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In current work, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared by a rapid biogenic technique “Green method” utilizing root extract of Olea ferruginea. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized for UV visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies (HRTEM) and biological assays. UV visible absorption spectroscopy confirms the formation of AgNPs by giving Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak at 430 nm. FTIR study showed occurrence of various functional groups present in root extract of Olea ferruginea. X-ray diffraction analysis determined the crystalline nature of bio-fabricated silver nanoparticles. The elemental composition of green made silver nanoparticles was studied through Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. SEM & HRTEM study revealed the size, shape, surface morphology & dispersion level of molecules. The biologically synthesized AgNPs showed high antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant activity. The AgNPs are observed to be an excellent catalyst on reduction of hazardous dyes, which is confirmed by a decrease in absorbance of maximum values.

This article has been retracted, and the online PDF has been watermarked “RETRACTION”. The retraction notice is available at https://doi.org/10.3233/MGC-219901.

Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) is the main cause of chronic dermatophytosis which is highly prevalent worldwide. This study was aimed to fabricate and characterize polymeric emulgel of eugenol and linalool for the treatment of T. rubrum infections. Using the slow emulsification method, the emulgel was prepared and characterized for thermodynamic stability, pH analysis, viscosity, spreadability, swelling behavior, %drug content, surface morphology, globules size, polydispersity index, surface charge (mV), thermal behavior, in vitro drug release and XRD studies. Biological activities of emulgel were conducted against T. rubrum in vitro and in vivo. Results indicated that emulgel formulations were thermodynamically stable. The pH of the formulations was within an acceptable range for skin. The viscosity and spreadability were optimum for the better patient compliance. The swelling behavior was 111.10 ± 1.25% after 90 min. The drug content was within the official pharmacopeia limit i.e., 100 ± 10%. The surface morphology revealed by scanning electron microscopy showed a spherical-shaped structure with characteristic larger cracks and wrinkles. The droplet size, PDI, and surface charge of the optimized emulgel were 888.45 ± 8.78 nm, 0.44 and −20.30 mV, respectively. The emulgel released 84.32% of eugenol and 76.93% of linalool after 12 hr. There was complete disappearance of the diffraction peaks corresponding to the drugs after XRD analysis. In rabbits, the infection was safely and completely recovered after 12 days and the emulgel produced significant effects (p &lt, 0.05) similar to the standard product Clotrim®. It is concluded that the eugenol–linalool emulgel best described all its physical properties and can be applied topically for the treatment of T. rubrum infections.

Marine algae are rich in bioactive nutraceuticals (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, fatty acids, antioxidants, and pigments). Biotic (e.g., plants, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, pH, salinity, light intensity) contribute to the production of primary and secondary metabolites by algae. Easy, profitable, and sustainable recovery methods include novel solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction techniques (e.g., supercritical, high pressure, microwave, ultrasound, enzymatic). The spectacular findings of algal-mediated synthesis of nanotheranostics has attracted further interest because of the availability of microalgae-based natural bioactive therapeutic compounds and the cost-effective commercialization of stable microalgal drugs. Algal extracts can serve as stabilizing/capping and reducing agents for the synthesis of thermodynamically stable nanoparticles (NPs). Different types of nanotherapeutics have been synthesized using physical, chemical, and biological methods. Marine algae are a fascinating source of lead theranostics compounds, and the development of nanotheranostics has been linked to enhanced drug efficacy and safety. Indeed, algae are remarkable nanobiofactories, and their pragmatic properties reside in their (i) ease of handling; (ii) capacity to absorb/accumulate inorganic metallic ions; (iii) cost-effectiveness; and (iv) capacity of eco-friendly, rapid, and healthier synthesis of NPs. Preclinical and clinical trials shall enable to really define effective algal-based nanotherapies. This review aims to provide an overview of the main algal compounds that are nutraceuticals and that can be extracted and purified for nanotheranostic purposes.

