification with selenate and selenite did not affect fruiting body production, in some case, but did enhance the biological efficiency. Moreover, the abundance of cordycepin and adenosine increased, while the amino acid contents remained relatively stable. Meanwhile, Se-biofortified C. militaris showed effective antioxidant activities. These results suggest that Se-biofortified C. militaris fruiting bodies may enhance human and animal health when it was included as part of a healthy diet or used as Se supplements.

• Se had no effects on the growth, yield, and nutritive value of A. auricular. • Se treatments changed the elemental accumulation in fruiting bodies. • The predominant Se species in Se-biofortified fruiting bodies was SeMet. • Se-enriched A. auricular may be a suitable Se supplement. Auricularia auricular could be useful as a candidate for human selenium supplementation. This study examined the effects of exogenous Se on the growth, yield, nutritive value, and mineral accumulation of A. auricular. Selenate or selenite (0.5–40.0 μg g−1) had no effect on mycelium morphology or the yield of fruiting bodies. In some cases, they affected the accumulation of inter-elements and significantly decreased the concentrations of copper, iron, and chromium in the Se-enriched fruiting bodies compared to that with control treatments. The polysaccharide (116.5–131.6 μg g−1) and protein (105.2–113.4 μg g−1) content in Se-enriched fruiting bodies were not significantly different from those observed in the controls (polysaccharide, 114.1 μg g−1; protein, 105.6 μg g−1). Thus, A. auricular can absorb inorganic Se from the substrate and convert it to organic Se compounds (selenocystine (≥4.1%), selenomethionine (≥91.9%), and Se-methylselenocysteine (≥2.3%)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium is an essential element for mammals and Se-methylselenocysteine was considered as most beneficial Se forms for humans. To better understand Se biofortification in mushrooms and find biosynthetic Se-methylselenocysteine resource, we evaluated the effects of selenate, selenite, and selenium nanoparticles on the growth and development of Hypsizygus marmoreus, and analyzed their uptake and biotransformation in this edible mushroom. Our results showed the fruiting bodies yield was not affected by these inorganic Se forms at 0.5–40.0 μg g−1, and Se in caps was higher than that in stipes. The mycelia growth was more sensitive to selenite than selenate and SeNPs. The absorbed inorganic Se forms were converted to selenomethionine (9.0%–54.8%) and selenocystine (26.3%–79.2%) in mycelia, and to selenomethionine (51.8%–76.3%), Se-methylselenocysteine (18.8%–39.4%), and selenocystine (2.2%–3.1%) in fruiting body. The health beneficial Se-methylselenocysteine accounted for 18.8%, 39.4%, and 22.5% of the total Se content in fruiting bodies supplied by selenate, selenite, and SeNPs, respectively. The results, for the first time, revealed that SeNPs was converted to organic forms of Se in mushroom and the H. marmoreus will be a good resource for Se-methylselenocysteine biosynthesis. Altogether, the findings indicate that Se-enriched H. marmoreus is a novel Se food-based source for human beings. • H. marmoreus mycelium was more tolerable to selenate and SeNPs than selenite. • SeNPs could be absorbed and transformed into organic Se species. • MeSeCys was one of the dominating Se species in fruiting bodies. • Se-enriched H. marmoreus is a novel food-based source of Se. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]