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With the expansion of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) crop to more sandy soils with lower organic matter (OM) content, the presence of nematodes is one of the main limiting factors for grain yie...

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:19:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-09-19 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Increasingly intensive cropping systems and the introduction of new genetically modified cultivars can lead to a distinct demand for nutrients in soybean crops. This study aims to evaluate the response of two soybean cultivars [with and without tolerance to glyphosate (RR)] to sulfur (S) rates. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 6 x 2 factorial arrangement with four replicates. The treatments consisted of six S rates (0, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 120 mg kg(-1)) and two soybean cultivars from the same breeding program (BRS 317 and BRS 360RR). The increase in S rates resulted in the herbicide sensitive cultivar (BRS 317) having the best physiological indexes (water use efficiency and chlorophyll content) when compared with those of herbicide tolerant cultivar (BRS 360RR), and an increased grain yield (GY), shoot dry weight yield (SDWY), calcium (Ca), boron (B), NO2-N, and iron (Fe) concentration in the leaf tissues. This indicates that the RR gene can cause significant differences in S uptake responses. Univ Estadual Londrina, Dept Crop Sci, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Embrapa Soja, Dept Plant Physiol & Mineral Plant Nutr, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Dracena, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Dracena, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) strains of Azospirillum brasilense, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Rhizobium tropici on biomass yield, number of tillers, nitrogen accumulation and nutritive value of shoots of Megathyrsus (syn. Panicum) maximus cultivar BRS Zuri (Zuri Guinea grass). For that, one experiment was performed for 14 months to evaluate inoculation and re-inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CCTB 03 and of co-inoculation with Rhizobium tropici strain CIAT 899 + A. brasilense strain Ab-V6 combined with N-fertilizer (100 kg of N ha-1). Shoot dry weight yield (SDWY), number of tillers (NT), total N concentration (TNC), total N uptake (TNU) and nutritive value of Zuri Guinea grass was evaluated for eight cuts, and inoculation increased all parameters. In the NT, the treatments inoculated with PGPB were superior to the positive non-inoculated control receiving N-fertilizer, by up to 36%. For the accumulated of SDWY the treatment re-inoculated with P. fluorescens CCTB 03 after each cut was statistically superior tin 7% the positive control. The PGPB when combined N-fertilizer also increased SDWY, NT, the relative chlorophyll index, TNC, total N uptake, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein and in vitro digestibility dry matter of Zuri Guinea grass. The results indicate that PGPB can represent a sustainable alternative for reducing the use of N-fertilizers. The lower effects of re-inoculation with PGPB on the nutrition or yield of Zuri Guinea grass, demonstrating that the determination of the method of application and periodicity of inoculation still require investigation.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has high forage yield potential, protein quality, palatability, and digestibility, and low seasonality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti and Azospirillum brasilense on the nutritive content, bromatological composition (crude protein [CP], neutral detergent fiber [NDF], acid detergent fiber [ADF], and in vitro digestibility of dry weight [IVDDW]), and shoot dry weight (SDW), relative chlorophyll index (RCI), number of tillers (NT), plant height (PH), and root dry weight (RDW) and volume (RV), of alfalfa grown in a Typic Ultisol. The experiment consisted of eight combinations of plant-growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). The treatments were as follows: T1:non-inoculated control without N-fertilizer (NI); T2: NI + N-fertilizer, and inoculated with T3: Sinorhizobium (=Ensifer) meliloti SEMIA 116 + N-fertilizer; T4: S. meliloti SEMIA 116 + A. brasilense Ab-V5 + Ab-V6 + N-fertilizer; T5: S. meliloti SEMIA 134 + N-fertilizer; T6: S. meliloti SEMIA 134 + co-inoculation + N-fertilizer; T7: S. meliloti SEMIA 135 + N-fertilizer; and T8: S. meliloti SEMIA 135 + co-inoculation + N-fertilizer. S. meliloti strains are used in commercial inoculants for the alfalfa, and A. brasilense for several non-legumes and legumes in Brazil. The experiment was performed for three successive cuts under greenhouse conditions. Application of N-fertilization increases the production cost, making alfalfa cultivation unviable. Inoculation with three strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti highly promoted alfalfa growth, considering several parameters, including PH, RCI, NT, SDW and RDW, nutritive value, and with an emphasis on RV, and total N content and total N accumulated in shoots and roots. No further increases were observed with the co-inoculation with the PGPB A. brasilense. Studies in field and greenhouse conditions are necessary to verify the benefits of the use of PGPB in the cultivation of alfalfa.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:55:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Rhizobia and other plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been broadly used as inoculants in agriculture, resulting in morphofunctional improvements in roots and grain yield. This study was carried out during two cropping seasons under field and greenhouse conditions in Brazil to verify the effects of inoculation of two soybean cultivars with PGPR and secondary microbial metabolites (SMMs) on root activity and nodulation, plant development, and grain yield. Inoculation and co-inoculation treatments consisted of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain SEMIA 5079 and B. diazoefficiens strain SEMIA 5080 inoculated together, in combination with Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713, Azospirillum brasilense strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6, and SMMs extracted from B. diazoefficiens strain USDA 110 and Rhizobium tropici strain CIAT 889. Root systems were evaluated by direct (optical reading) and indirect (rubidium nitrate application, 85RbNO3) methods. Increases of up to 1.6% in root diameter (0.01- to 0.5-mm class), 28.5% in length, 19.7% in root volume, 17.8% in root surface area, 29% in the number of nodules, 27.2% in nodule dry weight, 13.5% in root dry weight, and 3.8% in shoot dry weight. Greater exploration and activity within and between rows following inoculation at up to 40 and 10 cm in depth, respectively, were observed in plants co-inoculated with the standard inoculation (only Bradyrhizobium spp.) + SMMs + A. brasilense, resulting in a yield increase of 485 kg ha−1. The results emphasize the biotechnological potential of using secondary metabolites of rhizobia with inoculants containing rhizobia and PGPR to improve the growth and soybean yield in tropical conditions. Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) College of Agricultural Sciences, Av. Universitária, 3780, Lageado Experimental Farm Department of Microbial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Soybean, Warta District Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) College of Agricultural Sciences, Av. Universitária, 3780, Lageado Experimental Farm FAPESP: 2016/23699-8 FAPESP: 2018/14892-4

The increase of soil organic matter (SOM) content under no–till (NT) management of field crops can reduce the availability of copper (Cu) in the soil. A field experiment was conducted during two growing seasons (2014–2015 and 2015–2016) with the objective of determining optimum Cu rates and critical Cu levels in soybean-wheat intercropping in a NT management. We used a randomized block design consisting of five Cu rates (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 kg ha–1) applied before the first soybean crop. Both soybean and wheat showed a significant yield response to Cu, and the estimated value for maximum yield (EVMY) was 4.4 and 4.2 kg ha–1 Cu application for soybean and wheat, respectively. Wheat required available Cu levels of 15.5 (DTPA–TEA extractant) and 20.5 mg kg−1 (Mehlich 1 extractant) in the soil for maximum yield, whereas for soybean maximum yields were obtained with 7.7 and 14.1 mg kg–1, respectively, for the two extractants. For soybean, number of pods per plant (NPP) and Fe concentration in the grain were influenced by Cu rate, whereas in wheat Cu rate only affected plant height. Cu rates also had a positive effect on photosynthetic rate (A), intercellular CO2 level, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll content of soybean, and A and chlorophyll content in wheat. The results suggest the need to increase the amount of Cu applied to the soil in soybean-wheat intercropping in a NT management.

Foliar fertilization with micronutrients and amino acids (AAs) has been used to increase the grain yield and quality of different crops. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the eff...