Pseudomonas includes ubiquitous, opportunistic, pathogenic bacteria known to produce a variety of bioactive compounds. Objective of present study was to evaluate bioactive secondary metabolites produced by novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa BS25 strain. The bacterium isolated from patient’s wound was identified via 16S rRNA sequencing. To prepare extracts, nonpolar to polar solvents, i.e., hexane [H], ethyl acetate [E], acetone–ethyl acetate [AE] and water [W], were used. Cytotoxicity screening was performed against three cancer cell lines: HeLa, HepG2 and SHSY5Y. The effect on cell proliferation and mitochondrial activity was measured in HepG2 and Leishmania major. Furthermore, induction of apoptosis, necrosis, singlet oxygen release, lipid peroxidation and DNA binding were evaluated. For chemical composition colorimetric methods, TLC, HPLC and GC–MS analysis were performed. Extract [H] was effective against all cancer cell lines (relative viability: HeLa = 42.97 ± 3.46%, HepG2 = 41.54 ± 4.26%, SHSY5Y = 49.18 ± 2.98%). It strongly inhibited cell proliferation and mitochondrial activity (HepG2 IC50: 168.93 µg/ml), inducing apoptosis (apoptotic cells: 150 µg/ml = 24.89 ± 1.7%, 200 µg/ml = 43.83 ± 2.92%). Furthermore, [H] induced oxidative stress (ΦΔ = 0.5 ± 0.17) and generated TBARs (150 µg/ml = 1.81 ± 0.02 and 200 µg/ml = 2.1 ± 0.2) and DNA degradation. On the other hand, IC50 for L. major was 94.2 µg/ml. Chemical composition analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, whereas TLC and HPLC revealed two major fractions, and GC–MS showed similarity with l-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate and 7,9-di-tertbutyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5) deca-6,9-diene-8-one. [H] of BS25 strain exhibits strong biological activity including ROS production, DNA damage and induction of apoptosis. Further investigations on normal cells and in vivo effects are required to fully understand its therapeutic potential.

Seaweeds are broadly distributed and represent an important source of secondary metabolites (e.g., halogenated compounds, polyphenols) eliciting various pharmacological activities and playing a relevant ecological role in the anti-epibiosis. Importantly, host (as known as basibiont such as algae)–microbe (as known as epibiont such as bacteria) interaction (as known as halobiont) is a driving force for coevolution in the marine environment. Nevertheless, halobionts may be fundamental (harmless) or detrimental (harmful) to the functioning of the host. In addition to biotic factors, abiotic factors (e.g., pH, salinity, temperature, nutrients) regulate halobionts. Spatiotemporal and functional exploration of such dynamic interactions appear crucial. Indeed, environmental stress in a constantly changing ocean may disturb complex mutualistic relations, through mechanisms involving host chemical defense strategies (e.g., secretion of secondary metabolites and antifouling chemicals by quorum sensing). It is worth mentioning that many of bioactive compounds, such as terpenoids, previously attributed to macroalgae are in fact produced or metabolized by their associated microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites). Eventually, recent metagenomics analyses suggest that microbes may have acquired seaweed associated genes because of increased seaweed in diets. This article retrospectively reviews pertinent studies on the spatiotemporal and functional seaweed-associated microbiota interactions which can lead to the production of bioactive compounds with high antifouling, theranostic, and biotechnological potential.

Background and Objective: Synergistic combinations of various antimicrobial agents have been introduced as extra successful strategies to combat multidrug resistant (MDR) infections. This study was undertaken to evaluate MDR profiling of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical specimens of two public hospitals of twin Pakistani cities as well as to explore in vitro antibacterial potential of Nigella sativa L. (black cumin or black seeds) extract against Mec A gene positive Staphylococcus aureus strains. Materials and Methods: The MDR strains were then screened for positive Mec A gene by PCR and sequencing. A total of 500 bacterial strains were subjected to antimicrobial and Nigella sativa seeds susceptibility and minimal inhibitory concentration assays. The data were evaluated as Mean±Standard deviation of five independent experiments. The results were analyzed using t-test with SPSS version 16.0. Results: Methanolic extracts of Nigella sativa seeds showed maximum activity against Mec A gene positive Staphylococcus aureus alone and in combination with the penicillin antibiotic Augmentin® plus the second-generation Cephamycin, Cephalosporins, Mefoxin® (Cefoxitin). The anti-MRSA activity was reduced when methanolic extracts of Nigella sativa seeds were used in combination with the pain reliever and the fever reducer paracetamol (acetaminophen). Eventually, it has been observed that the anti-staphylococcal activity of Nigella sativa led to changes in bacterial cell morphology indicating that the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria as likely a target of action. Conclusion: This study provides new insights about synergistic antimicrobial and Nigella sativa crude extract activities against MDR Staphylococcus aureus strains. Scopus

