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The pineapple waste increased by the rise of production in pineapple, one of increasing pineapple waste is pineapple pulp (bromelain litter). The bromelain litter will be disadvantage for the environment, this matter could be solved by converting bromelain litter into compost. The composting process in this study used ligninolytic fungus (Trichoderma sp.). Composting technology which currently has rapidly developed is Aerated Compost Tea (ACT) or a derivate product of compost. The use of this study was to ensure the best incubation period of ACT bromelain litter which induced by Trichoderma sp. fungus on the growth of tomato (L. esculentum Mill.). The study was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 7 treatments and 3 replications, namely: P0= control (without ACT), P1= ACT bromelain 24 hours, P2= ACT bromelain 48 hours, P3= ACT bromelain 72 hours, P4= ACT bromelain and leaf litter 24 hours, P5= ACT bromelain and leaf litter 48 hours, and P6= ACT bromelain and leaf litter 72 hours. The variables observed were number of leaves and plant chlorophyll content. The data obtained were analyzed with ANOVA at the level of 5 % and tested for the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at the level of 5 %. The results of this study showed that ACT was induced by Trichoderma sp. fungus which effective for the vegetative growth of tomato (L. esculentum Mill.) is ACT bromelain litter with incubation period up to 72 hours (P3).

Piles of uncontrolled pineapple peel waste have a negative impact that will affect various aspects of life, either directly or indirectly. Therefore, pineapple peel waste that can no longer be processed can be used for making compost. The taste of pineapple can be degraded biologically with the help of enzymes that can be produced by microorganisms. One of the microorganisms that can support the decomposition process is a group of fungi. In this study, the fungus Trichoderma sp. (Bioggp 5) is a ligninolytic fungus. Trichoderma sp. is a saprophytic soil microorganism that attacks natural pathogenic fungi and is beneficial to plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of solid bromelain compost inoculum of ligninolytic fungi (Trichoderma sp.) on leaf number and chlorophyll content of chili plants (Capsicum annum L.) and the best dose of compost that could be used. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 7 treatments, namely T0 (control), T1 (1.4% pure bromelain), T2 (1.7% pure bromelain), T3 (2% pure bromelain), T4 (1, 4% bromelain + leaf litter), T5 (1.7% bromelain + leaf litter), T6 (2% bromelain + leaf litter). The parameters used were the number of leaves and chlorophyll content. And the results obtained from this study were the T3 dose (2% pure bromelain) was the best dose for the number of leaves, while the T2 dose (1.7% pure bromelain) was the best dose for chlorophyll content.

Bamboo is a type of plant that grows in Indonesia. So far, people only use the stems and throw away the leaves. As a result, these abundant bamboo leaves become waste. Bamboo leaf waste contains lignin content of 19.8-26.6%, and becomes compost in the long term. The process of composting bamboo leaf litter can be accelerated using an activator such as the inoculum fungi Geotrichum sp. which is ligninolytic so that it can break down lignin complex compounds contained in bamboo leaf waste into simpler compounds. Sorghum contains about 6.5-7.9% fiber. The high fiber content in sorghum seeds can be used as a growth medium for fungal inoculum. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sorghum as an inoculum medium for Geotrichum sp. and the effect of inoculum on compost quality. This research was carried out in August - December 2019 at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Unila. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) method with 4 treatments, namely Control (Bamboo leaf litter), P1 (Bamboo leaf litter + 1% inoculum), P2 (Bamboo leaf litter + 1.5 % inoculum) and P3 (Bamboo leaf litter). + 2% inoculum) each treatment was repeated 3 times. The variables observed were the number of spores and spore viability using the Colony Forming Unit (CFU) calculation on inoculum and compost. Analysis of the content of C, N, P, and C/N ratio was carried out to determine the quality of the compost. Based on the research results, sorghum can be used as a growth medium for the ligninolytic fungi inoculum Geotrichum sp. with spore viability of 74.18% and the addition of 1.5% inoculum (P2) gave the best results on the quality of bamboo leaf compost (Bambusa sp.)

Compost tea merupakan ekstrak kompos yang memiliki banyak nutrisi. Selain itu media tanam juga penting dalam budidaya tanaman. Cocopeat sangat cocok untuk dijadikan media tanam karena mampu menyimpan nutrisi dan air. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui compost tea yang diinduksi jamur lignoselulolitik pada media tanam cocopeat terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman kailan (Brassica oleracea L.) dan untuk mengetahui jenis compost tea dan komposisi media terbaik terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman kailan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei sampai Juli 2020 di green house Laboratorium Lapangan Terpadu Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Lampung. Penelitian dilaksanakan secara faktorial menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) terdiri dari 2 faktor, Faktor I adalah compost tea (A) dengan 2 taraf perlakuan yaitu : compost tea aerasi (A1) dan compost tea nonaerasi (A2). Faktor II adalah media tanam (B) dengan 3 taraf perlakuan rasio, yaitu : cocopeat dan tanah dengan perbandingan 2:1 (B1); 1:1 (B2); 1:2 (B3) sehingga diperoleh 6 unit perlakuan. Kontrol bukan bagian dari perlakuan tetapi kontrol dimasukkan dalam grafik sebagai pembanding antar perlakuan. Setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak 4 kali. Parameter yang diamati meliputi tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, dan kandungan klorofil. Data hasil pengukuran yang diperoleh diuji dengan uji ANARA. Apabila ada perbedaan pada perlakuan, dilanjutkan uji Tukey’s untuk melihat perbedaan antar perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa compost tea aerasi (ACT) memberikan hasil yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan compost tea nonaerasi (NACT) sedangkan komposisi media tanam cocopeat : tanah = 1: 2 memberikan hasil yang lebih tinggi. Kata Kunci : Brassica oleracea L. Cocopeat, Compost tea, Pertumbuhan.