The pig slurry (PS) application as an organic fertilizer in Brazilian soils occurs for many years and the effects of this application are known, but in this study our objective was to evaluate the microbiological attributes and microbial diversity of the soil after the interruption of the PS application. The PS rates were 0, 30 and 60 m3 ha-1 yr-1 and in 2016 the plots were divided and the PS application was stopped in half of the plot, generating the factorial scheme 2 × 2, being two PS rates (30 and 60 m3 ha-1 yr-1) and two application conditions (continuous or interrupted). Two soil samples were taken at 5 and 12 mo after interruption. The PS interruption reduced the microbial biomass C (MBC) by 5% and 14% after 5 and 12 mo, respectively. Microbial biomass N (MBN) was reduced too by 32% and 29% due to the PS interruption. The soil basal respiration (SBR) decreased when PS application was interrupted. The metabolic quotient (qCO2) did not change with the PS interruption but was high in the 60 m3 ha-1 yr-1. The bacteria and archaea genetic profiles showed similarity above 69% between continuous and interrupted applications. The bacterial diversity and richness index were higher than those found for fungal and archaeal communities. In contrast, the interruption had a strong effect on the soil fungi, which had diversity reduced due to the increase of the species dominance. The PS interruption up to 12 mo has an effect on the biomass, diversity, and activity of the microorganisms.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:18:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T15:05:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-90162021000101402.pdf: 773667 bytes, checksum: 09ce1851933077abe069e4118f8e6e08 (MD5) This study evaluated the nutritional quality, yield, and storage protein modulation in soybean grains in response to levels and sources of sulfur (S) in a dystrophic Ultisol. We used five levels of S (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg kg(-1)) and four sources of S (elemental S pastille-ESPA, gypsum - GY, gypsite - GI and elemental S powder - ESPO). Plants treated with 50 mg kg(-1) of GY, GI, and ESPO and 200 mg kg(-1) of ESPA had the largest grain yield values. Low S supply resulted in lower yields for all S sources tested. Sulfur deficiencies were observed at all levels for ESPA, resulting in lower concentrations of globulin and higher concentration of glutelin and albumin in the grains, possibly because the S content in the leaf was below the range adequate for soybean, leading to in lower yield values. In general, the application of S sources (GY, GI, and ESPO) increased all protein fractions. The results show that proper application of S is essential to optimize soybean yield and increase storage proteins in the grains. The granulometry of ESPA and ESPO fertilizers was a key factor for the availability of S to soybean plants. This study presents relevant information on S fertilization of soybeans, which could provide better grain nutritional quality and increased storage proteins with benefits to animal health. Univ Estadual Paulista, FCAT, Dept Ciencia Solo, Km 651,Campus Dracena, BR-17900000 Dracena, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, FEIS, Dept Biol & Zootecnia, R Moncao 226, BR-15385000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, FCE, Dept Prod Vegetal, R Domingos da Costa Lopes 780, BR-17602496 Tupa, SP, Brazil Embrapa Soja Setor Fertilidade Solo, Rod Carlos Joao Strass S-N, BR-86001970 Londrina, PR, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, FCAT, Dept Ciencia Solo, Km 651,Campus Dracena, BR-17900000 Dracena, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, FEIS, Dept Biol & Zootecnia, R Moncao 226, BR-15385000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, FCE, Dept Prod Vegetal, R Domingos da Costa Lopes 780, BR-17602496 Tupa, SP, Brazil

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T22:38:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-18 The dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has significant economic importance in Brazil and is one of the most important sources of income, especially for small producers. This study aimed to evaluate the response of dry bean to different nitrogen (N) sources, using a completely randomized design, with five replicates. Treatments comprised five N sources [ammonium sulfate [(NH4)(2)SO4], calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)(2)], potassium nitrate (KNO3), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and urea] applied at 300 mg kg(-1) N plus three additional treatments (inoculation with Rhizobium tropici, inoculation with R. tropici plus Azospirillum brasiliensis, and the control without N and inoculation). The yield components [grain yield (GY), shoot dry weight yield (SDWY), number of pods per pot (NPP), number of grains per pot (NGPt), pod weight (PW), and number of grains per pod (NGP)], and physiological components [water use efficiency (WUE), photosynthetic rate (A), and stomatal conductance (g(s))] were evaluated. Inoculation with R. tropici and R. tropici plus A. brasiliensis did not induce significant effects on yield components when compared to those of the control. (NH4)(2)SO4 did not change the performance of most quantified yield components, whereas NH4NO3 showed increases in GY, SDWY, NPP, NGP, and PW as well as in WUE. KNO3 and Ca(NO3)(2) resulted in increased performance of GY, SDWY, NPP, A, and g(s) compared to that in the control treatment and the isolated inoculant and its combination with A. brasiliensis. The amide source via urea showed the greatest increase in GY, with 56.5% more than that in the control. Londrina State Univ UEL, Dept Crop Sci, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Embrapa Soja, Dept Mineral Plant Nutr, Rodovia Carlos Joao Str S-N, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Univ Pitagoras Unopar, Dept Microbiol, Arapongas, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Forage, Aracatuba, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Forage, Aracatuba, Brazil

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) has economic importance in tropical and/or subtropical regions, because of the high sucrose content for cost-effective sugar and ethanol production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of vegetative waste on crop yield and industrial quality of the sugarcane. The experiment was carried out in a Kaolinitic Typic Eutrorthox, loamy texture, using the following six treatments: no fire, but leaving 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mg ha−1 of straw mulch without trash incorporation, and sugarcane with burning and manual cutting before the harvesting, with four replicates. We evaluated total stalk yield (TSY) and industrial quality based on the apparent sucrose contents in the stalks (Pol), fibers, apparent purity (AP), reducing sugar (RS), and total recoverable sugar (TRS). The TSY after harvest, industrial quality at 180 and 240 days after harvest (DAH) and at the pre-harvest (350 days DAH) were also evaluated. The vegetative wastes had no influence in industrial q...

In the last decades, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was the crop with the highest acreage in Brazil. Soybean has been cropped under unfertile soils as sandy soils and those under pasture decayi...

The aim of this experiment was to test on-farm growing after composting the mixture of following legume plants Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan, Mucuna aterrima with the grass Sorghum bicolor. The ...

Sugarcane straw mulch left in the field after its mechanical harvest has become very valuable raw material for second generation ethanol and bioelectricity production. However, little information is available on how much straw mulch is needed to be left in the field so that agricultural productivity is not affected and high sustainability is provided for the bioenergy production system. The objective of this work was to evaluate the productivity and industrial quality of sugarcane after five years of cultivation when different amount of straw mulch is removed from the field. The experiment was installed in clay texture Eutroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol). Six treatments were evaluated: 0%, 25% (5 t ha−1), 50% (10 t ha−1), 75% (15 t ha−1), 100% (20 t ha−1) of straw mulch and burnt cane harvesting (where 100% of the straw mulch was burned). Evaluated parameters included sugarcane productivity (tons/hectare) and its industrial quality (Pol, soluble solids (°Brix), apparent purity and total sugars (TS)). Productivity was calculated at the end of the cycle whereas industrial quality parameters were evaluated during three phases i.e. 180, 240 and 350 days after cutting (DAC). Straw mulch of 50 and 75% were statistically at par with each other but resulted in higher sugarcane production with 47% more productivity as compared to 0 and 25% of straw mulch as well as burned cane harvesting. Straw mulch didn’t affect the industrial quality; however, higher sugar production was supported by higher agricultural productivity, under low moisture condition. It is possible to remove 50% of straw mulch from the field for the production of second generation ethanol or bioelectricity, without any damage to the crop.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T17:44:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Expansion of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivated in Brazil to regions with low fertility soils gave rise to studies on the possibility of obtaining highly productive cultivars with high nutrient use efficiency. An experiment in greenhouse conditions was conducted to assess phosphorus (P) use efficiency (PUE) by 13 soybean genotypes. The genotypes were grown in an Ustoxix Quartzipsamment with two P rates [0 (no P application) and 150 mg P kg(-1)], whose source was monoammonium phosphate (MAP, P2O5 44%). Shoot dry weight (SDW), grain yield (GY), grain harvest index (GHI), relative yield (RY), and physiological components (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, respiratory rate, and internal CO2 concentration) were influenced by soybean genotypes and P rates. Genotypes BMX Apolo RR, BRS 360RR, BRS 378RR, CD 219RR, DM 2302RR, TMG 7161RR, and Vtop RR were classified as non-efficient and non-responsive to P application, while BMX Potencia RR, Vmax RR, FPS Solar RR, NA 5909RR, TMG 1066RR, and M 6210 IPRO were classified as efficient and responsive. Phosphorus application increased the values of physiological components, which was not observed for N, K, Ca, Mg, and S concentration in the leaves and grains. Soybean genotypes selection for increased P efficiency could help growers overcome the problem of soybean cultivation on new areas or degraded pastures. EMBRAPA, Natl Soybean Res Ctr, Dept Plant Nutr, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Campus Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo State, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Campus Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo State, Brazil