Background Vitiligo is a repugnant and odious dermatological malady of the time. It has an detrimental impact on the pigmentation of the human skin as a result of the destruction of cutaneous melanocytes. It affects 1%-2% of the population worldwide. Different therapeutic regimens have been deployed to treat vitiligo, but none of them could stand alone to be stated as a perfect cure. Recently, a change has been observed through novel experimental-designed optimization leading to the development of an anti-vitiligo ointment containing Psoralea corylifolia (PC) seed powder. Aim The aim of this study was to explore the clinical outcomes of ointment containing powdered seeds of PC. Materials and methods Guided by the protocol Response Surface Methodology, 13 formulations of concentration variance of permeation enhancers were prepared. The formulation fulfilling the required criteria (pH; temperature stability tests at 8°C±0.1°C, 25°C±0.1°C and 40°C±0.1°C; and the physical properties such as color, bleeding and rheology) was selected for clinical trials. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies of seed powder of PC and selected formulation of the seed powder were performed. After obtaining informed consents and with prior approval of university and hospital ethical review boards, 20 patients (age range 25-65 years) were included in the present study. Formulations were applied on the affected body parts of patients, and some affected portion of the same patient was taken as control (self-control study design). The pigmentation of white spots of vitiligo was photographically evaluated before, during and after 12 weeks of treatment. Analysis of the measured values was performed using GraphPad Prism version 5 statistical software. A paired sample t-test was performed to observe variation between repigmented patches and white patches of self-control. Results Hydrophilic ointment (10% w/w) prepared with seed powder of PC was fabricated. The ointment was found effective for small circular white lesions of vitiligo as compared to self-control. Pre- and post-treatment differences in the levels of pigmentation were statistically significant (P≤0.05). Conclusion Ointment containing seed powder of PC could be an effective monotherapy for small circular white lesions of vitiligo.

Cassia fistula, a flowering plant in the family of Caesalpinaceae (Fabaceae), is used in traditional medicine for several indications. Nevertheless, too little is known about its effects on skin conditions and skin aging. Therefore, in this pioneering study, the extracts of oil-in-water macro-emulsions containing 5% C. fistula (L.) crude pods (i.e., phyto-active formulation) were optimally developed and compared to the placebo (i.e., emulsions without the crude extract) for assessment of their effects on human skin aging. Healthy adult male volunteers (n = 13) with a mean age of 31 ± 5.5 years (range: 24–47 years) were enrolled after informed written consent. For 12 consecutive weeks, the subjects were directed to use a patch containing the active emulsion on one of their forearms as well as a patch containing the placebo on their other forearm. Biometrological measurements of skin hydration (SH) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were performed on both sides of their respective cheeks at time 0 (baseline values), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12th weeks. Surface evaluation of living skin (SELS) was taken at time 0 (baseline values) or after 1, 2 and 3 months. Topical application of C. fistula extracts showed a significant (p &lt, 0.05) increase in stratum corneum hydration level, a significant enhancement in its water-holding function as well as in its barrier function. Further, significant (p &lt, 0.005) ameliorations of skin aspects were observed (i.e., less roughness, less dryness, less wrinkles). Taken together, our results strongly suggest therapeutic and esthetic potential of C. fistula pod’s extracts to prevent or delay human skin aging.