Compost tea menjadi sumber unsur hara tambahan yang mudah di manfaatkan oleh tanaman bersamaan dengan penyerapan air sehingga dapat memperbaiki pertumbuhan tanaman. Selain unsur hara, media tanam juga berperan penting dalam mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman. Cocopeat menjadi salah satu komposisi media tanam yang baik karena mampu mengikat air dan hara tanah dengan membentuk pori penyimpanan, sehingga nutrisi di dalam tanah tidak mudah larut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian Compost tea yang terinduksi inokulum fungi lignoselulolitik pada media tanam cocopeat terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman bayam merah (Amaranthus tricolor L.) serta pengaruh interaksi antara compost tea dan perbandingan media tanam cocopeat : tanah yang terbaik dalam meningkatkan pertubuhan tanaman bayam merah. Penelitian ini dilaksankan pada bulan Mei sampai dengan Juli 2020 di green house Laboratorium Lapang Terpadu Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Lampung. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) Faktorial dengan faktor pertama (A) adalah compost tea dengan 2 taraf yaitu compost tea aerasi (ACT) A1 dan compost tea non aerasi A2, faktor kedua (B) adalah media tanam menggunakan 3 taraf yaitu (B1) cocopeat dan tanah (2:1), (B2) cocopeat dan tanah (1:1), (B3) cocopeat dan tanah (1:2) pada parameter berat segar dan berat kering dan Faktor ketiga (C) adalah waktu pengamatan (35 hst, 45 hst, dan 55 hst) pada parameter tinggi tanaman dan jumlah daun dengan kontrol hanya digunakan sebagai pembanding nilai rata-rata. Masing-masing unit perlakuan dilakukan sebanyak 4 kali pengulangan. Parameter yang diamati meliputi tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, berat segar, dan berat kering. Analisis ragam pada taraf nyata α 5%. Kemudian untuk melihat perbedaan antar perlakuan dengan uji Tukey pada taraf nyata α 5%. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ACT dan media tanam cocopeat : tanah = 1:2, maupun interaksi keduanya menghasilkan nilai tertinggi dibandingkan dengan perlakuan yang lainnya. Kata Kunci : Amaranthus tricolor L, Cocopeat, Compost tea, Hara, Pertumbuhan.

Infectious diseases caused by bacteria has become a global health issue, especially antibacterial drug resistance. The most serious concern with antibacterial resistance is that some bacteria became resistant to almost all antibacterial drugs, which makes them less effective. Archidendron jiringa is one of the most potent medicinal plants to be developed as a new source of antibacterial components. In current study, based on the antibacterial assay-guided approach, the separation of bioactive fractions of A. jiringa stem roots was carried out through several stages including isolation, fractionation, and characterization. The stages of isolation of secondary metabolites were conducted by gradually extraction followed by fractionation using chromatographic methods. The antibacterial potential of extracts was evaluated by the disc diffusion and microdilution methods employing the resazurin assay against one Gram-negative resistant bacteria, Escherichia coli, and one Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis. Among three extracts obtained, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts demonstrated the most significant antibacterial effects, while no antibacterial activity was showed on the hexane extract. The fractionation of ethyl acetate extract led to the isolation of the most bioactive fractions (E2815 and E2816) with the MIC’s values ranging of 12.5–25 µg/mL for both resistant bacteria. Due to less quantity, only the fraction E2816 was subjected to analysis by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The results exhibited that the bioactive fraction was obtained as a mixture of at least three major constituents. However, the purification of the bioactive fraction is required, to further clarify the antibacterial compound that can be utilized as a new promising antibacterial agent. The bioassay-guided separation approach and the dye resazurin as an indicator of the growth of bacteria are applied for the first time for the phytopharmacological investigation from this plant. The present study represented the most effective method for subsequent finding and isolation of potential novel antibacterial constituents from A. jiringa stem roots, in particular against the multi-drug resistant strains.

This study aimed to determine the effect of 0.2 mT magnetic field exposure on metals (Al, Pb, Cd and Cu) containing media, to proteolytic index of Bacillus sp., protease activity and cell morphology of Bacillus sp. This study consisted of three stages. The first stage was a proteolytic test on solid media containing milk. The second stage was the production of protease enzymes in liquid media. The third stage was Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis on a culture treatment known as protease enzyme activity. The results showed that the largest proteolytic index on CuCl2 metal ion content of magnetic 0.2 mT magnetic field for 10 minutes increased the value of the largest proteolytic index was 4.33. While in the ion solution containing CdCl2, Bacillus sp. culture did not grow. In the production of enzymes in the liquid medium, the highest enzyme activity (0.140 U/ ml) was produced on a medium containing AlCl3 and exposed to magnetic fields. The SEM analysis also proved that the supplementation of AlCl3 increased cell length by 2.38 and 2.78 times longer than control without magnetic field and for magnet field, respectivelly.

The purpose of this study was to find how the effects of coconut water plus atonic on tomato plant growth. The study was conducted from October to November 2019 at the Laboratory of Botany, Department of Biology FMIPA University of Lampung. The study was conducted in a 2x3 factorial experiment with a completely randomized design. Factor A is young coconut water with 3 levels of concentration i.e. 0% v/v, 25% v/v, and 50% v/v. Factor B is atonic with 2 concentration levels, namely 0% v/v and 10% v/v. As variables are high, fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content, and chlorophyll content of plants. Levene Test, Variance Analysis is carried out at a 5% significance level. Main effects and simple effects were analyzed by the Tukey test at 5% significance level. The results showed that the interaction between coconut water and atonic had a negative effect on the growth of tomato plants. The results of the study concluded that coconut water combine with atonic can not improve tomato plant growth.

As one of the horticultural plants that has important economic value, the cultivation of red chili ( Capsicum annuum L.) is often constrained by the attack of Fusarium sp., which can cause losses due to decreased production. Induction of the magnetic field on the plant is known to be able to increase growth, development, and production in various plants. In this research, we studied the production of chili grown from seeds exposed to a 0.2 mT magnetic field and then infected with Fusarium sp. The study was conducted factorial using a completely randomized design with 2 factors. The first factor is the exposure of a 0.2 mT magnetic field to the seeds consisting of controls, without exposure to a magnetic field (M 0 ), magnetic field exposure for 7 minutes 48 seconds (M 7 ), and 15 minutes 30 seconds (M 15 ). The second factor is Fusarium sp. infection on seeds that have been exposed to a magnetic field for 60 minutes by immersion of the seeds with spore suspension of Fusarium sp. with the density of 1 x 10 7 conidia/ml (F 60 ), and without Fusarium sp. infection (F 0 ). Each treatment unit was repeated 5 times. The data obtained were analyzed for variance at α = 5% followed by the least significant difference test using the Fishers Test at α = 5%. The results of data analysis showed that the interaction of 0,2 mT magnetic field exposure and infection of Fusarium sp. in chili seeds significantly affect the stomata index, the fruiting rate, and the number of fruit but do not affect the content of total chlorophyll, carbohydrate, as well as the number of flowers. The highest fruiting rate and number of fruits obtained from the treatment result of 0.2 mT magnetic field exposure for 15 minutes 36 seconds without Fusarium sp. infection (M 15 F 0 ). Infection of Fusarium sp. in these seeds (M 15 F 60 ) reduce the fruiting rate and the number of fruit but it is not significant and even almost similar with the fruiting rate and the fruit number of the plant growth from control treatment (M 0 F 60 ). Key words : magnetic field, Fusarium sp., seed, and production.

The first mitochondrial genome of Ophiocara porocephala was determined by the combination of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and Sanger sequencing methods. A complete circular mitogenome of O. por...