The response of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to foliar N application during pod formation has been inconsistent. The objective of this study over three growing seasons was to evaluate the effects of foliar N sources and rates of application on yield, nutritional status, and yield components of soybean. The treatments consisted of five sources [NO₃NH₄, CaNO₃, KNO₃, urea-[CO(NH₂)₂], and (NH₄)₂SO₄], two N rates (5 and 10 kg N ha–¹), applied at the beginning pod growth stage, and a control (no-N fertilization). Foliar N generally increased the seed yield, irrespective of the N source and analysis pooled over three growing seasons showed an average seed yield increase of 5.0% (211 kg ha–¹) and 6.1% (259 kg ha–¹) for the 5 and 10 kg N ha–¹ over control, respectively. Neither N rate nor source affected seed size, protein, oil, and nutritional status of leaves or seed. Nitrogen rate affected N use efficiency, but results varied with N sources. These data suggest that foliar N application may increase yield of soybean under certain environmental conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:37:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Plant-growth-promoting bacteria can be used for sustainable forage grass production while increasing nutrition and biomass. Most of the soils under pasture in the tropics have a degradation level that impairs the forage yield potential, especially because of mismanagement and lack of fertilization. The objective of this work was to evaluate the seed inoculation effects of Azospirillum brasilense on the shoot and root dry mass production and nutritional status of Urochloa brizantha cv. 'Marandu' under field conditions for two years in a fertility soil. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications, arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme, comprised of two doses of A. brasilense (0 and 200 mL ha-1) in combination with three doses of N (0, 25 and 50 kg ha-1). Seed inoculation increased shoot dry mass by 13% in the first year and by 6% in the second year, whereas N application increased dry mass by 27% and 35% in the first and second year, respectively. The concentration of nutrients in the shoots did not change due to the inoculation, but N fertilization affected P, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn in the first year and N, P and Cu in the second year. Root dry mass increased 36% with fertilization of 25 kg N ha-1 plus inoculation in relation to the other treatments in the first year. In the second year, the inoculation of A. brasilense increased by 17%. Therefore, seed inoculation of Urochloa brizantha cv. 'Marandu' with Azospirillum brasilense increased root and shoot dry mass production in some cuts without influencing tiller numbers. Nitrogen fertilization altered N, Mg, P, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu concentrations in shoot dry mass. Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP Discente Do Curso de Doutorado Do Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Agronomia: Agricultura Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas UNESP Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Animal Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas UNESP Discente Do Curso de Doutorado Do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia Universidade Do Oeste Paulista UNOESTE Discente Do Curso de Mestrado Do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia Faculdade de Engenharia da UNESP Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária EMBRAPA Soja Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP Discente Do Curso de Doutorado Do Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Agronomia: Agricultura Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas UNESP Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Animal Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas UNESP Discente Do Curso de Mestrado Do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia Faculdade de Engenharia da UNESP Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária UNESP

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:29:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-12-16 The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) inoculation in Zuri guinea grass [Megathyrsus (syn. Panicum) maximus] on shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW) yield, morphological compositions, number of tillers, and nutrients concentrations in SDW. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions in a randomized block design consisting of eight treatments with five replicates. The inoculation with the Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 strains of Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens or co-inoculation with Rhizobium tropici and Ab-V6, with nitrogen (N) fertilization, as well as re-inoculations of the plants after cuttings were taken were evaluated. The plant growth-promoting bacteria and N fertilization promoted increases in SDW and RDW yield, tillers dry weight, relative chlorophyll index (RCI) and nutrients uptake in shoots of Zuri guinea grass. There were effects of re-inoculation the PGPB by P. fluorescens in shoots, N, magnesium (Mg) and boron (B) concentration in SDW. Department of Production and Animal Health São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Soil Science Embrapa Soja Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Production and Animal Health São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T15:48:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-08-06 Brazil is an importer of fertilizers and the use of alternative sources is increasing in agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Dunite rates on magnesium (Mg), silicium (Si), reducing sugars, sucrose and foliar starch, soil chemical attributes and soybean yield [Glycine max (L.) Merril] in two soil types. The treatments consisted in the five Dunite rates (0, 42, 208, 542, and 1542 mg kg−1) in a clayey soil, and five Dunite rates (0, 150, 238, 411, and 933 mg kg−1) in a sandy soil. In both crops and soils, the Mg and Si contents, reducing sugars and foliar glucose, as well as pH, Mg and Si of the soil, and yield components showed a positive response due to the increase of input rates. The Mg nutrition provides lower foliar starch levels, consequently, the best partition of metabolites to plant leads to better development, filling and yield of soybeans. Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Soil Science Embrapa Soja Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP)

The aim of this study was to identify the cutting time for winter cover crops used as green manure in no-tillage systems that results in the highest dry weight yield (DWY) and nutrient accumulation. We tested Avena strigosa, Secale cereale, Vicia sativa, Raphanus sativus, and Lupinus albus, in five management times, determining the fresh weight yield (FWY), DWY, and the chemical composition of the shoot tissue. The highest FWY was obtained using R. sativus and L. albus. At 145 days after sowing; these species also had the highest DWYs, over 15 t ha−1. L. albus and S. cereale had the highest carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio (60:1). The nutrient content of most crops decreased over time. However, the accumulation of nutrients increased over time, especially for R. sativus. L. albus had the highest level and manganese (Mn) accumulation, while the zinc (Zn) and cooper (Cu) accumulation was highest in A. strigosa, and that of boron (B) was highest in S. cereale. Thus, R. sativus provided the best soil co...

RESUMO: Na Amazonia sao encontradas especies cujos frutos apresentam quantidade de oleo com valor economico para diferentes aplicacoes industriais. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o potencial de producao de oleo do tucuma (Astrocaryum aculeatum) para a producao de biodiesel em diferentes areas do Estado do Acre. As variaveis avaliadas para a caracterizacao foram: producao, quantidade de polpa epicarpo+mesocarpo), castanha (endocarpo), amendoas (semente do interior do endocarpo), teores de lipidios totais na amendoa e na polpa e os atributos quimicos do solo. O teor de lipidios na amendoa foi de 21,9%, enquanto na polpa foi de 31,9%. Apesar da diversidade genetica, o tucuma e uma especie que possui boa produtividade em oleo, mesmo em solos acidos e com baixa fertilidade, apresentando potencial para ser utilizado como uma fonte adicional de renda pelas comunidades amazonidas. ABSTRACT: In the Amazon region species are found whose fruits have quantities of oil with economic value for various industrial applications. This study had the objective to evaluate the potential of oils extracted from tucuma palm fruit (Astrocaryum aculeatum) found in different areas of the Acre State. The yield, amount of pulp (mesocarp + epicarp), seed (endocarp), kernel (seed inside the endocarp), total lipid (almond and the pulp), and chemical soil properties were evaluated. The content of lipids in kernel was 21.9%, while the pulp was 31.9%. Despite the genetic diversity, the tucuma palm fruit is a species that has good bio-oil yield, even in acid soils with low fertility , with potential to be used as an additional source of income for communities in the Amazon region.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T16:59:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-02 The intensification of livestock yield requires advances in the management and fertilization of forage crops. This study was conducted to determine the dry weight yield (DWY) along with the concentration and amount of nutrients of Megathyrsus maximum cv. Mombasa. The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme 6 × 2, six leaf rates of Zn chelate and two soil types (Entisols and Ultisol) with low and medium Zn content and four replicates. Entisols with low Zn content and Ultisol with average Zn content were used plus a control treatment with Zn sulfate. The Zn chelate and Zn sulfate foliar application did not affect the DWY. The tillering and DWY were higher in Ultisol than in Entisol. The Zn content in DWY was directly proportional to rate chelated Zn. The root dry weight yield of Mombasa grass reduced with the chelated Zn foliar application in Entisol and had no effect on Ultisol. Department of Animal Science Technology São Paulo State University FCAT/UNESP Department of Crop Science Hohenheim University Stuttgart Department of Soil Science Embrapa Soja Department of Animal Science Technology São Paulo State University FCAT/UNESP

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T17:16:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of strains of Azospirillum brasilense, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Rhizobium tropici on the shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW) yield, N uptake and nutritive value of ‘Mavuno’ grass inoculated with plant growth-promoting bacteria. We evaluated the effects of inoculation with the Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 strains of Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens or co-inoculation with Rhizobium tropici and Ab-V6, with and without nitrogen (N) application, as well as re-inoculations. The growth promoting bacteria + N promoted increases in SDW and RDW yield, tillers dry weight, relative chlorophyll index and N uptake. There were no effects of re-inoculation by Azospirillum brasilense, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Rhizobium tropici on nutrition, nutritive value and SDW and RDW yield, demonstrating that this technique still needs further studies with ‘Mavuno’ grass in the form and the correct period to be performed. Department of Production and Animal Health São Paulo State University (UNESP) Departament of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Embrapa Soja Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Production and Animal Health São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Crop Science São Paulo State University (UNESP)