Introduction Numerous herbal medicines have been recommended for the treatment of different diseases. Achyranthes aspera, Linn. (Family: Amaranthaceae), popularly known as Charchitta or Pitpapra, is commonly used by traditional healers for the treatment of fever, malaria, dysentery, asthma, arterial hypertension, pneumonia, and diabetes. The root extract is well reputed for its insect molting hormonal activity. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of saponins from Achyranthes aspera seeds on the serum lipid profile of albino rats fed a high cholesterol diet. Material and methods Hypolipidemic, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of these saponins were tested as described previously. To determine the mechanism underlying the observed effects, serum antioxidant status was assessed according to ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), superoxide dismutase and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays in saponin-treated hyperlipidemic animals. Liver enzyme levels were determined to reveal any possible hepatotoxicity. Results Four-week oral administration of A. aspera seed saponins produced a significant (p < 0.05) decrease of total cholesterol, total triglycerides and LDL-C and a significant increase of HDL-C level in hyperlipidemic rats. Treatment with A. aspera seed saponins also showed a significant (p < 0.01) improvement of serum antioxidant status in tested animals. No significant hepatotoxicity was produced by such treatment as the serum liver enzyme activity remained unaltered. Conclusions Saponins from A. aspera seeds possess antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties which might lead to improvement of serum lipid profile and blood antioxidant status. Our findings support the folkloric use of this indigenous plant in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. However, its exact mechanism of action remains to be elucidated.

Background Scorpion venom is the most expensive and deadly venom with exciting medical prospects and having a potential as a source of drug candidates. A number of scorpion venom peptides have shown promising site specificity and are involved in the regulation of biological mechanisms. Due to the structural and functional specificity, the scorpion peptides are widely used for the development of specific drugs especially for the cardiovascular and other immune diseases. In this review, we summarize scorpion venom's biological activities such as antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-cancerous and in immune diseases. Evolutionary perspective of peptides derived from different scorpion venoms are also described in this review. The most significant venom peptides are; Ctriporin, Chlorotoxins (cltx), Neopladine I and II, Meucin 24, Meucin 25 and Hp 1090. The most recognized scorpion species with pharmaceutical activities are; Pandinus imperator, Chaerilustricostatus, Buthus martensii, Mesobuthus eupeus, Leiurus quinnquestriatus, Tityus discrepans and Heterometrus bengalensis. Conclusion The role of peptides in cardiovascular events and in treating osteoporosis signifies their importance. The role of peptides against pathogens, skin infections, pain-relieving effects, anti-malarial and anti-viral effects are discussed in detail. We further, summarized the classification of scorpion peptides among different toxins, their evolutionary process and the pattern of scorpion venom resource analysis.

Aims Screening of seaweed-associated bacteria capable of producing antimicrobials. Methods and results Fifteen microbial strains, associated to the brown seaweed Pelvetia canaliculata (Linnaeus) attached to the rocks of Sonmiani Beach (Karachi, Pakistan), were screened. Crude extract filtrates of CMG S2 strain grew on Zobell marine agar (ZMA) had the most remarkable antimicrobial activity. Based on its phenotypic aspects (e.g. Gram-positive, microccoid form), biochemical characteristics (e.g. halotolerance) and genetic analyses, CMG S2 is identified as a putatively new Kocuria marina type strain belonging to the actinobacteria’s class and micrococcaceae family. Thereby, the nucleotide sequence analysis of its full-length 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene (GenBank accession number EU073966.1 ) displayed highest identity (i.e. 99%) and score (2630) with K. marina KMM 3905. Phylogenic trees analysis using the neighbor-joining method showed closest evolutionary distance of CMG S2 with KMM 3905 strain and K. carniphila (DC2201) specie. Interestingly, a unique ultraviolet (UV)-bioactive compound was purified from CMG S2 crude extracts by flash silica gel column and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) techniques. Its chemical structure was unraveled as 4-[(Z)-2 phenyl ethenyl] benzoic acid (PEBA, later named kocumarin) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques. Importantly, kocumarin demonstrated prominent and rapid growth inhibition against all tested fungi and pathogenic bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with a minimal fungal inhibitory concentration (MFC) of 15–25 μg/mL and a minimal (bacterial) inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10–15 μg/mL. Significance and impact of the study Kocumarin represents a new promising natural antibiotic for in vivo and environmental applications.

