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The essential oils were isolated from dried Syzygium aromaticum L. seeds by Cleavenger aperture extraction, and fractions were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 53 components were detected in Syzygium aromaticum. The components were mainly 21 sesquiterpenes (39.62 %), eight monoterpenes (15.09%), onediterpene (1.88%). The leading components specific in the essential oil was eugenol (64.74 %), caryophyllene (14.36 %), 3-Allyl-6-methoxyphenyl acetate (13.28 %) and 1,4,7, Cycloundecatriene, 1,5,9,9-tetramethy (2.55 %). Biochemically, Results found that the rats treated with (MTX) revealed a significant increase in AST, ALT and ALP levels in compare with controls. Clove essential oil recorded a significant decrease in AST, while, there was a decrease in all enzymes levels in serum of rats related to (MTX) and clove essential oil groups in comparison with control group. The results showed that the administration of clove essential oil significantly decreased elevate levels of ALT, AST and ALP. On the other hand, Histological examination of liver sections of rats treated with (MTX) showed several changes included infiltration of inflammatory cells, congestion, hyperplasia, cytoplasmic vacuolation, degeneration and necrosis. The results showed a normal liver structure in rats that treated with (MTX) and clove essential oil. Rats treated to (MTX) showed sever histopathological changes in the kidney tissues such as necrosis, hemorrhage, degeneration and inflammatory cells. While, in rats treated with (MTX) and essential clove oil a few changes in the kidney tissues were observed.

The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of LC50 of the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), Paecilomyces lilacinus and Beauveria bassiana, on larval mortality of the greater wax moth (GWM), Galleria mellonella L., under laboratory conditions and also to study the effect of different doses of gamma irradiation (70, 100, 125, and 150 Gy), separately or combined with the LC50 of the isolates of the EPF, B. bassiana, and P. lilacinus, on the second-instar larvae of G. mellonella larval mortality. The combined treatment of gamma irradiation and EPF increased the larval mortality rates than that at each treatment alone. The highest percentage of larval mortality was 78 and 84%, with 125 Gy + B. bassiana in the case of F1 male and F1 female, respectively. According to the obtained results, the gamma irradiation increased the pathogenicity of the fungi against the tested larvae. The combination between the two control tools may provide satisfactory control of the insect-pest, especially, in the storage.

The main objective of the present study was to determine some of the physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of essential oil extracted from orange peel using microwave pretreatment-improved...

Pesticide applicators in the Plant Protection Department of the Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources Authority are monitored regularly by the Occupational Health Section of the Ministry of Health. The aim is to protect them from the adverse effects of pesticides and to prevent acute poisoning by removing from exposure those who have low cholinesterase (ChE) activity levels or low white blood cell counts. Thirty-eight workers routinely examined in July 1988 were reexamined at the onset of the locust invasion in Kuwait in November 1988; also examined were 36 farmers recruited for the first time to fight locusts and a matched control group of 38 firefighters. After 2 to 3 months, when the locust invasion decreased markedly and pesticide spraying nearly stopped, the exposed workers were reexamined. The pesticides used to control locusts were five organophosphates and one organochlorine (lindane). Sixty percent of normal for red blood cell (RBC) ChE activity and 50% of normal for plasma ChE activity were used as threshold levels for removing workers from continued exposure to ChE-inhibiting pesticides. The different reactions of study groups during the locust control period are described, including results from tests of pulmonary function, RBC and plasma ChE activity, and nerve conduction velocity.

Setting: The Canadian province of Manitoba. Objective: To confirm the putative hypervirulence observed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Type1 strain and further characterize the progression and manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis caused by this strain in comparison to other common clinical isolates from Manitoba. Design : C3H and BALB/c mice were exposed to aerosols either of Type1, Type2, Type5, Type72 or H37Rv strain to study their respective survival profiles. Additionally, bacillary loads and lung histology were examined at 15 days post-exposure. Results: In both mouse models, Type-1 infected mice succumbed to disease significantly earlier than other strains ( p ⩽0.0002). Differences between average log 10 CFU values between clinical isolates were less than 1log10 difference. In C3H mice, the amount of granulomatous inflammation was highest in Type1 infected mice but not significantly different than all clinical strains. In contrast, BALB/c mice infected with Type1 induced the lowest amount of granulomatous inflammation compared to other clinical isolates. Conclusion: Our results indicate that although mice infected with the Type1 strain died significantly earlier than mice infected with other clinical strains in both C3H and BALB/c mice, the hypervirulence of the Type1 strain is not attributed to the growth rate of the organism, as differences in growth between clinical M. tuberculosis isolates were insignificant.

Background To describe the demographic and geographic distribution of tuberculosis (TB) in Manitoba, thus determining risk factors associated with clustering and higher incidence rates in distinct subpopulations. Methods Data from the Manitoba TB Registry was compiled to generate a database on 855 patients with tuberculosis and their contacts from 1992–1999. Recovered isolates of M. tuberculosis were typed by IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors involved in clustering. Results A trend to clustering was observed among the Canadian-born treaty Aboriginal subgroup in contrast to the foreign-born. The dominant type, designated fingerprint type 1, accounts for 25.8% of total cases and 75.3% of treaty Aboriginal cases. Among type 1 patients residing in urban areas, 98.9% lived in Winnipeg. In rural areas, 92.8% lived on Aboriginal reserves. Statistical models revealed that significant risk factors for acquiring clustered tuberculosis are gender, age, ethnic origin and residence. Those at increased risk are: males (p < 0.05); those under age 65 (p < 0.01 for each age subgroup); treaty Aboriginals (p < 0.001), and those living on reserve land (p < 0.001). Conclusion Molecular typing of isolates in conjunction with contact tracing data supports the notion of the largest ongoing transmission of a single strain of TB within the treaty-status population of Canada recorded to date. This data demonstrates the necessity of continued surveillance of countries with low prevalence of the disease in order to determine and target high-risk populations for concentrated prevention and control measures.