The introduction of cultivars with earlier development and greater productivity has raised questions about the effect of management practices on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] yield in a no-till (NT) system. The objective of the study was to evaluate the interaction between N fertilization, row spacing, and plant density on photosynthetic index, yield components, yield, and nutritional status of soybean–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) intercropping. For soybean cultivation, three N rates, three row spacing, and three planting densities were assessed during two growing seasons, while for wheat, 17.5-cm row spacing and no N fertilization were used. No significant effects of row spacing and plant density were detected. The yields for 0 and 40 kg N ha–¹ rates were similar, while applying 20 kg N ha–¹ reduced, on average, soybean yield by 14.5%. The planting densities, row spacing, and N rates did not affect wheat yield, or oil and protein content in soybean seeds. Soil temperature (ST), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), and intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE) increased, while plant height, chlorophyll content (CC), and transpiration rate (Trmmol) decreased with increasing spacing of soybean. Plant density changed ST, Ci, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance (gs). Leaf tissue analysis indicated adequate nutrient levels in soybean and wheat. The current management practice with 50-cm row spacing, no N fertilization to complement biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), and 333,000 plants ha–¹ is adequate for soybean cultivation, while N supplied from soil organic matter (SOM) and BNF is sufficient to meet requirements of associated wheat crops.

The use of cultivar with nutrient-use efficiency is an important strategy in the management of plant nutritional status, particularly potassium (K), because its high demand and the progressive impoverishment caused by the use of inadequate amounts cause frequent deficiency symptoms observed in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] crops. This study was conducted in greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design with four replicates in an Typic Quartzipsamment soil aimed to assess the effect of applying two rates of K (50 and 200 mg kg−1) on growth, shoot dry weight yield (SDWY) and seed yield (SY), nutritional status, yield components, and efficiency of K use in eleven cultivars of different characteristics and growth habits. The SDWY, SY, number of seeds per pod, number of pods, and estimated 100-seed weight showed significant interaction between cultivar and the K rates, with greater values at the rate 200 mg K kg−1. Similarly, the concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), K, calcium (Ca), ma...

The root is an important organ which supplies water and nutrients to growing plants. Data related to root growth and nutrient uptake by tropical legume cover crops are limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate root growth of tropical legume cover crops and nutrient uptake and use efficiency under different phosphorus (P) levels. The P levels used were 0 (low), 100 (medium) and 200 (high) mg kg−1 of soil and 5 cover crops were evaluated. Root dry weight, maximum root length, specific root length were significantly influenced by P and cover crop treatments. Maximum values of these root growth parameters were achieved with the addition of 100 mg P kg−1 soil. The P X cover crops interaction for all the macro and micronutrients, except manganese (Mn) was significant, indicating variation in uptake pattern of these nutrients by cover crops with the variation in P rates. Overall, uptake pattern of macronutrients was in the order of nitrogen>calcium>potassium>magnesium>phosphorus (N > Ca > K > ...

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Zinc (Zn) deficiency is very common in annual crops grown on Brazilian Oxisols. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate Zn-use efficiency of 20 upland rice genotypes. The Zn levels used were 0 mg kg−1 (natural level of the soil) and 20 mg kg−1 of soil applied with zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). Zinc × genotype interactions were significant for grain yield, panicle number, panicle length, root dry weight, and specific root length, indicating different responses of genotypes with the variation of Zn levels and that selection for Zn-use efficiency is necessary at low as well as at high Zn rates. Based on Zn-use efficiency index, 11 genotypes were classified as efficient and nine were classified as moderately efficient. The most Zn-efficient genotypes were BRA 01596, BRA 042156, BRA 052053, BRA Primavera, and BRA 01506. The most inefficient genotypes in Zn-use efficiency were BRA 042094, BRA 052045, BRA 052034, and BRA 052023. Grain yield and most of the yield attributing characteristics have significant Zn ...

Brazil is considered one of the largest fruit producers in the world and one of the fruit groups that has stood out is that of exotic ones, such as the yellow pitaya (Hylocereus megalanthus); however, there are only incipient studies related to this crop. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of an NPK fertilizer formulation (N-P2O5-K2O: 8-20-20) on yellow pitaya grown in greenhouse conditions, using as substrate sand and organic compost (3:2). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with six treatments and five replicates. The treatments consisted of the following rates of the NPK fertilizer: 0, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 g per pot. The parameters evaluated were the rooting rate, height, diameter, fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and nutrient content in cladodes. Although the application of 300 g per pot resulted in higher concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, and Zn, the sole use of the organic fertilizer (compost) mixed with sand was enough for adequate FW and DW yield of cladodes.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de 11 clones de copa de seringueira de Hevea pauciflora × H. guianensis, H. guianensis × H. pauciflora, H. pauciflora × H. rigidifolia e H. pauciflora resistentes ao fungo Microcyclus ulei, causador do mal-das-folhas, sobre o painel de CNS AM 7905 (seleção primária de H. brasiliensis), durante 14 anos nas condições edafoclimáticas da Amazônia tropical úmida. Foram avaliados: produtividade de borracha seca durante sete anos, aspectos anatômicos, características fisiológicas do látex, estado nutricional das plantas e métodos de sangria (oriental e amazônica). Os clones de copa CPAA C 01, 06 e 45 produziram, na média, mais de 1,4 t ha- 1 ano- 1 de borracha seca, seguido pelos clones CPAA C 13, 14, 15, 16 e 20, com produtividade acima de 1,0 t ha-1 ano- 1, enquanto os clones CPAA C 18, CPAA C 33 e CBA 2 registraram produtividade inferior a 0,9 t ha-1 ano- 1. A concentração de Pi e Mg no látex e os teores foliares de K e Cu estão relacionados com a produtividade dos clones CPAA C 01, 06 e 45, sendo esses fatores importantes no programa de seleção de clones de copa de seringueira. Em plantio comercial, o método da sangria oriental é mais eficiente que a amazônica. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of eleven clones of rubber tree crown of Hevea pauciflora × H. guianensis, H. guianensis × H. pauciflora, H. pauciflora × H. rigidifolia and H. pauciflora, resistant to fungi Microcyclus ulei, causing the South American leaf blight (SALB). Scions were grafted onto CNS AM 7905 (primary selection of H. brasiliensis), and grown for 14-years period in the humid tropical Amazon. Dry rubber yield over seven-years, plant nutritional status, anatomical and physiological characteristics of the latex, and methods of tapping (oriental and amazonian) were evaluated. The crown clones of CPAA C 01, 6 and 45 produced, on average, more than 1.4 t ha-1 year- 1 of dry rubber, followed by clones CPAA C 13, 14, 15, 16 and 20, with yields above 1.0 t ha-1 year- 1, while the clones CPAA C 18, CPAA C 33 and CBA 2 had yields lower than 0.9 t ha-1 year- 1. The Pi and Mg concentrations in latex and leaf K and Cu concentrations were associated with the productivity of clones CPAA C 01, 06 and 45, being important traits for selection of rubber tree crown clones. In commercial plantation, the oriental method of tapping is more efficient than the amazonian method.

Dry bean is an important legume for human consumption in South America. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate uptake and use efficiency of macro- and micronutrients by six dry bean genotypes at two P levels (25 and 200 mg kg−1 soil). Shoot dry weight and grain yield varied significantly among genotypes and significantly increased with increasing phosphorus (P) levels. Grain harvest index (GHI) and 100-grain weight also differ significantly among genotypes and significantly increased with the increasing P levels. Based on grain yield efficiency index (GYEI), genotypes were classified as efficient and inefficient. The most efficient genotype was CNFP 10104, and inefficient genotypes were CNFP 10103 and CNFP 10120. Number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod increased significantly with the addition of 200 mg P kg−1 of soil compared to the low level of P (25 mg P kg−1). Similarly, nitrogen (N), P, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) concen...