Introduction: Heart failure is a prevalent world wide. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are widely prescribed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the two drugs in heart failure patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods: This meta-analysis was performed on research articles on the drugs of heart failure patients in PubMed, ProQuest and EBSCO database published between 2008-2018. Pooled odds ratio (OR) are calculated using fixed and random effects models. Data were processed using Review Manager 5.3 (RevMan 5.3).Results: From total 209 articles, 10 studies met the criteria for systematic review. Meta-analysis result showed that there were no difference effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors versus angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (RR = 1.73 [95% CI 0.88-3.40], p=0.11). Heterogeneity test for studies (Pheterogeneity = p = 0.334) and Begg’s test (p = 0.180).Conclusion: This analysis confirmed there were no difference effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) versus angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in heart failure patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

DHF (Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever) is a serious problem in Indonesia. DHF disease control has been applied so far, one of which is the use of larvacide temephos (abate). However larvacide is a chemical insecticide that has a negative impact on human health and causes resistance. Therefore in this research, biological control is carried out by utilizing entomopathogenic fungi as a larvacide. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi isolated from Ae aegypti larvae. Against the death of Ae. Aegypti mosquito larvae with the moist chamber method. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial pattern and performed two repetitions. Factor A is a type of fungi with 3 levels, namely A1: Aspergillus sp1, A2: Aspergillus sp2, and A3: Syncephalastrum sp. Factor B is a dilution with 7 levels, namely B0: Control, B1: 100 (without dilution), B2: 10-1, B3: 10-2, B4: 10-3, B5: 10-4, B6: 10-5 with every treatment was applied in 2 repetitions. Observations were made 24 hours after treatment for 3 days. Data were analyzed using analysis of variances (anova) and continued with the Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) at 5%. The results indicate that fungi isolates are the most effective in killing Ae. Aegypti mosquito larvae is Aspergillus sp1 and Aspergillus sp2 on the treatment of spores without dilution. Key words: DHF; larvacide; Aedes aegypti; Entomopathogenic Fungi.

Due to over exploitation, the population of Eusideroxylon zwageri is decreasing drastically. One simple technique to conserve the last remaining genetic resources of E. zwageri is by air layering. The experiment was divided into two. The experiment was conducted from July 2018 to February 2019. The first experiment was conducted using branches that grew from coppices while the second experiment using twigs that grew from normal adult trees. Randomized Block Design was applied with three replicates. The treatments were consisted of nine concentration of auxin namely 0 ppm of auxin; 1, 000 ppm; 1,500 ppm; 2,000 ppm and 2,500 ppm of IAA and 1,000 ppm; 2,000 ppm; 3,000 ppm and 4,000 ppm of IBA. The result of experiment shows that the IBA growth regulator seems to be more effective in regulating growth and rooting of E. zwageri air layering compared to IAA. Results for air layering which was taken from coppices revealed that 1,000 ppm of IBA obtained the best results. Air layering of branches taken from coppice is possible even without any additional growth regulator. While, air layering of twigs which was taken from normal trees revealed that the best treatment is 3,000 ppm of IBA.

Large‐scale conversion of tropical forests into oil palm monocultures has led to dramatic losses of biodiversity and ecosystem functions. While ecological restoration is urgently needed in many oil palm landscapes, there is a lack of scientific knowledge of sustainable management strategies. We established experimental tree islands of varying sizes (25 m² to 1,600 m²) and diversity levels (1, 2, 3 and 6 species) in an oil palm plantation in Sumatra, Indonesia. Six native multi‐purpose tree species including Archidendron pauciflorum (Jengkol), Durio zibethinus (Durian), Parkia speciosa (Petai), Shorea leprosula (Meranti), Peronema canescens (Sungkai) and Dyera polyphylla (Jelutung) were planted between living and felled oil palms. Here, we analyse the controlling factors of tree growth and survival during the first 4 years at the level of local neighbourhood and tree island. We found a significant effect of diversity levels on tree productivity, that is, basal area was higher in multi‐species than in single‐species tree islands. This overyielding was attributed to enhanced tree growth, while mortality had no effect. In the local neighbourhood, tree species richness had a positive effect on tree growth during the first year only, indicating that selection and dominance of well‐performing species at high level of diversity are most likely driving overyielding. Trees grew better away from living oil palms, suggesting tree‐palm competition. Proximity to felled oil palms increased growth especially during the first years, during which the planted trees might have benefited from the additional available space and resources. Despite positive edge effects from the conventional oil palm management in the surrounding, tree island size had an overall positive effect on tree growth. Synthesis and applications. We planted native trees in an oil palm landscape following a tree island pattern. The establishment success differed widely among the six planted species. The selection of particular species is a decisive factor to foster a positive relationship between diversity and tree growth. Planting larger tree islands (e.g. 1,600 square metres) is a better option to enhance tree growth, but tree‐palm competition implies a trade‐off between tree growth and palm oil production in the tree islands.

Poecilia reticulata is a freshwater fish from the northeastern part of South America and spread widely to various countries in Asia and other continents. However, research about P. reticulate is limited even though it is a well-known fish species in Indonesia. The purpose of study was to identify the fish species of P. reticulata through DNA barcoding using the COI gene to determine the phylogenetic relationships among fish populations in East Java, Indonesia. In a present study, there were eight samples of P. reticulata from four different freshwater locations in East Java. Extraction, amplification, and sequencing of DNA samples were conducted to obtain the genetic data and construct a phylogenetic tree based on DNA sequences. The COI gene is the most popular markers to study genetic populations and phylogeography among the animal kingdom. Our phylogenetic reconstruction showed a clear that there were two groups of P. reticulata. The first group was obtain through species from East Java, Sukabumi, West Java (KU692776.1), Dominican Republic, Pandeglang, Banten and Myanmar. The second group was P. reticulata from southern Africa, Brazil, and Sukabumi, West Java (KU692775.1). The result of this study indicate that the guppy fish in East Java identic with P. reticulata from West Java (KU692776.1), which a widely used in classification based on evolutionary relationships. The findings of this study have important implication for the development of advance research about adaptation, phylogeny, and evolution of fish, especially of guppy fish.

Green waste (GW) is an important fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW). The composting of lignocellulosic GW is challenging due to its low decomposition rate. Therefore the use of fungi inoculum as a decomposer inducer on GW composting needs to study. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of the compost induced by cellulolytic (Aspergillus fumigatus) and ligninolytic fungi (Geotrichum sp.) inoculum application on vegetative growth of red chilly plants (Capsicum annuum L.). This research was conducted in the green house of the Faculty of Agriculture the University of Lampung, Indonesia. Completely Randomized Design was adopted with five treatment dose of cellulolytic and ligninolytic compost amandmend of 0%, 10%, and 20% each (K= control, S1= Cellulose 10%, S2= cellulose 20%, L1= Ligninolytic 10% and L2= ligninolytic 20%). Parameters observed were plant height, dry weight, relative water content and chlorophyll of a, b and total. The results demonstrated that compost induced by cellulolytic fungi (Aspergilus fumigatus) and ligninolytic (Geotrichum sp) produced the optimal effect on growth parameters across all treatments. The compost application could increase significantly plant height, dry weight, relative water content. But not the chlorophyll content of a, b and total. The maximum measurements of plant height, dry weight, relative water content was achieved by S2, L2, L2, K and L2 treatments respectively. These results suggest that the inoculum induced compost has bene cial impacts for the use as organic fertilizer to enhance vegetative growth.

