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Byline: Daniel E. Orenstein (1), Steven P. Hamburg (2) Keywords: Land use/land cover change; Urbanization; Open space preservation; Population growth; Land use policy; Israel Abstract: This research examines land use change in Israel----an intriguing but understudied setting with regard to population--environment dynamics. While Israel is fairly unique with regard to its combined high levels of economic prosperity and high population growth, this case study has relevance for developed countries and regions (like the south and southwest regions of the USA) which must balance population growth and urban development with open space conservation for ecosystem services and biological diversity. The population--land development relationship is investigated during the period from 1961 to 1995 at three spatial scales: national, regional (six districts), and local (40 localities). There is a positive correlation between population growth and land development rates at the national scale, and while remaining positive, the strength of the relationship varies greatly at regional and local scales. The variation in population--land use dynamics across scales is used to garner insight as to the importance of geography, policy and historical settlement patterns. Author Affiliation: (1) The Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion----Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 32000, Israel (2) Center for Environmental Studies, Brown University, Box 1943, 135 Angell St., Providence, RI, 02912, USA Article History: Registration Date: 27/01/2010 Online Date: 19/02/2010

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00374.x Byline: JON ROSALES (*) Keywords: cap and trade; emissions trading; Kyoto Protocol; science-policy process Abstract: Abstract: Tradable permits are increasingly becoming part of environmental policy and conservation programs. The efficacy of tradable permit schemes in addressing the root cause of environmental decline-economic growth-will not be achieved unless the schemes cap economic activity based on ecological thresholds. Lessons can be learned from the largest tradable permit scheme to date, emissions trading now being implemented with the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol caps neither greenhouse gas emissions at a level that will achieve climate stability nor economic growth. If patterned after the Kyoto Protocol, cap-and-trade schemes for conservation will not ameliorate biodiversity loss either because they will not address economic growth. In response to these failures to cap economic growth, professional organizations concerned about biodiversity conservation should release position statements on economic growth and ecological thresholds. The statements can then be used by policy makers to infuse these positions into the local, national, and international environmental science-policy process when these schemes are being developed. Infusing language into the science-policy process that calls for capping economic activity based on ecological thresholds represents sound conservation science. Most importantly, position statements have a greater potential to ameliorate biodiversity loss if they are created and released than if this information remains within professional organizations because there is the potential for these ideas to be enacted into law and policy. Abstract (Spanish): Crecimiento Economico y Perdida de Biodiversidad en Tiempos de Permisos Comerciables Resumen: Cada vez mas, los permisos comerciables son parte de la politica ambiental y de los programas de conservacion. La eficacia de los esquemas de permisos comerciables para atender la causa principal de la declinacion ambiental-crecimiento economico-sera baja a menos que los esquemas limiten la actividad economica con base en umbrales ecologicos. Se pueden aprender lecciones del mayor esquema de permisos comerciables a la fecha, la comercializacion de emisiones implementada con el Protocolo de Kyoto. El Protocolo de Kyoto no limita a las emisiones de gases a un nivel que logre la estabilidad climatica ni al crecimiento economico. Si se sigue el modelo del Protocolo de Kyoto, los esquemas de limite y comercio tampoco reduciran las perdidas de biodiversidad porque no consideraran al crecimiento economico. En respuesta a estas fallas para limitar el crecimiento economico, las organizaciones profesionales preocupadas por la conservacion de la biodiversidad deberian emitir declaraciones sobre su posicion respecto a umbrales ecologicos y de crecimiento economico. Las declaraciones luego pueden ser usadas por politicos para infundir estas posiciones en el proceso ciencia ambiental-politica a nivel local, nacional e internacional cuando estos esquemas esten siendo desarrollados. La infusion de lenguaje que demanda la limitacion de actividades de crecimiento economico con base en umbrales ecologicos es ciencia de la conservacion solida. Mas notablemente, las declaraciones de posicion tienen un mayor potencial para reducir las perdidas de biodiversidad si son creadas y publicadas que si esta informacion permanece dentro de las organizaciones profesionales porque existe el potencial para que estas ideas se constituyan en leyes y politicas. Author Affiliation: (*)Department of Environmental Studies, St. Lawrence University, 23 Romoda Drive, Canton, NY 13617, U.S.A., emailjrosales@stlawu.edu Article History: Paper submitted July 1, 2005; revised manuscript accepted October 20, 2005.