In waterlogged soils, there is an increase in the soil concentrations of available iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), which may cause abnormalities in leaves, as observed in seedling clones of Guarana [Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (MART.) DUCKE] in Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil. The objective of this study was to detect these visual changes in different clones of Guarana (CMA 347, CMU 613, CMU 626, and CMU 871), grown in nursery conditions in the high rainfall in the Amazon region. Seedlings, with and without symptoms of blight, were selected for phytopathological, soil fertility (pH, P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Al3+, H++Al3+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+) and nutritional status (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, B, Fe, Mn and Zn) analyses. It was possible to verify that clones CMU 613 and CMU 871 were susceptible to waterlogging, resulting in abiotic blight and large accumulation of Fe and Zn in leaves. Foliar concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, B, Cu and Zn were not affected by waterlogging conditions and leaf abnormality

RESUMO: O guarana [Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke] e um dos produtos agricolas mais importantes no Estado do Amazonas, sendo necessario implantar um sistema de producao de baixo impacto ambiental e economico, visando principalmente ao pequeno produtor da regiao. Para isso, foi realizado um experimento com tres clones de guaranazeiro (CMU 871, CMU 300 e CMU 612) cultivados em condicoes de campo em Manaus, Estado do Amazonas, sobre Latossolo Amarelo Distrofico (Oxisol) com 696 g kg-1 de argila. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o confundimentos 33 com uma repeticao. Os tratamentos estudados foram: carvao vegetal (0; 800; 1600 kg ha-1), esterco de galinha (0; 2720; 5440 kg ha-1) e farinha de ossos e carne (0; 80; 160 kg ha-1). Foram avaliados os seguintes aspectos: a produtividade, a fertilidade do solo e o estado nutricional. O clone CMU 871 mostrou-se mais promissor para o cultivo dentro do sistema utilizado. Nos tres clones, as maiores producoes de guarana foram obtidas com o uso de 1600 kg ha-1 de carvao vegetal, 2720 kg ha?1 de esterco de galinha e 160 kg ha-1 de farinha de ossos e carne. Nas condicoes edafoclimaticas estudadas, a quantidade aplicada em cobertura de carvao vegetal nao influenciou a fertilidade do solo e o estado nutricional do guaranazeiro. ABSTRACT: Guarana [Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke] is one of the most important crops in the State of Amazonas, Brazil. Despite its importance, there is lack of information regarding alternative cropping systems that could lower environmental impacts while improving the economic development of smallholders in the region. This study was carried out using a 3 × 3 experimental design with one replicate. Three rates of charcoal (0; 800; and 1600 kg ha-1), chicken manure (0; 2720; and 5440 kg ha?1), and meat and bone meal (0; 80; and 160 kg ha-1) were applied on three guarana clones (CMU 871, CMU 300 and CMU 612) grown under field conditions in a soil classified as dystrophic Yellow Latosol (Oxisol) with 780 g kg-1 of clay. The yield, soil fertility and nutritional status of the CMU 871, CMU 300, and CMU 612 guarana clones were evaluated. The clone CMU 871 presented the highest potential for cultivation in the system used. For all the three clones e valuated, the highest yield was obtained with the use of 2720 kg ha-1 of chicken manure, 160 kg ha?1 of meat and bone meal, and 1600 kg ha-1 of charcoal per year. For the soil and climatic conditions where the experiment was carried out, the amount of charcoal spread did not affect the soil fertility and nutritional status of guarana plants.

Alfalfa is one of the most demanding crops in terms of soil fertility. Limestone application is an efficient method of increasing the alfalfa crop yield. This study evaluates the effect of liming on the soil fertility and consequent nutritional state and shoot dry weight yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa cv. ‘Crioula’), grown in pots containing Typic Quartzipisamment soil (savanna phase), in a completely randomized experimental design with repeated measurements over time (cross sections), in two cuttings, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of four limestone rates (0, 3.8, 6.6 and 10.3 t ha−1). The results showed that the greatest estimated shoot dry weight yield in first and second cuttings were obtained with estimated rate of 6.4 t ha−1 and 9.0 t ha−1. The root yield and nitrogen (N) concentration in the nodules was directly related to the soil acidity. In alfalfa, it is necessary at each cutting to closely follow of nutritional state of plants. In tropical edaphoclimatic conditions, the calc...

The objective of this work was to assess the performance of panel clones under crowns resistant to South American leaf blight (Microcyclus ulei). The experiment was carried out with 18 panel clones crown-budded with Hevea pauciflora x H. guianensis, in a Xanthic Ferralsol (Oxisol) in Manaus, AM, Brazil. The following parameters were evaluated: dry rubber yield, plant nutritional status, and anatomical and physiological characteristics of the latex vessels. In the first three years of evaluation, the panel clones IAN 2878, IAN 2903, CNS AM 7905, CNS AM 7905 P1, and PB 28/59 showed the highest dry rubber yield potential, while the clones IAN 6158, IAN 6590, and IAN 6515 should not be recommended for crown budding. Higher potassium and copper foliar content in panel clones were associated to an increase in dry rubber yield. The simultaneous evaluation of anatomical and physiological characteristics of latex is fundamental for the selection of panel clones in the Amazon region. Crown budding is an efficient technology for South American leaf blight management in endemic regions. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de clones de painéis enxertados com copas resistentes ao mal-das-folhas (Microcyclus ulei). O experimento foi realizado com 18 clones de painéis enxertados com copas Hevea pauciflora x H. guianensis, em Latossolo Amarelo distrófico, em Manaus, AM. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: produtividade de borracha seca, estado nutricional das plantas e características anatômicas e fisiológicas dos vasos laticíferos. Nos três primeiros anos de avaliação, os clones de painel IAN 2878, IAN 2903, CNS AM 7905, CNS AM 7905 P1 e PB 28/59 apresentaram os maiores potenciais de produção de borracha seca, enquanto que os clones IAN 6158, IAN 6590, and IAN 6515 não devem ser recomendados para enxertia de copa. Maior conteúdo foliar de potássio e de cobre nos clones de painéis esteve associado a maiores produções de borracha seca. A avaliação simultânea de características anatômicas e fisiológicas dos vasos laticíferos é fundamental para seleção de clones de painéis na Região Amazônica. A enxertia de copa é uma tecnologia eficiente para o manejo do mal-das-folhas, em regiões endêmicas.

In sweet orange ?Pera-Rio? and acid lime ?Tahiti? citrus plants (Citrus spp.) stalked on ?Cleopatra? mandarin, a necrosis in the grafting point was observed, causing plant death and dry fruits. Aiming to identify the causes of changes in the rootstock, which lead to grafting incompatibility, an anatomical study comparing plants with and without symptoms, stalked on Rangpur lime, was performed. In addition, the plant nutritional conditions and soil fertility of orchards were evaluated. Necrotic processes caused by vascular discontinuity between the crown and the rootstock were the main causes of loss in productivity and fruit quality. The incompatibility between the rootstock with the crown of ?Pera-Rio? orange or ?Tahiti? lime causes plant nutritional imbalance that is not related to low natural fertility of the soil in the region. The results indicated problems in the use of ?Cleopatra? mandarin rootstock with the soil and climatic conditions of the Central Amazon region. Incompatibilidade de enxertia de base com tangerineira ?Cleopatra? em citros na Amazonia Central, Estado do Amazonas. RESUMO: Em plantas de laranjeira ?Pera-Rio? e de lima acida ?Tahiti? (Citrus spp.) enxertadas sobre tangerineira ?Cleopatra?, observaram-se uma necrose do ponto de enxertia, a morte das plantas e os frutos secos. Com o objetivo de detectar as causas das alteracoes no porta-enxerto que levaram a incompatibilidade de enxertia, realizou-se um estudo anatomico comparativo entre plantas com sintomas e plantas sem sintomas enxertadas sobre limao ?Cravo?, avaliando-se tambem o estado nutricional e a fertilidade do solo dos pomares. Processos necroticos ocasionados por descontinuidade vascular entre a copa e o porta-enxerto foram os principais fatores que levaram a perdas da produtividade e da qualidade dos frutos. A incompatibilidade entre o porta-enxerto e a copa de laranjeira ?Pera-Rio? ou a lima acida ?Tahiti? acarreta disturbio nutricional que nao tem relacao com a baixa fertilidade do solo da regiao. Os resultados indicaram problemas no uso de tangerineira ?Cleopatra? como porta-enxerto nas condicoes edafoclimaticas da Amazonia Central.