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of four types of entomopathogenic fungi isolated from Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from Bandar Lampung to the mortality of adult stages of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. This research was conducted in October 2018-January 2019 at the Microbiology Laboratory of FMIPA, University of Lampung. This research using factorial completely randomized design with two factor treatment. The first factor is type of isolate ( Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., IL3 (unidentified), Aspergillus sp.) and second faktor is dilution (control, 10 (without dilution), 10-1, 10-2, 10-3). Data were analyzed using ANOVA. If there are significant differences, then it is continued by the Duncan Test at the level of 5%. The results showed that the four types of fungi ( Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp. and IL3) were able to cause mortality of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes with the highest killing power was in Mucor sp. 10 (without dilution) is 43.33%. But the most effective is Mucor sp. 10 -3 because the highest dilution has been able to cause mosquito mortality by 30%. Key words : Ae. aegypti , DHF, entomopathogenic fungi, isolate, dilution.

Tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) horticultural which are very good for consumption as well as industrial materials. However, the cultivation of tomatoes still faces many obstacles, one of them is the seed. The quality of old seeds decreases with age of seeds, so that it will affect a crop production. This study aims to determine whether the magnetic field strength can improve tomato plant vigor. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) of one factor, the induction of a magnetic field consisting of 3 levels, namely 0.1 mT (M0.1), 0.2 mT (M0.2), 0.3 mT (M0,3) for 7 minutes 48 seconds. This study uses two controls; positive control the new seed (Sn) and negative control was the old seed (So) from not being given a magnetic field treatment each experiment unit is repeated 5 times. The parameters measured were plant height, chlorophyll content, and carbohydrate content. The data obtained were analyzed. If there was a difference between treatments, it was continued with the smallest difference between treatments using the Tukey's test at the 5% level. The results of the analysis prove that the magnetic field induction of the old seed can increase seed vigor, causing plant height, chlorophyll and carbohydrate content to be the same as plants from new seeds. Keywords: tomatoes, old seeds, strong magnetic field

Rainforest conversion to woody croplands impacts the carbon cycle via ecophysiological processes such as photosynthesis and autotrophic respiration. Changes in the carbon cycle associated with land-use change can be estimated through Land Surface Models (LSMs). The accuracy of carbon flux estimation in carbon fluxes associated with land-use change has been attributed to uncertainties in the model parameters affecting photosynthetic activity, which is a function of both carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) and electron transport capacity (Jmax). In order to reduce such uncertainties for common tropical woody crops and trees, in this study we measured Vcmax25 (Vcmax standardized to 25 °C), Jmax25 (Jmax standardized to 25 °C) and light-saturated photosynthetic capacity (Amax) of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (oil palm), Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree), and two native tree species, Eusideroxylon zwageri and Alstonia scholaris, in a converted landscape in Jambi province (Sumatra, Indonesia) at smallholder plantations. We considered three plantations, a monoculture rubber, a monoculture oil palm, and an agroforestry system (jungle rubber plantation), where rubber trees coexist with some native trees. We performed measurements on leaves at the lower part of the canopy, and used a scaling method based on exponential function to scale up photosynthetic capacity related traits to the top of the canopy. At the lower part of the canopy, we found (i) high Vcmax25 values for H. brasiliensis from monoculture rubber plantation and jungle rubber plantation that was linked to a high area-based leaf nitrogen content, and (ii) low value of Amax for E. guineensis from oil palm plantation that was due to a low value of Vcmax25 and a high value of dark respiration. At the top of the canopy, Amax varied much more than Vcmax25 among different land-use types. We found that photosynthetic capacity declined fastest from the top to the lower part of the canopy in oil palm plantations. We demonstrate that photosynthetic capacity related traits measured at the lower part of the canopy can be successfully scaled up to the top of the canopy. We thus provide helpful new data that can be used to constrain LSMs that simulate land-use change related to rubber and oil palm expansion.

The objectives of this study were to determine the length-weight relationships (LWRs), chelae length (ChL)-width (ChW) relationships, carapace length (CL)-width (CW) relationships, sexual dimorphism, and condition factor (K) of Cherax gherardiae from Maybrat, West Papua Indonesia. The sex ratio of C. gherardiae was found to be 1.04:1. The LWRs for males, females, and all individuals were W = 0.225L1.96, W = 0.181L2.02, and W = 0.187L2.03, respectively. Males and females exhibited negative allometric growth (b

The effects of cadmium concentration (0, 2.5 and 5 mg L−1) on melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), melanophore index (MI), and melanophore number (MN), as well as a microscopic examination of scal...

Effects of cadmium on serum osmolality, ion levels and hematological parameters of tilapia (Orechromis niloticus) were evaluated at different salinities. Serum osmolalities (SOs) in fish unexposed to Cd (0 mg l�1) and exposed to 2.5 mg Cd l�1 were not significantly different at salinities of 0, 5 and 10 g l�1, while at 15 g l�1, SO was significantly higher than at 0, 5 and 10 g l�1. Levels of Na+ and Cl� in serum at salinities of 5, 10 and 15 g l�1 were not significantly different; but were significantly higher than those at 0 g l�1 with and without Cd. In media without Cd, the lowest level of K+ in serum occurred at 15 g l�1 salinity, whereas levels of K+ at 0, 5 and 10 g l�1 were not significantly different. The levels of K+ in Cd-exposed fish at all salinities were not significantly different. At 0 g l�1 salinity, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and hematocrit in Cd-exposed fish were significantly lower than controls. At salinities of 5, 10 and 15 g l�1, levels in control and Cd-exposed fish were not significantly different indicating that higher salinity prevented Cd-induced osmotic imbalance and hematological alterations. © 2018, © 2018 Nature Research Centre.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of sub-lethal lead concentrations on serum osmolality, Na+ and Cl− levels, and hematological parameters in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) at different salinity levels. The serum osmolalities (SO) were not significantly different at any of the salinity levels in the control fish, while in Pb-exposed fish the SO increased with increasing salinity. The concentrations of serum Na+ and Cl− in both the control and Pb-exposed fish increased with increasing salinity. The levels of red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht) in the control fish were not significantly different at any of the salinity levels. Meanwhile, the levels of RBC, Hb, and Ht in Pb-exposed fish increased with increasing salinity levels. The levels of RBC (at 0 and 5 ppt) and Ht (at 0, 5 and 10 ppt) in Pb-exposed fish were lower than in the control fish. The levels of Hb in Pb-exposed fish were lower than in the control fish at all salinity levels. The levels of WBC in the control fish increased with increasing salinity, while its levels in the Pb-exposed fish decreased with increasing salinity. The levels of WBC in the Pb-exposed fish were higher than in the control fish at 0 and 5 ppt.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of sublethal cadmium concentrations on the levels of cadmium, metallothionein (MT) and histological changes in gills of East Java strain tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at different salinity levels. The levels of cadmium in control gills were not significantly different at 0, 5 and 10 practical salinity unit (PSU). The cadmium concentrations in gills of cadmium-exposed fish were significantly higher at 0 PSU than at 5, 10 and 15 PSU. The MT concentrations in control gills were not significantly different at 0, 5, and 10 PSU. The MT concentrations of cadmium-exposed fish were significantly higher than those in respective control groups at 0, 5 and 10 PSU. Significant gill damage occurred in fish exposed to cadmium at lower salinity. The epithelial lifting was noted at gills of fish exposed to 2.5 mg/L of cadmium at 0 PSU, and telangiectasis was observed at gills exposed to 5 mg/L of cadmium at 0 PSU. The level of gill damage decreased with i...