Hippophae rhamnoides L. and Cassia fistula L. extracts have great potential as food, medicinal, or cosmetic ingredients. The aim of our study was to assess their relative antioxidant activities and key enzymatic activities. Thereby, H. rhamnoides’ fruit and C. fistula’s pod extracts were evaluated by spectrophotometry, based on their respective total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) ferric-reducing power, capacity in nitric oxide, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals scavenging, as well as on their β-glucuronidase, α-glucosidase and α-tyrosinase inhibition activities. H. rhamnoides and C. fistula extracts exhibited similarly high TPC levels, hydroxyl ion [OH•] quenching activity, and α-glucosidase and α-tyrosinase IC50 values (p > 0.05). However, their respective DPPH radical, nitric oxide radical [NO•], and superoxide anion [O2−•] scavenging activities, as well as their IC50 values for β-glucuronidase, significantly differed (p ≤ 0.05), with results showcasing the highest values in C. fistula extracts. In sum, our in vitro data explicitly suggest that the pod extracts of C. fistula exert better antioxidant and enzymatic properties than those exhibited by the fruit extract of H. rhamnoides. They also implicitly encourage performing multiple in vitro assays in order to thoroughly select a plant extract destined to a given medicinal, dietetic, or esthetic application.

Structural transformation of ezetimibe was performed by fungi Beauvaria bassiana and Cunninghamella blakesleeana. The metabolites were identified by different spectroscopic techniques as (3R,4S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-((E)-3-(4-fluorophenyl) allyl)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl) azetidin-2-one (2), (3R, 4S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(3-(4fluorophenyl)-3-oxopropyl)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl) azetidin-2-one (3), (3R,4S) 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-fluorophenyl) propyl)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl) azetidin-2-one (4) and (2R,5S)-N, 5-bis (4-fluorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxybenzyl) pentanamide (5). This study displays two important features of these fungi, viz., their ability to metabolize halogenated compounds, and their capacity to metabolize drugs that are targets of the UDP-Glucuronyl Transferase System, a phenomenon not commonly observed.

Introduction: Numerous plant products described in the scientific literature show distinct activities on the skin, such as moisturizing, antioxidant, sunscreen, anti-acne and depigmentation. Aim: The main objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emulsion formulations containing plant extracts (Hippophae rhamnoides and Cassia fistula) and placebo (without plant extracts) on acne patients. Material and methods: A single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, split-face study was designed. Two groups of 25 patients each (aged 18–37 years) with grade I and grade II acne vulgaris received active formulations on the left side of their cheeks and placebo on the right side of their cheeks twice daily for 12 weeks. Prior to the study, signed consent was obtained from each patient. The anti-bacterial activity of the extracts and formulations was tested in vitro. The skin sebum contents of patients were evaluated by the sebumeter® and subjectively using a clinical evaluation before and after treatment of 12 weeks. One way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used in the statistical analysis. Results: A significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in the level of sebum contents was observed in both groups who used formulations (F1 and F2) containing the plant extract. The difference between pre- and post-treatment levels of sebum contents was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). Formulations containing plant extracts were found effective in the reduction of skin sebum contents (anti-acne effects) sebumetrically as well as clinically when compared to placebo (F3). Conclusions: Formulations with 5% plant extracts could be effective, safe, and well-tolerated topical medications for grade I and grade II acne vulgaris.

Introduction:Melasma/hyperpigmentation and solar damage of the skin remains a difficult problem to treat. Various types of whitening agents are used to treat hyperpigmentation. A change has been observed recently to use plant extracts as skin whitening agents. Aim:To compare the effectiveness of emulsion formulations containing plant extracts that include catechins/polyphe nols and placebo without plant extracts, on patients with melasma. Material and methods:Two groups of 25 patients each (aged 21‐35 years), who reported to the outpatient depart ment of BV Hospital and Personal clinic of a dermatologist, were included in the study. Volunteers applied the formulations with plant extracts and placebo to one side of the cheek. Prior to the study, signed consent was obtained from each patient. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the extracts and formulations was tested in vitro . The pig ment density of patients was evaluated biometrologically using Mexameter ®and subjectively using a visual survey before and after treatment of 12 weeks. The approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee of Faculty of Pharmacy, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur was obtained before the study. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used in the statistical analysis. Results:Asignificant decrease in the level of melanin was determined in all 50 patients who used a plant extract containing catechin ( p ≤0.05). The difference between pre- and post-treatment levels of melanin was statistically significant ( p= 0.05). Formulations prepared with plant extracts containing catechin were found effective on melas ma, compared to the placebo. Conclusions:Formulations containing plant extracts that are not yet being used widespread commercially on melas ma could be an effective alternative treatment of melasma.

