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There are literature reports of anabolic-androgenic steroid-induced rhabdomyolysis. Here we describe a case of a patient presenting with acute confusion and rhabdomyolysis, following an unwitnessed seizure. He had a background of alcohol excess. Three days into his admission he developed dysphagia. At first, the patient denied the use of any medication or drugs. However, he later revealed he had used the anabolic steroid 'Anavar' (oxandrolone) for 60 consecutive days ending a month prior to his admission. The brief seizure was itself unlikely to have resulted in the severity of his rhabdomyolysis. Thus, we report a likely case of delayed rhabdomyolysis secondary to anabolic steroid use. The oropharyngeal dysphagia may be secondary to the rhabdomyolysis; there have been cases of this described in literature.

Traditional land use may play a key role in conserving and promoting ecosystem integrity. However, little is known about conserving genetic diversity in such traditional management systems. The Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia) is an important element of traditionally managed landscapes in southern Brazil but is currently considered at risk of extinction. In order to assess the contribution of traditional management systems in conserving the Brazilian pine, we compared genetic diversity descriptors between traditionally used and protected populations. To accomplish this, we compared four managed populations against two protected populations in southern Brazil, using allozyme markers to estimate genetic indexes. All studied populations presented similar levels of genetic diversity and magnitude of outcrossing, indicating the potential for conserving the genetic diversity of A. angustifolia populations in traditionally managed land use systems. Traditional management systems should be considered in conservation strategies for Araucaria Forest because they help maintaining the genetic diversity of keystone species, while keeping cultural practices alive.

Araucaria forest is a sub-tropical component of the Atlantic Forest Biome, occurring between 18 and 30° S latitude, and 500-1,800 m altitude in Southern and Southwestern Brazil and Northwestern Argentina. In recent history (Twentieth century), this forest has undergone non-sustainable exploitation and reduction in area dedicated to agricultural and forestry use. However, smallholders continue using several resources from this forest, even adapting management systems. The main system is geared toward the production of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) under araucaria trees (Araucaria angustifolia), which holds economic, cultural, and social relevance for thousands of farmers. Seeking evidence of domestication and conservation of the resources managed in this system, we compared different landscapes on the Northern Plateau of Santa Catarina in Southern Brazil. Focusing on three species-yerba mate, araucaria and caraguatá (Bromelia antiacantha)-we characterized management practices (interviews and guided tours), demographic structure (permanent plots in farming zones and in a protected area), and genetic diversity in populations from the same places. Demographic structure and genetic diversity from different landscapes were compared to evaluate the system potential for conservation. The results indicated that the three species are intentionally promoted with practices of protection, transplanting and/or selection, in different ways and with different functions (caraguatá hedges, yerba mate harvesting, and collection of pinhões-seed like nuts-of araucaria). Landscapes are managed for yerba mate harvesting and cattle raising, for both economic and cultural reasons, with a consequent reduction in the density of most other plant species. In all cases the genetic diversity of the species was high for most of the sampled properties, and the set of farmers' populations did not differ from the protected area. The set of populations of each species operates as a metapopulation and local management practices contribute to conservation. Thus, the farmers' management systems and practices maintain the landscape with productive forest fragments, favoring the conservation-by-use of these species. The system requires these management practices, which bring about changes in various species and are motivated by cultural and economic factors, in order to maintain the landscapes domesticated. Fil: Sedrez Dos Reis, Maurício. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasil Fil: Montagna, Tiago. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasil Fil: Mattos, Andréa G.. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasil Fil: Filippon, Samantha. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasil Fil: Ladio, Ana Haydee. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: da Cunha Marques, Anésio. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; Brasil Fil: Zechini, Alex A.. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasil Fil: Peroni, Nivaldo. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasil Fil: Mantovani, Adelar. Universidade Do Estado de Santa Catarina

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