This study evaluated the effect of different salinity levels on the physiology of East Java strain tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by measuring the serum osmolalities (SO), ion levels and hematological parameters. Their SOs above the external medium (hyper-osmotic) at 0 and 5 ppt, becoming iso-osmotic at 10 ppt and hypo-osmotic at 15 ppt. The concentrations of serum Na+, K+, Cl− and Ca2+ in fish acclimated in 0 and 5 ppt were not significantly different. The levels of Na+, Cl– and Ca2+ in fish exposed to 10 and 15 ppt were higher than those in fish acclimated at 0 and 5 ppt. In contrast, the levels of K+ in fish exposed to 10 and 15 ppt were lower than those in fish exposed to 0 and 5 ppt. The levels of red blood cell, hematocrit and hemoglobin of fish exposed to salinity of 0, 5, 10 and 15 ppt were not significantly different. The levels of white blood cell increased significantly at fish exposed to 10 and 15 ppt. These data provide useful information for future reference and farming practice.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the length-weight relationship and condition factor of crayfish living in the natural habitat of South Sorong and Jayawijaya Regencies, Papua, Indonesia. Three species of crayfish (Cherax monticola, C. albertisii and C. communis) were collected from Jayawijaya Regency and only one species of crayfish (C. swonden) was collected from South Sorong Regency. The growth coefficient (b) for each crayfish species ranged from 2.55 to 3.10. C. monticola from Jayawijaya Regency presented the highest b value (3.10), and C. swonden from South Sorong Regency showed the lowest b value (2.55). The condition factors (K) for each crayfish species ranged from 1.9 to 2.3. C. monticola and C. albertissi had the highest K value (2.3), whereas C. swonden demonstrated the lowest K value (1.9). The present study indicated that the values of b and K of crayfish living in Jayawijaya were higher than those from South Sorong probably because Jayawijaya habitat provides more suitable environment and better food supply for crayfish than South Sorong.

Simple Summary Copper is an essential element for the aquatic organisms for a number of biological processes. However, it may be toxic at high concentrations. The present study revealed that the levels of Cu in gills of all Cu-exposed tilapia significantly increased during the first few days, and then gradually decreased, matching the control at D4-D5. The concentration of metallothionein (MT) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the gills of Cu-exposed fish were in line with the accumulated Cu. The increase of MT, SOD, and CAT during the first few days might be the adaptive response of the animal to Cu toxicity. MT binds the elevated Cu, while SOD and CAT scavenge the increased free radicals due to the increasing level of Cu. Cu does not affect the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in gills of fish, which suggests the SOD, CAT and MT as antioxidant defense systems were able to completely scavenge the increased free radicals. Abstract In the present study, we investigated the effects of waterborne copper (Cu) on the levels of metallothionein (MT) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in gills of cichlid fish Oreochromis niloticus. The Cu concentrations in gills were measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The sandwich-ELISA was used to measure MT, SOD, CAT, and MDA. The Cu concentrations in gills of fish that were exposed to 1, 5, and 10 mg Cu/L were significantly increased at day 1 (D1), then gradually decreased starting from D2, and reaches the similar value with the controls at D5. A similar tendency has been observed in the MT levels in the gills. All of the Cu-exposed fish showed the highest level of MT on D1, and then decreased at D3 and a plateau at D4 and D5. The levels of SOD and CAT in gills in all Cu-exposed fish showed a similar pattern: increased significantly at D1, then gradually decreased starting from D2, and increased again at D4 and D5. The levels of MDA in gills of all Cu-exposed fish showed no significant difference. The indifference levels of MDA in gills of all Cu-exposed fish suggested the antioxidant defense systems (SOD and CAT) combined with the induction of MT were able to completely scavenge the increased ROS.

Delignification and depolymerization are the great concerns in the cooking process. This research used manihot esculenta crants, eucalyptus and acacia mangium with active alkali charge of 16% to 20% and 1% variation. Active alkali charge influences degree of delignification and degree of polymerization. Every 1% AA charge increase could increase the degree of delignification in manihot esculenta crants, eucalyptus and acacia mangium of 1.15%, 0.40% and 0.85% respectively. Every 1% AA charge increase could decerase degree of polymerization in manihot esculenta crants, eucalyptus and acacia mangium of 4.14%, 3.32% and 7.04% respectively. The correlations between the degree of delignification and the degree of polymerization in the manihot esculenta crants, eucalyptus and acacia mangium were y(m) = -58,284x + 6392,8, y(e) = -119,74x + 12135 and y(a) = - 149.63x + 14716 respectively.

The conversion of highly diverse tropical lowland rainforests to monocultures of oil palm and rubber leads to drastic changes in fungal community structures. The magnitude of structuring effects, driven by changes in root or soil properties, on trophic groups with different ecological functions (mycorrhiza, saprotrophs, and pathogens) remains unknown. Here, we investigated shifts in the composition of different ecological groups of soil- and root-inhabiting fungi in response to changes in the soil and root chemistry of different land-use systems. We found an unexpectedly high turnover and low nestedness between local root and soil communities. In addition to soil pH, the root chemistry, especially root C/N, had strong bottom-up regulatory effects on the root-associated fungal assemblages, while root vitality had strong effects on the soil-residing fungi. Changes in root and soil chemistry drove divergent responses in different functional groups and had a stronger impact on fungal community structures than geographic distance. Our results suggest that changes in root chemistry promote the assemblage of specific root-associated fungal communities, largely independent of the surrounding soil community. Consequently, the recovery of root traits in intense land-use systems may stabilize the fungal communities against abiotic changes.