Dry bean along with rice is a staple food for the population of South America. In this tropical region beans are grown on Oxisols and phosphorus (P) is one of the most yield limiting factors for dry bean production on these soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate P use efficiency in 20 elite dry bean genotypes grown at deficient (25 mg P kg−1 soil) and sufficient (200 mg P kg−1) levels of soil P. Grain yields and yield components were significantly increased with P fertilization and, interspecific genotype differences were observed for yield and yield components. The grain yield efficiency index (GYEI) was having highly significant quadratic association with grain yield. Based on GYEI most P use efficient genotypes were CNFP 8000, CNFP 10035, CNFP10104, CNFC 10410, CNFC 9461, CNFC 10467, CNFP 10109 and CNFP 10076 and most inefficient genotypes were CNFC 10438, CNFP 10120, CNFP 10103, and CNFC 10444. Shoot dry weight, number of pods per plant, 100-grain weights and number of seeds per pod ...

Não consta o dia da publicação. Somente mês e ano. Este estudo foi desenvolvido objetivando comparar diferentes critérios de seleção, indicar o método de seleção que propicia maiores estimativas de ganho genético e identificar genótipos superiores de alfafa quanto a características produtivas, morfológicas e bromatológicas. Foram avaliadas a produção de matéria seca, altura de planta, tolerância a doenças, aceitação fenotípica pelos animais, proteína bruta, digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, fibra em detergente neutro e relação caule/folha de 92 acessos provenientes do INTA-Argentina, tendo como testemunha o Crioula. Os Índices de Mulamba & Mock, distância do genótipo ao ideótipo e Elston foram os mais adequados a esse tipo de estudo. Os genótipos Sequel, CUF 101, Siriver 2, Florida 77, Diamond, Sequel 2, LE N 2, Medina, Kern, Rio Grande, DK 166, DK 181, Perla SP INTA, WL 516, Rocio, LE Semit 711 e LE N 3 foram os indicados à seleção pelos maiores índices de Mulamba e Mock, distância do genótipo ao ideótipo e índice de Elston. This study aimed to compare different selection criteria, indicate the selection method that provides larger estimates of genetic progress and identify superior genotypes for the evaluated morphological and bromatological characteristics. The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, São Carlos, São Paulo State, Brazil in a randomized blocks design, with two replicates. The evaluated characteristics were dry matter production, plant height, tolerance to diseases, fenotypic acceptance by animals, protein content, in vitro dry-matter digestibility, neutral detergent fiber and the stem/leaf relationship of ninety two alfalfa cultivars from INTA, Argentina. Cultivar Crioula was used as control.. Mulamba & Mock, distance from genotype to ideotype and Elston were most appropriate indexes for this type of study. The genotypes Sequel, CUF 101, Siriver 2, Florida 77, Diamond, Sequel 2, LE N 2, Medina, Kern, Rio Grande, DK 166, DK 181, Perla SP INTA, WL 516, Rocio, LE Semit 711 and LE N 3 were indicated for the selection considering the highest indexes obtained by Mulamba & Mock, distance from genotype to ideotype and Elston.

Essential plant nutrients are mainly applied to soil and plant foliage for achieving maximum economic yields. Soil application method is more common and most effective for nutrients, which required in higher amounts. However, under certain circumstances, foliar fertilization is more economic and effective. Foliar symptoms, soil and plant tissue tests, and crop growth responses are principal nutrient disorder diagnostic techniques. Soil applications of fertilizers are mainly done on the basis of soil tests, whereas foliar nutrient applications are mainly done on the basis of visual foliar symptoms or plant tissue tests. Hence, correct diagnosis of nutrient deficiency is fundamental for successful foliar fertilization. In addition, there are some more requirements for successful foliar fertilization. Foliar fertilization requires higher leaf area index for absorbing applied nutrient solution in sufficient amount, it may be necessary to have more than one application depending on severity of nutrient deficiency. Nutrient concentration and day temperature should be optimal to avoid leaf burning and fertilizer source should be soluble in water to be more effective. Foliar fertilization of crops can complement soil fertilization. If foliar fertilization is mixed with postemergence herbicides, insecticides, or fungicides, the probability of yield response could be increased and cost of application can be reduced.

Banana cultivation is considered one of the most important agricultural activities of economic and social importance in Brazil. The objective of this work was to investigate the uptake, retranslocation and the effect of fertilization on the yield and uniformity of banana bunches (Musa spp.) cultivated in Central Amazonian, region with approximately 1.5 million km2 or 150 million hectares. Two experiments were conducted in a Xanthic Ferralsol (dystrophic Yellow Latosol), the predominant soil of the region, examining: i) the nutrient uptake and translocation rate in twelve plants; and ii) the efficiency of zinc use, in a completely randomized blocks in a 4×2 factorial scheme in split plot design with four zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) rates (0, 30, 60, and 120 g plant−1 cycle−1) and two application times (in the hole together with the seedling or as surface broadcast in the fifth month after planting), with four replicates. Uptake of macronutrients was in the order of potassium (K) > nitrogen (N) > calcium ...

Apesar da importância econômica do guaranazeiro (Paullinia cupana H.B.K. var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) em algumas regiões do Brasil, existem poucas informações sobre sua caracterização fenológica. Assim, realizou-se um estudo cujo objetivo foi de quantificar a produção de fitomassa e sua distribuição, em uma população de guaranazeiros, originadas de propagação sexuada. Foram avaliadas cinco plantas adultas, que lançaram mais de 100 ramos por planta ano-1, dos quais apenas 50 % produziram frutos. As plantas lançaram entre 445 e 1294 inflorescências por ano, porém, de 67 % a 98 % produziram apenas um fruto. A produção de matéria seca total foi estimada em 15,8 kg por planta ao ano, o que corresponde 6350 kg ha ano-1. Nas plantas, o maior acúmulo de matéria seca apresentou a seguinte ordem: folhas>ramos>sementes>ráquis>casca dos frutos+arilo> pecíolos. The commerce of guarana seeds (Paullinia cupana H.B.K. var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) is economically important in some regions of Brazil. However, few studies are found about its phenological characteristics. The aim of this paper was to study the production and distribution of organic matter in adult plants of guarana. Five individuals, which had more than 100 branches per plant/year, were evaluated. One found out that only 50% of the branches had fruits. The guarana plants had between 445 and 1294 inflorescences but of these, 67% to 98% had only one fruit. The total organic matter was evaluated in 15.8 kg per plant year-1 which means around 6350 kg ha year-1. The organic matter storage in guarana plant had the following sequence: leaves>branches>seeds>rachis> fruit peel+aril> petiole.

Manganese (Mn) deficiency in upland rice grown after common bean or soybean, which received adequate rate of liming on highly weathered Oxisols, is observed. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate Mn‐use efficiency of 10 promising upland rice genotypes. The genotypes were grown on an Oxisol at 0 mg Mn kg−1 (natural soil Mn level) and 20 mg Mn kg−1 of soil applied as manganese sulfate. Grain yield, panicle number, and grain harvest index (GHI) were significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by genotype. However, shoot dry weight was significantly affected by Mn as well as genotype treatments. Manganese uptake in the shoot as well as in the grain was also affected by genotype treatment. On the basis of Mn‐use efficiency (mg grain weight/mg Mn accumulated in shoot and grain), genotypes were classified as efficient and responsive (ER), efficient and nonresponsive (ENR), nonefficient and responsive (NER), and nonefficient and nonresponsive (NENR). Genotypes Carisma, CNA8540, and IR42 were classified as ER,...

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os efeitos da substituição da floresta primária por seringal (Hevea spp.), quanto aos atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos de um Latossolo Amarelo distrófico na Amazônia Central. Amostras de solo foram coletadas na profundidade de 0,0?0,1 m, em área de floresta primária e em seringais de 2,0 ha com idades de plantio de 6, 16, 18, 19, 20 e 45 anos. O reflorestamento das áreas por seringais não minimiza os efeitos negativos da retirada da floresta primária, com aumento do quociente metabólico e redução nos teores de carbono orgânico, carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana (NBM), porosidade, enzimas (arilsulfatase, β-glucosidase e β-galactosidase) e substâncias húmicas (ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos e humina) do solo. O CBM e o NBM variaram de 291,97 a 615,27 μg g-1 e de 65,76 a 98,58 μg g-1, e mostram-se como os atributos mais sensíveis às alterações decorrentes da substituição da floresta primária por seringais. ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to quantify the effects of primary forest conversion into rubber tree plantation (Hevea spp.), concerning the physical, chemical, and microbiological attributes of a Xanthic Oxisol in the Central Amazon. Soil samples were collected at the 0.0?0.1 m depth in areas of the primary forest and of adjacent rubber tree plantations covering an area of 2.0 ha, with plant ages of 6, 16, 18, 19, 20, and 45 years. The Reforestation with rubber tree plantation does not minimize the negative effects of the removal of the primary forest, with increased metabolic quotient and reduction of organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), porosity, enzymes (arilsulfatase, β-glucosidase, and β-galactosidase), and humic substances (humic and fulvic acids, and humin) in the soil. MBC and MBN ranged from 291.97 to 615.27 μg g-1 and from 65.76 to 98.58 μg g-1, respectively, and they are the most sensitive attributes to alterations resulting from the replacement of primary forest by rubber tree plantations.