A b s t R A c t Reliance on herbal medicines in the management of diseases is still much experienced by a large share of the people especially rural population due to their easy accessibility and cost effectiveness. because of greater than before attentiveness regarding significance of conventional medicine in health care, research on medicinal plants would be valuable. Hippophae rhamnoides has been used customary in Chinese and Russian medicine for some decades. Today, a range of health products are being manufactured from Hippophae rhamnoides. Applications include skin disorders such as eczema, psoriasis, lupus erythematosus and dermatosus, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, burns, digestive tract disorders, anti-inflammation and UV radiations protecting effects. This review aims, (I) to refresh the importance of Hippophae rhamnoides to the medicinal plant researchers and (ii) to presents new information such as anti-sebum secretion effects of Hippophae rhamnoides.

Medicinal plants have recently received the attention of the antimicrobial activity of plants and their metabolites due to the challenge of growing incidents of drug-resistant pathogens . The aims of this study were to determine the antibacterial activities of the three extract (70% methanol, 70% ethanol and 70% acetone) from leaves of Juniperus phoenicea. Also effect as antioxidant of different extracts. For each solvent, content of total phenolics and flavonoids were quantified. Antioxidant activity of different extracts were screened using the ferric reducing power and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging. The results showed that 70% acetone is the best solvent for the extraction of total phenolics, flavonoids, scavenging activity and have exhibited the higher reducing power. The antibacterial activity of the three extractions from leaves of Juniperus phoenicea was evaluated against five bacterial strains. The results showed that all extracts of Juniperus phoenicea leaves at concentration of 20%, 30% and 40% were effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We suggest the three extraction solvents of Juniperus phoenicea leaves were rich in phenolic constituents. Our investigation allows us to support that Juniperus phoenicea has the antioxidant activity and is effective against all Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