Bamboo is a plant that is easily found in various regions in Indonesia. Bamboo leaves are abundant and usually difficult to decompose naturally, so they are usually only burned. In fact, bamboo leaves can be a good source of organic material if processed properly. One way that can be used to overcome these problems is composting. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Aspergillus tubingensis (xylanolytic Fungi) inoculum with corn medium on the bamboo litter composting process. This research was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments consisting of Control (bamboo litter only), T1 (bamboo litter + 1% inoculum), T2 (bamboo litter + 1.5% inoculum), and T3 (bamboo litter + 2% inoculum) with 3 replications in each treatment. Chemical analysis is carried out at the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks of composting. The result indicates that application of xylanolytic fungi inoculum of A. tubingensis gives dynamic results to C, N, P, and C / N ratio of bamboo litter compost during weeks 4, 8 and 12.

This study evaluated the acute toxicity of lead in different life stages of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, determined the effect of sublethal Pb concentrations on osmoregulatory capacity (OC), measured the Pb level in gills, and investigated the effect of Pb on the structure of the gills of adult prawns. The 24-, 48-, and 96-h LC50 values for Pb to M. rosenbergii increased progressively with increasing life stage, from post-larvae (PL), juvenile to adult. The 24- and 48-h LC50 values for post-larvae ranged from 0.01- to 0.09-mg Pb/L. The 24-, 48-, and 96-h LC50 values for Pb were lower at 12 ppt than those at 0 ppt for either the juveniles or the adults. At 12 ppt, the 96-h LC50 values in PL11, juvenile and adult were 0.47-, 0.58-, and 2.03-mg Pb/L, respectively. Meanwhile, at 12 ppt, the 96-h LC50 values in PL11, juvenile and adult were 0.63-, 4.44-, and 7.98-mg Pb/L, respectively. In adults, the OC values of controls and prawns exposed to 2- and 4-mg Pb/L at 0 ppt were not signi...

Native tree planting in oil palm plantations represents one management option to increase biodiversity in oil palm dominated landscapes. Using a randomized controlled trial, we test which policy options can promote tree planting. Our policy interventions include pure information provision and a combination of information and free seedling provision. Results from a double-hurdle model suggest that both interventions are effective in stimulating tree planting in oil palm plantations. While both interventions motivate a small share of farmers to make substantial planting efforts, the combined intervention additionally induces low-intensity planting among a large share of farmers. The combination of seedling and information provision is thus more likely to spread diversified plantations over a larger area and hence might generate broader biodiversity effects. Our results provide evidence that free seedling provision does not crowd out own planting effort and is more effective under seed access constraints. While cost effectiveness does not differ significantly between the two interventions, we identify potential leverage points to increase tree survival rates among farmers who received seedlings in the intervention.

This research was purposed to understand the effect of 0.2mT magnetic field exposure treatment for 10 minutes toward medium components to the production of protease in Bacillus sp. That magnetic field exposure treatment was given to 8 medium components namely Milk, Yeast, NaCl, KH2PO4, MgSO4, (NH4)2SO4,Agar and Aquadest. Data from Qualitative Proteolytic Activity test on Bacillus sp. indicated that in all treatment, the bacteria were able to produce the enzyme. The highest Proteolytic Index (IP) from all those treatments came from the magnetically exposed KH2PO4 which was 7.17 at the 10th incubation hour. Treatment of exposure to magnetic fields is also given to the liquid medium. Quantitative data of enzyme activity showed that the best incubation time of protease production by Bacillus sp. is the 24th incubation hours with result of 0.031 U/ml. Exposure of 0.2 mT magnetic field for 10 minutes to the NaCl component in Mendel's fluid medium yielded the highest protease activity of 0.067 U/ml.

Environmental changing conditions impact the diversity of soil as well as the land fill diversity. Different environmental conditions can show different abundances of microorganism. Especially, in Wonorejo Surabaya as mangrove preservation becomes important for ecological monitoring due to a community changing. The mold diversity had been subjected to a monitoring research project, and the sample was taken from several different locations, i.e., mangrove area, estuary, river, and human settlement nearest to mangrove zone. The top soil from those several different areas was cultured on the selective medium of different pH. The pure cultures were obtained and identified by macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. The results showed that the mold diversity from different top soil types in several zones of Wonorejo Areas is diverse. There is some genus that had been collected from all locations, i.e., Aspergillus, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Penicillium, and Trichoderma. This data distribution indicates that the distribution of the mold is affected by different habitat. The natural habitat mangrove shows the most vary in genus diversity compared with land that has changed function.Environmental changing conditions impact the diversity of soil as well as the land fill diversity. Different environmental conditions can show different abundances of microorganism. Especially, in Wonorejo Surabaya as mangrove preservation becomes important for ecological monitoring due to a community changing. The mold diversity had been subjected to a monitoring research project, and the sample was taken from several different locations, i.e., mangrove area, estuary, river, and human settlement nearest to mangrove zone. The top soil from those several different areas was cultured on the selective medium of different pH. The pure cultures were obtained and identified by macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. The results showed that the mold diversity from different top soil types in several zones of Wonorejo Areas is diverse. There is some genus that had been collected from all locations, i.e., Aspergillus, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Penicillium, and Trichoderma. This data distribution indicates that t...

Acacia Mangium and Eucalyptus Pellita had been used as raw material of pulp in Indonesia. In this research 5-year old of the wood were pulped under different active alkali charge varied at 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20% and its effect on pulp yield, pulp viscosity and kappa number was investigated. The cooking was done in a rotating digester Haato 6 chambers and 300 gram of dry mass chips were used, with sulfidity 25%, H-factor 800, temperature 165˚C and ratio between chips and liquid was 1: 3,5. The pulp screened yield indicates that decreased from 53,7 to 52,25% for acacia mangium and 53,0 to 50,6% for eucalyptus pellita when active alkali charge increased. Kappa number decreased from 19,0 to 16,8 for acacia mangium and 16,69 to 13,4 for eucalyptus pellita when active alkali charge increased. The viscosity decreased from 818 to 378 ml/g for acacia mangium and 697 to 426,8 ml/g for eucalyptus pellita when active alkali charge increased.

Guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata) is commonly found in various regions and widespread distribution throughout the world, several aquatic environments in Surabaya have been known belong to the category of water quality class III or class IV. Abiotic factors that present in the environment may influence the polymorphism in a guppy fish population. When the population faces different environmental condition, it will cause the phenotypic variation in order to adapt to the conditions in the local environment. This study aims to observe the phenotypic variation of guppy fish population living in several aquatic environments with different quality levels in Surabaya. Fish samples were taken from six different locations that have been known for their water quality based on measurement of physical and chemical parameters. The total of 120 fish samples was obtained from six locations and used for phenotypic character analysis, such as body size and body color pattern. The results of this study consist of data on phenotype structure and phenogram tree. The population kinship based on phenogram tree consists of the first group that coming from a population of the class IV location, while the second group is coming from a population of the class III location. The phenotypic character of guppy fish that have different values between sites is body length, body area, the relative area of structural color, and relative area of carotenoid color.