A aplicação indiscriminada de fungicidas em plátanos e bananeiras favorece a seleção de populações do fungo Mycosphaerella fi jiensis resistentes aos defensivos aplicados. Dentro desse contexto, avaliou-se a resistência de isolados de M. fi jiensis aos fungicidas propiconazole e azoxystrobina, provenientes de plátanos dos estados da Amazônia Legal. Amostras de folhas com sintomas da sigatoka negra foram coletadas nos municípios de RioPreto da Eva (AM), Tabatinga (AM), Nobres (MT), Caroebe (RR), Ariquemes (RO) e Rio Branco (AC). Os ascósporos foram obtidos por meio de liberação direta dos pseudotéciosem placa de Petri contendo ágar-água 2%, incorporado com fungicidas e suas respectivas concentrações. As placas foram mantidas a 26 °C por 48 h, no escuro. Foram avaliados a germinação e o comprimento do tubo germinativo de 150 ascósporos do M. fi jiensis, de cadatratamento, submetidos aos fungicidas propiconazole, nas concentrações 10–4, 10–3, 10–2, 10–1 e 1 mL L–1 e ao azoxystrobina, nas concentrações 10–1, 1, 5 e 10 mL L–1, juntamente com o controle sem fungicida. Avaliou-se ainda, o crescimento micelial de 20 colônias monoascospóricas de cada município, obtido a partir do tratamento controle do experimento anterior, após serem submetidas aos mesmos fungicidas e concentrações por cinco dias a 26 oC. Quanto à inibição da germinação dos ascósporos e comprimento do tubo germinativo, as populações provenientes de Nobres e Caroebe foram as menos sensíveis à propiconazolee à azoxystrobina, respectivamente. Em relação ao crescimento micelial, a população de M. fi jiensis de Nobres apresentou maior CE50 (Concentração efetiva de inibição) e a de Tabatinga (AM) a menor sensibilidade. A aplicação indiscriminada de fungicidas em plátanos e bananeiras favorece a seleção de populações do fungo Mycosphaerella fi jiensis resistentes aos defensivos aplicados.Dentro desse contexto, avaliou-se a resistência de isolados de M. fi jiensis aos fungicidaspropiconazole e azoxystrobina, provenientes de plátanos dos estados da Amazônia Legal.Amostras de folhas com sintomas da sigatoka negra foram coletadas nos municípios de RioPreto da Eva (AM), Tabatinga (AM), Nobres (MT), Caroebe (RR), Ariquemes (RO) e RioBranco (AC). Os ascósporos foram obtidos por meio de liberação direta dos pseudotéciosem placa de Petri contendo ágar-água 2%, incorporado com fungicidas e suas respectivasconcentrações. As placas foram mantidas a 26 °C por 48 h, no escuro. Foram avaliados agerminação e o comprimento do tubo germinativo de 150 ascósporos do M. fi jiensis, de cadatratamento, submetidos aos fungicidas propiconazole, nas concentrações 10–4, 10–3, 10–2,10–1 e 1 mL L–1 e ao azoxystrobina, nas concentrações 10–1, 1, 5 e 10 mL L–1, juntamentecom o controle sem fungicida. Avaliou-se ainda, o crescimento micelial de 20 colôniasmonoascospóricas de cada município, obtido a partir do tratamento controle do experimentoanterior, após serem submetidas aos mesmos fungicidas e concentrações por cinco dias a26 oC. Quanto à inibição da germinação dos ascósporos e comprimento do tubo germinativo,as populações provenientes de Nobres e Caroebe foram as menos sensíveis à propiconazolee à azoxystrobina, respectivamente. Em relação ao crescimento micelial, a população deM. fi jiensis de Nobres apresentou maior CE50 (Concentração efetiva de inibição) e a deTabatinga (AM) a menor sensibilidade.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações na atividade da biomassa microbiana como um indicador da dinâmica de C e N em solo submetido à sucessão de cobertura vegetal e de manejo na Amazônia Ocidental. Os trabalhos foram realizados em duas cronosseqüências: CA - sucessão floresta primária e cupuaçuzal (Theobroma grandiflorum) de três anos - e CB - sucessão floresta primária, pastagem de Brachiaria humidicola de oito anos e cupuaçuzal de três anos. A sucessão floresta primária-pastagem-cupuaçuzal afeta negativamente o estoque de C do solo, com diminuição significativa da matéria orgânica e do C da biomassa microbiana do solo, ao passo que na sucessão floresta primária-cupuaçuzal ocorre diminuição apenas do C da biomassa microbiana. A floresta primária apresenta menor quociente metabólico e maior relação C/N da biomassa, o que resulta em menor perda de carbono. O N da biomassa microbiana na camada de 0-10 cm, independentemente do manejo adotado, aumenta significativamente na área de cupuaçuzal, ao passo que o N total diminui. A concentração de amônio no solo diminui com a profundidade, de modo oposto ao verificado com o nitrato. The objective of this work was to evaluate the alterations of the microbial biomass activity as an indicator of C and N dynamics in a soil submitted to the succession of plant cover and management in the Western Amazon. The work was carried out in two chronosequences: CA - a succession from primary forest to a three years old cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) plot - and CB - a succession from primary forest to an eight years old Brachiaria humidicola pasture and a three years old cupuaçu plot. The succession primary forest-pasture-cupuaçu affects negatively the stock of the soil carbon, with significant decrease of organic matter and C of the soil microbial biomass. The primary forest presents lower metabolic quotient and higher C/N ratio of the biomass, which results in less carbon loss. The N of the microbial biomass found in the 0-10 cm layer irrespective of the management adopted, increases significantly in the cupuaçu plot and the total N decreases. Ammonium concentration decreases according to soil depth, but this does not occur with nitrate.