Background Tuberculosis (TB) surveillance programs in Canada have established that TB in Canada is becoming a disease of geographically and demographically distinct groups. In 1995, treaty status aboriginals from the province of Manitoba accounted for 46% of the disease burden of this sub-group in Canada. The TB incidence rates are dramatically high in certain reserves of Manitoba and are equivalent to rates in African countries. The objective of our study was to identify prevalent isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the patient population of Manitoba using molecular epidemiology tools, studying the patient demographics associated with the prevalent strain and studying the in vitro cytokine profiles post-infection with the predominant strain. Methods Molecular typing was performed on all isolates available between 1992 to1997. A clinical database was generated using patient information from Manitoba. THP-1 cells were infected using strains of M. tuberculosis and cytokine profiles were determined using immunoassays for cytokines IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α. Results In Manitoba, 24% of the disease burden is due to a particular M. tuberculosis strain (Type1). The strain is common in patients of aboriginal decent and is responsible for at least 87% of these cases. Cytokine assays indicate that the Type1 strain induces comparatively lower titers of IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-α in infected THP-1 cells as compared to H37Ra and H37Rv strains. Conclusion In Manitoba, Type1 strain is predominant in TB patients. The majority of the cases infected with this particular strain are newly active with a high incidence of respiratory disease, positive chest radiographs and pulmonary cavities. In vitro secretion of IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-α is suppressed in Type1 infected culture samples when compared to H37Ra and H37Rv infected cells.

In a worldwide collaborative effort, 19,630 Y-chromosomes were sampled from 129 different populations in 51 countries. These chromosomes were typed for 23 short-tandem repeat (STR) loci (DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385ab, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, GATAH4, DYS481, DYS533, DYS549, DYS570, DYS576, and DYS643) and using the PowerPlex Y23 System (PPY23, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI). Locus-specific allelic spectra of these markers were determined and a consistently high level of allelic diversity was observed. A considerable number of null, duplicate and off-ladder alleles were revealed. Standard single-locus and haplotype-based parameters were calculated and compared between subsets of Y-STR markers established for forensic casework. The PPY23 marker set provides substantially stronger discriminatory power than other available kits but at the same time reveals the same general patterns of population structure as other marker sets. A strong correlation was observed between the number of Y-STRs included in a marker set and some of the forensic parameters under study. Interestingly a weak but consistent trend toward smaller genetic distances resulting from larger numbers of markers became apparent. Fil: Corach, Daniel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Caputo, Mariela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Marino, Miguel Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Laboratorio de Analisis de ADN; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Purps, Josephine. Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Alemania Fil: Siegert, Sabine. University of Cologne; Alemania Fil: Willuweit, Sascha. Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Alemania Fil: Nagy, Marion. Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Alemania Fil: Alves, Cíntia. Universidad de Porto; Portugal Fil: Salazar, Renato. Universidad de Porto; Portugal Fil: Angustia, Sheila M. T.. Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory; Filipinas Fil: Santos, Lorna H.. Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory; Filipinas Fil: Anslinger, Katja. Universitat Genzentrum Der Ludwing-maximilians; Alemania Fil: Bayer, Birgit. Universitat Genzentrum Der Ludwing-maximilians; Alemania Fil: Ayub, Qasim. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Reino Unido Fil: Wei, Wei. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Reino Unido Fil: Xue, Yali. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Reino Unido Fil: Tyler Smith, Chris. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Reino Unido Fil: Baeta Bafalluy, Miriam. Universidad de Zaragoza; España Fil: Martínez Jarreta, Begoña. Universidad de Zaragoza; España Fil: Egyed, Balazs. Eotvos University, Budapest; Argentina Fil: Balitzki, Beate. Universidad de Basilea; Suiza Fil: Tschumi, Sibylle. Universidad de Basilea; Suiza Fil: Ballard, David. King; Reino Unido Fil: Syndercombe Court, Denise. King; Reino Unido Fil: Barrantes, Xinia. Poder Judicial, Forensic Sciences Department; Costa Rica Fil: Bäßler, Gerhard. Landeskriminalamt Baden-Württemberg; Alemania Fil: Berger, Burkhard. Universidad de Innsbruck; Austria Fil: Niederstätter, Haral. Universidad de Innsbruck; Austria Fil: Parson, Walther. Universidad de Innsbruck; Austria. University Park; Estados Unidos Fil: Davis, Carey. Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics; Estados Unidos. Institute of Applied Genetics; Estados Unidos Fil: Furfuro, Sandra. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Laboratorio de Análisis de ADN; Argentina Fil: Locarno, Laura. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Laboratorio de Análisis de ADN; Argentina