Measuring individual body length and weight is a basic procedure in fisheries scientific studies. The length-weight relationship (LWR) is a useful tool to predict the weight at a certain length (and vice versa), analyze condition indices, and estimate the biomass of the fishery resources. The objectives of this study were to determine the LWRs, sex ratio and condition factors (K) of Scylla paramamosain from Brantas Estuary, East Java, Indonesia. Crab samples were caught using the traditional crab net of local fishers. Carapace width (cm) and body weight (g) were measured to the nearest 0.01 cm and 0.01 g, using a digital caliper and digital analytical balance, respectively. The sex ratio of male:female S. paramamosain was 1.01:1, which not significantly different from the expected 1:1 value. The carapace width of males and females S. paramamosain ranged from 7.08 cm to 11.23 cm and 5.36 cm to 13.20 cm respectively. The weight of male and female S. paramamosain ranged from 6.11 g to 31.69 g and 5.69 g to 35.69 g respectively. The b value of males, females and total individuals were 3.23, 2.59, and 2.71, respectively. The condition factor for males and females ranged from 1.52 to 2.42 and 1.38 to 2.32 respectively. © 2018 Author(s).

Two series of a study on the correlation between soil properties and distribution of ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm.& Binn.) varieties had been conducted in Senami, a natural forest stand, Jambi, Indonesia. The first was using purposive random sampling. The samples were taken from the locations where the E. zwageri varieties naturally grow in the depth of 0–30 cm and 30–60 cm. The number of composite samples was 18 which were analyzed for chemical soil properties. The second study was conducted using systematic sampling where 64 soil cores were collected from 3 different soil depths namely 0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, and 40–60 cm. The physical soil properties were analyzed from the 64 soil samples. The research results revealed that the drainage among E. zwageri varieties varied from poor conditions to moderate, while the bulk density was slightly different, from very low to low. The results also show that E. zwageri varieties are able to grow in almost any soil textures. There is no specific correlation between chemical soil properties and distribution of E. zwageri varieties. All varieties grow at almost the same condition of chemical soil properties except var. grandis.

The analysis of indigenous knowledge, morphological observations, and molecular variation are valid approaches to study plant biodiversity. A combination of these complementary methods allows a better understanding of the diversity within ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. et Binn.), an endangered ‘wild’ tropical tree species, at molecular and important functional traits. Ironwood belongs to the Lauraceae family. It is one of the most important species for construction wood in Indonesia because it is not vulnerable to termites and other ubiquitous tropical wood-destroying insects and fungi. Due to over-exploitation, populations of ironwood are decreasing and the species is included in the list of threatened tree species. Morphological variability of ironwood has been discussed and studied since the middle of the 19th century. However there is no comprehensive taxonomic assessment to the present time. The variability is mostly recognized by local people based on bark, wood and fruit characteristics. The present study has been conducted to answer whether the variation that is recognized by local people has a genetic basis. AFLPs were chosen as molecular markers best suited for this study due their capacity to estimate genome-wide genetic diversity. Morphological structure assessment was conducted to confirm specific characteristics of each variety. The percentage of polymorphic fragments was 52 %. UPGMA cluster analysis showed that 98 % of individual ironwood samples formed clusters according to their variety as recognized by local people. There was strong correspondence between clusters identified by AFLP analysis and morphological analyses.

The objective of present study is to evaluate the impact of different salinities on the levels of CAT, GSH and MDA of the gills of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Nile tilapia was treated by exposure to salinities concentration 0 �, 5 � and 10 �. Research models were weakened and sacrificed, then took the left and right sides of the gills. The result of gills homogenity was centrifuged for supernatan, then supernatan was proceed with testing levels of CAT, GSH and MDA by ELISA assay methods. The levels of CAT in gills were significantly higher at 10 � than at 5 � and 0 �. The levels of GSH in gills were significantly higher at 0 � than 5 �. The levels of GSH in gills at 5 � and 10 � salinities were not significantly different. The levels of MDA in gills at salinity 10 � and 5 � were higher than in control gills at 0 � salinities. This occurs because the salinity of 10 � salinity was optimal for live of fish tilapia. In conclusion, salinity impact the increasing of CAT, GSH, and MDA levels in gills of Nile tilapia. © 2017 Author(s).

Xestospongia testudinaria Lamarck, 1815 is a marine sponge that become a main constituent in reef ecosystems at northern waters Probolinggo-Situbondo. This barrel sponge species possesses an oxea type of spicule that varies in dimensions (length and width) in concordance to condition and location of habitat. The experiment aimed to understand how spicules condition of this sponge reacted to environment variables. Sponges’ specimen were taken by SCUBA equipment in 6-7 m, 10-11 m, and 14-15 m depths in addition to four different localities and three different part of sponges’ body (upper, middle and basal parts). Environmental variables data were also retrieved (salinity, water clarity, temperature, dissolve silica, and depth) in each locations. Results confirmed that oxea spicule size either in length or width dimensions in four locations (Batu Lawang coral cluster [BL], Karang Mayit coral cluster [KM], Paiton coral cluster [PT], and Takat Palapa [TP]) relatively increased toward depth. Likewise, the size of spicules in the TP relatively longer than three other locations. In contrast, spicules oxea in PT relatively wider than three other locations. Salinity gave negative impact to spicules length, while depth gave positive impact. Depth, water clarity, dissolve silica, and temperature gave negative effect to spicules width while salinity gave positive impact.

The prawn Macrobrachium sintangense is likely to be subjected to occasional exposure to combined metal and saline stressors in its natural environment. This research evaluated the acute toxicity (96 h LC50) of cadmium (Cd) on the prawn M. sintangense, with respect to the osmoregulatory capacity (OC) of prawns and to document histological changes in the gills after exposure to sublethal Cd concentrations at different salinities. The 96 h LC50 of Cd to M. sintangense decreased with increasing salinity. The 96 h LC50 values were 89.12 (72.53–109.50), 681.26 (554.20–837.46) and 825.37 (676.99–1006.27) μg CdL−1 at 0, 10 and 20 ppt, respectively. The OC of prawns exposed to 30 μg CdL−1 at 0 ppt and to 300 μg CdL−1 at10 ppt decreased significantly compared with that of control prawns exposed to 0 and 10 ppt respectively. Swelling, hyperplasia and necrosis of gill lamellae resulting in the loss of marginal canals were observed in the gills of prawns exposed to 30 μg CdL−1 at 0 ppt and to 300 μg CdL−1 at 10 ppt fo...