Em algumas culturas com carência de B, observou-se menor deposição de lignina nos elementos do xilema, formando paredes finas e pouco resistentes e menor translocação de carboidratos das folhas para outras partes da planta. Com o objetivo de detectar essas alterações anatômicas no xilema de caules extremamente flexíveis de seringueira (Hevea spp.), que apresentavam sintomas de deficiência de B, realizou-se um estudo anatômico comparativo entre plantas com e sem sintomas de deficiência, quanto à espessura das paredes e grau de deposição de lignina e celulose, bem como quanto à concentração de grãos de amido no parênquima do xilema. Não foi observada variação significativa entre a espessura e o grau de deposição de lignina nas paredes dos elementos do xilema de plantas com e sem sintomas. No entanto, plantas com sintomas apresentaram lamela média de espessura muito reduzida, com menor intensidade de coloração, o que reflete a insuficiência de pectato de cálcio, composto responsável pela adesão entre as células e cuja síntese é bloqueada pela carência de boro. A causa da flexibilidade dos caules foi atribuída à menor coesão entre as células. In some boron deficient crops, less lignin build up has been observed in xylem elements, which have thinner and weaker walls and also a lower translocation of carbohydrates from leaves to other plant organs. In order to detect these anatomical changes in the xylem of very flexible stem of rubber trees (Hevea spp.) displaying boron deficiency symptoms, a comparative anatomical study was made of the wall thickness, the degree of lignin and cellulose deposition as well as starch grain concentration in the wood parenchyma. No difference was found in thickness and lignin deposition in the walls of xylem elements of normal and boron deficient plants. However, the middle lamella of deficient plants was much thinner, with less intensive staining, reflecting a low supply of calcium pectate, which promotes the adhesion between cells and has its synthesis impaired by boron deficiency. The cause of the flexibility was considered to be due to a lower cohesion between cells.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o envolvimento dos glicosídeos cianogênicos na incompatibilidade, por translocação, do clone de seringueira IPA 1 com copas enxertadas com clones de outras espécies de Hevea. Determinou-se, na casca dos clones de painel IPA 1, Fx 4098 e Fx 3864, a atividade das enzimas beta-glicosidase, beta-diglicosidase e beta-cianoalaninassintase (beta-CAS) e o desenvolvimento de combinações de enxertos, tendo como clone de painel o IPA 1 e como copa enxertada, clones de baixo ou alto potencial cianogênico (HCNp). Dosou-se o HCN-p de folhas jovens e maduras de clones de copa já conhecidos como compatíveis ou incompatíveis. A atividade de beta-CAS no IPA 1 foi baixa, sendo alta no Fx 3864 e intermediária no Fx 4098. Esse fato, associado à maior atividade da beta-glicosidase e beta-diglicosidase encontradas no IPA 1, confere a este clone extrema sensibilidade ao cianeto. Os enxertos com clones de baixo HCN-p nas folhas jovens mostraram-se compatíveis, bem como com os clones em que o alto HCN-p nas folhas jovens permanece alto nas folhas maduras. Os clones incompatíveis apresentaram alto HCN-p nas folhas jovens e significativa redução nas maduras. Essas evidências reforçam a hipótese de a incompatibilidade ser causada pela translocação de linustatina, das folhas dos clones enxertados, para o caule do IPA 1. Os sintomas se assemelham aos de secamento do painel de sangria, indicando o envolvimento da cianogênese na sua evolução. The objective of this work was to verify the role of the rubber tree cyanogenic glycosides in the incompatibility of the IPA 1 clone (Hevea brasiliensis) with budded crowns of clones of other species of Hevea. The activity of the following enzymes involved in the cyanide metabolism was determined: beta-glycosidase, beta-diglycosidase and beta-cyanoalaninesynthase (beta-CAS). These enzymes were studied in the stem bark of the clones IPA 1, Fx 3864 and Fx 4098. Clones of high and low cyanogenic potential (HCN-p) were crown budded on IPA 1, and the development of the budded plants was recorded. The HCN-p of young and mature leaves of other crown clones known as compatible or incompatible was determined. The beta-CAS activity of IPA 1 was found to be as low as in noncyanogenic plants while it was very high in Fx 3864 and intermediate in Fx 4098. IPA 1 displayed higher beta-glycosidase and beta-diglycosidase activities, which, together with the very low beta-CAS activity, determine the extreme sensitivity to cyanide of this clone. Crown clones of low HCN-p in young leaves were compatible, as well as those with high HCN-p in young leaves, but keeping it high in the mature. In incompatible clones the HCN-p is reduced in mature leaves. These evidences support the hypothesis that the incompatibility is caused by the translocation of linustatin, from the leaves to the stem of IPA 1. The incompatibility symptoms resemble some aspects of the Tapping Panel Dryness, suggesting a relationship of TPD with cyanogenesis.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito de quatro fontes e quatro doses de fósforo na produção de matéria seca e nos teores de P em alfafa e centrosema, cultivadas em vasos com Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico, e avaliar a disponibilidade de fósforo no solo, por três extratores. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 x 6: quatro doses de P (0, 50, 100 e 200 mg kg-1), quatro fontes de P (superfosfato triplo - SFT, termofosfato Yoorin - TY, fosfato natural da Carolina do Norte - FNCN e fosfato natural de Arad - FNA) e seis épocas de corte das plantas com intervalos de 30 dias, com três repetições. As doses de P aumentaram a produção de matéria seca total (MS) e o teor de P na MS, sendo que a alfafa apresentou maior resposta. O termofosfato Yoorin proporcionou a maior produção de MS: em seis cortes foram obtidos 50,17 e 70,89 gramas, respectivamente, com a alfafa e centrosema na dose de 200 mg kg-1. Os extratores Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3 e resina apresentaram alta correlação entre si na avaliação do P disponível. Considerando a média das três doses aplicadas e de todos os cortes, a quantidade total de P absorvido obedeceu a seguinte ordem: TY > SFT > FNCN > FNA.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de 12 combinações de três clones de painel (PB 311, PB 314 e RRIM 600) com quatro clones de copa (F 4512, MDF 180, IAN 6158 e IAN 6543) de seringueira cultivados no sudoeste do Estado do Mato Grosso. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados: produção de borracha seca, percentagem de plantas aptas à sangria, secamento de painel, estado nutricional, teor de borracha seca, plasticidade Wallace (P0 e P30), índice de retenção de plasticidade e viscosidade Mooney. As combinações das copas IAN 6543 e MDF 180 com os painéis PB 311, RRIM 600 e PB 314 apresentaram estado nutricional adequado, com produtividade de borracha seca acima de 1,41 Mg ha-1 por ano. O clone de copa IAN 6158 propiciou, em oito anos, as maiores quantidades de plantas aptas à sangria. As combinações painel/copa apresentaram baixa incidência de secamento de painel, exceto PB 311 x IAN 6158. As borrachas das 12 combinações painel/copa apresentam boa resistência à degradação térmica e alta retenção de plasticidade. ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of 12 combinations of three rubber tree panel clones (PB 311, PB 314, and RRIM 600) and four crown clones (F 4512, MDF 180, IAN 6158, and IAN 6543) grown in the southwest of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. A randomized complete block design was used, with four replicates. The following were evaluated: dry rubber yield, percentage of tappable trees, tapping panel dryness, nutritional status, dry rubber content, Wallace plasticity (P0 and P30), plasticity retention index, and Mooney viscosity. The combinations of the crowns IAN 6543 and MDF 180 with the panels PB 311, RRIM 600, and PB 314 showed adequate nutritional status, with dry rubber yield greater than 1.41 Mg ha-1 per year. The crown clone IAN 6158 provided, over eight years, the highest number of plants suitable for tapping. The panel/crown combinations showed low incidence of tapping panel dryness, except PB 311 x IAN 6158. The rubber of the 12 panel/crown combinations shows good resistance to thermal degradation and high plasticity retention. Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-08T22:28:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DesempenhodeclonesdecopaepaineldeseringueiranosudoestedoEstadodoMatoGrosso.pdf: 536790 bytes, checksum: c704de56e9d9177902c588b919ecf09a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-07

In this study, we assessed the effect of intercrop planting of Maca and Prata Zulu banana cultivars in the reduction of black Sigatoka severity and in the productivity of the Maca cultivar. The treatments used were a combination of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% of plants of the Maca cultivar distributed in plots with 95, 90, 85, 80 and 75% of plants of the Prata Zulu cultivar. Four months after planting, 20 leaves infected with black Sigatoka were distributed at each plot of 200 plants as a source of inoculum. The plots were separated by strips of secondary forest approximately 20 m wide and 15 m high. Each plot was divided in four subplots. Severity evaluation was performed in leaf number 10 during the flowering period. The number of viable leaves and the weight of production (bunches, hands and fruits) were also assessed. The statistical analyses did not show differences between the treatments used. Intercrop planting was not effective in reducing the severity of black Sigatoka in the Maca cultivar and the yield was similar to that observed in monocultures. RESUMO: Avaliou-se o efeito do plantio intercalado da cultivar Maca com a cultivar Prata Zulu na reducao da severidade da doenca sigatoka-negra e na producao da cultivar Maca. Os tratamentos consistiram do plantio de 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25% de plantas da cultivar Maca, distribuidas dentro de talhoes com 95, 90, 85, 80 e 75% de plantas da cultivar Prata Zulu, respectivamente, perfazendo um total de 200 plantas por talhao. Quando as plantas atingiram quatro meses de idade, em cada talhao foram distribuidas 20 folhas com sigatoka-negra, como fonte de inoculo. Os talhoes foram separados por uma faixa de floresta secundaria com cerca de 20 m de largura e 15 m de altura. Cada talhao foi dividido em quatro parcelas. No florescimento, registraram-se, na cultivar Maca, a severidade da sigatoka-negra na folha numero 10 e o numero de folhas viaveis, registrando-se tambem, na colheita, o peso dos cachos, das pencas e dos frutos. As analises indicam que todos os tratamentos foram iguais entre si. O plantio intercalado nao reduziu a severidade da doenca e a producao foi semelhante as registradas em monoculturas com a cultivar Maca. Intercropping of Maca and Prata Zulu banana cultivars for the cultural management of black Sigatoka Plantio intercalado das cultivares de bananeira Maca e Prata Zulu no manejo cultural da Sigatoka-negra Luadir Gasparotto1* Jose Clerio Rezende Pereira1 Adonis Moreira2 1Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria – EMBRAPA, Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, CP 319, 69010-970, Manaus, AM, Brasil 2Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria – EMBRAPA, Embrapa Soja, CP 231, 86001-970, Londrina, PR, Brasil Autor Correspondente: *E-mail: luadir.gasparotto@embrapa.br