The aims of this study are to provide data and information about diversity, dominance, and distribution of the Unionidae mussels species in Brantas River, East Java, Indonesia. Mussel samples were collected from 14 sampling stations along the Brantas River, starting from upstream in Tulungagung to downstream in Surabaya ( ± 170 km) in April-May 2012. The results showed that five species of mussels, namely: Contradens contradens, Elongaria orientalis, Rectidens sumatrensis, Pseudodon vondembuschianus and Pilsbryoconcha exilis were observed in the Brantas River. Contradens contradens was the €œdominant €? species, followed by Elongaria orientalis as a common species, and Rectidens sumatrensis, Pseudodon vondembuschianus and Pilsbryoconcha exilis as rare species. Distribution of each species in the Brantas River tends to be concentrated in downstream of the river, mainly located in station 13. According to the IUCN Red List, Rectidens sumatrensis was categorized in €œData Deficient €?, while Pseudodon vondembuschianus and Pilsbryoconcha exilis were categorized in €œLeast Concern €?.

Contamination of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in the flesh on the two types of fish consisting pelagic fish include Black pomfert ( Formio niger ) whereas among other demersal fish include Tongue sand ( Cynoglossus lingua ), was conducted in March-December 2013, which was taken from the western part of Madura Strait (Gresik-Ujung pangkah, Surabaya-Kenjeran, and Sidoarjo-Sedati). Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn detected using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) brand Shimadzu AA-6200. The highest content of heavy metals, namely Pb in Cynoglossus lingua from the Sedati (5.63ppm±0.05), while a low of Cd in Formio niger from the Ujung pangkah (0.20ppm±0.004). The results show that there is a correlation between heavy metal with fish but not significantly. The content of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn in 2 fish species originating from all locations stated below the exposure limits for consumption. Safe limit fish consumption of Formio niger is based on the WHO PTWI of 347.43 grams / week and Cynoglossus lingua 191.25 grams / week. Key words: Pelagic fish, Demersal fish, Black pomfert ( Formio niger ), Tongue sand( Cynoglossus lingua ), Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Western part of Madura Strait

Conversion of structurally complex rainforests into simplified oil palm monocultures leads to dramatic losses of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. To alleviate negative ecological impacts, enrichment with native tree species may rapidly restore structural complexity in existing oil palm plantations. However, the mechanisms underlying the recovery of structural complexity in mixed-species tree plantings remain poorly understood. We measured structural complexity from terrestrial laser scanning in a biodiversity enrichment experiment with multiple tree species planted in an oil palm monoculture, forming agroforestry plots of varying tree species diversity and plot size. We find that three years after tree planting, structural complexity in oil palm increased by one third, representing 25% of the increase needed to restore the structural complexity of tropical forests. Changes in structural complexity were associated with denser and more complex filling of three-dimensional space, whereas vertical stratification was mainly influenced by oil palm. Furthermore, structural complexity increased with tree species diversity in the agroforestry plots. This relationship was mainly due the presence of well-performing species that contributed to higher levels of structural complexity. However, interactions among multiple species independently from the species identity were also detected. Finally, increasing plot size had a positive effect on a scale-independent measure of structural complexity. Our results provide evidence that planting multiple tree species in large agroforestry plots is a suitable strategy to rapidly enhance structural complexity in oil palm plantations.

The decomposition of organic matter on leaf litter substrat runs very slowly in nature resulting in the accumulation of litter in the ecosystem and has even become an organic waste that creates many problems. The research was dealt with the use of lignocellulolytic fungi inoculum consisting of 3 isolates: Aspergillus fumigatus (cellulolytic), A. tubingensis (xylanolytic) and Geotrichium sp (ligninolytic) as starter of leaf litter composting. The purpose of the study is to understand the pattern of humic-fulvat acid and C/N ratio on the process of composting of leaf litter with the addition of inoculum. Observations were made to the chemical changes of compost for 3, 6 and 9 weeks of composting and the data were analyzed in RM-anova (Repeated Measures of anova). The result shows the best pattern of humic acid and fulvic change from the initial to final composting occurs at the Geotrichum sp inoculum of 0.60 or 105.2% and for fulvic are of 0.55 or 56.1% of baseline. The highest ratio value of CHA/CFA at the end of observation was by consortium of A. fumigatus and A. tubingensis inoculums that was 2.94 and the lowest value was at commercial inoculum that was 0.80; and the sharpest change value also occurred in the consortium A. fumigatus and A. tubingensis inoculums of 2.20 or 297.3%. Therefore the consortium isolates were capable of causing the maturity of the compost most rapidly compared to other isolates.

This research used manihot esculenta crantz of 8-10 months old, eucalyptus and acacia mangium wood of 5-year-old. The active alkali (AA) charge variations of 16% to 20% with 1% intervals. The sample position of composition of manihot esculenta crantz wood was 0-22 cm above ground level. The density of manihot esculenta crantz, eucalyptus and acacia mangium were 480 g/cm3, 483 g/cm3 and 499 g/cm3, respectively. Base on FTIR analysis, have the same dominant functional groups. The average total yield manihot esculenta crantz were lower than eucalyptus or acacia mangium of 12.422% and 24.92% respectively and screen yield manihot esculenta crantz were lower than eucalyptus or acacia mangium of 13.678% and 26.85% respectively. Each AA charge increase of 1% in manihot esculenta crantz, eucalyptus and acacia mangium can decrease the total yield by 0.635%, 0.803% and 1.14%, the screen yield decreased by 0.543%, 0.563% and 2.196% respectively. The mean of KaNo difference of manihot esculenta crantz higher than eucalyptus or acacia mangium of 7.038 and 5.236 respectively. Each 1% increase in AA charge may decrease the average KaNo of manihot esculenta crantz, eucalyptus and acacia mangium were 7.693%, 3.778% and 6.628% also decreased viscosity by 3.70%, 2.99% and 0.974% respectively.

The present study reports the presence of metal concentrations (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg, and Cr) in the edible tissue of mantis shrimp (Harpiosquilla harpax de Hann, 1844) collected from the eastern region of Java Sea, Indonesia. The concentrations of metals in the muscle tissues of mantis shrimp were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentrations of metals ranged from 18.6 to 27.3 mg kg − 1 for Zn, 11.5 to 15.5 mg kg − 1 for Cu, 1.5 to 1.6 mg kg − 1 for Cd, 1.4 to 1.5 mg kg − 1 for Pb, 0.04 to 0.06 μ g kg − 1 for Hg, and 0.02 to 0.03 μ g kg − 1 for Cr. The metals concentrations in the analyzed muscles of mantis shrimp were in the order: Zn >Cu>Cd>Pb>Hg>Cr. The levels of Cd in mantis shrimp from the eastern coast of Java Sea exceed the permissible limit for human consumption, according to WHO, FAO, EC, and Indonesia standards, while the levels of Pb exceed the FAO and EC standards. The estimated weekly intakes (EWI) of Zn, Cu, Hg, and Cr were below the recommended values: 7000, 3500, 5.6 and 15 μ g kg−1 body weight (BW), respectively. Meanwhile, the EWIs of Cd and Pb were higher and very close to the recommended values: 7 and 25 μ g kg−1 BW, respectively. To minimize the health risk due to the negative effects of Cd and Pb, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of this mantis shrimp.