The objective of this study was to develop a pharmaceutical O/W emulsion containing plant-derived polyphenol extracts and evaluate its stability and antioxidant activity. O/W emulsions were prepared using ionic surfactant polysorbate 80 (Tween 80®). The odorwas adjusted with few drops of blue sea fragrance. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts alone and emulsions containing these extracts. Physical stability was assessed by submitting the emulsions to storage at 8 ºC, 25 ºC, 40 ºC and 40 ºC + 70% RH (relative humidity) for two months. Various physical characteristics of emulsions monitored, include color, creaming, liquefaction, centrifugation and pH. Brookfield rotational rheometer was used to determined viscosities and rheological behavior of emulsions. Different types of emulsion were determined microscopically, while pH values of emulsions were measured by a pH meter. Electrical conductivity data confirmed that the outer phase was water. Samples presented an acceptable pH value for an external topical use. Shear thinning behaviour was observed for all emulsions. The polyphenol-rich-plant-derived extracts alone and the extract containing emulsions showed good antioxidant activities. This research confirmed that the method used was suitable for preparing emulsions with Hippophae rhamnoids and Cassia fistula extracts, suggesting that those emulsions are suitable for topical use. O presente estudo objetivou o desenvolvimento de uma emulsão farmacêutica óleo-água contendo extratos de plantas ricos em polifenóis, a comparação à sua formulação-controle e a avaliação de sua estabilidade, assim como de sua capacidade antioxidante. Extrato concentrado de Hippophae rhamnoids e Cassia fistula foi encapsulado no interior da fase oleosa da emulsão O/W. As emulsões foram preparadas usando o tensoativo iônico monooleato sorbital de polioxietileno (Tween 80®). O odor foi ajustado pela adição de algumas gotas de fragrância azul do mar. O ensaio do DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-picrilidrazil) foi utilizado para avaliar a atividade antioxidante dos extratos de plantas sozinhos e nas emulsões contendo os extratos. A estabilidade física foi avaliada submetendo os cremes a diferentes temperaturas de estocagem, como a 8 ºC, 25 ºC e 40 ºC e a 40% + 70% de umidade relativa por um período de 2 meses. As características físicas das emulsões foram monitoradas por 2 meses incluindo cor, cremosidade, liquefação, centrifugação e pH. O reômetro rotacional de Brookfield foi utilizado para determinar a viscosidade e o comportamento reológico das emulsões. O programa Rheocalc Brookfield foi utilizado para análise dos dados. As características organolépticas também foram avaliadas. O tipo de emulsão foi determinado microscopicamente, enquanto o pH das emulsões foi avaliado por meio de um pHmetro. A estabilidade farmacêutica esperada das emulsões foi alcançada dentro dos dois meses de estudo. Os resultados da condutividade elétrica confirmaram que a fase externa da emulsão era composta de água. O pH das amostras estava dentro da normalidade para uso tópico. A emulsão apresentou boa fragrância e pode ser retirada da pele com água após a aplicação, características desejáveis em emulsões O/W. Os extratos vegetais ricos em polifenóis isolados ou nas emulsões apresentaram boa atividade antioxidante. Nossos estudos confirmaram que o método utilizado foi adequado para preparar a emulsão semi-sólida contendo extratos de Hippophae rhamnoids e Cassia fistula. Nossos achados sugerem que emulsões contendo extratos de Hippophae rhamnoids e Cassia fistula são adequados para o uso tópico.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of topically applied water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion of Hippophae rhamnoides using standard R cutometer parameters. Methods: A w/o emulsion of 1 % hydro-alcoholic extract of H. rhamnoides (formulation) and placebo control (base) were used in the study. Eleven healthy male volunteers with a mean age of 24.5 years were selected after obtaining informed consent. The subjects were assigned to blindly use either the formulation or the base for 7 consecutive weeks. The skin mechanical parameters determined with a cutometer, were R0 (first maximum amplitude), R2 (gross-elasticity), R6 (viscoelasticity), R7 (biological elasticity) and R8 (total recovery). In addition, the antioxidant activity of the formulation was evaluated by 1, 1-diphenil-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Results: Topical application of 1 % organic extract emulsion of H. rhamnoides improved most of the biomechanical parameters evaluated when compared to the base group (p < 0.05). However, skin extensibility and firmness of the active formulation- and base-treated groups (R0) were not different (p < 0.01). Of note, a significant correlation between the active formulation and the improvement of the skin mechanical parameters was observed. The active formulation was found to be superior than the placebo control. Conclusion: The topical antioxidant emulsion of H. rhamnoides significantly improved skin biomechanical parameters after 7 weeks of treatment. The data obtained suggest that H. rhamnoides could be an alternative pharmacological tool for treating age-related loss of skin elasticity.

Purpose: To formulate stable water in oil (W/O) emulsion containing hydroalcoholic crude extract of Ziziphus mauritiana leaves for skin rejuvenation. Methods: Placebo (base) without any plant extract and formulation with 4 % Ziziphus mauritiana extract were prepared by mixing. Samples of the emulsions were subjected to varying storage conditions, i.e., 8, 25, 40 o C and 40 o C + 75 % relative humidity for a period of 4 weeks to predict their stability. During this period, stability parameters, including liquefaction, phase separation, color, electrical conductivity, centrifugation and pH were monitored at specified time intervals. Skin rejuvenation was evaluated using 13 healthy human volunteers over a period of 8 weeks. During this period, various skin parameters such as erythema, melanin level, moisture content, elasticity and sebum content of the skin were evaluated at specified intervals. Results: Both the active formulation and placebo were stable in terms of liquifaction, phase separation and color at all the storage conditions of temperature and humidity. Active formulation showed statistically significant ( p 0.05). Both active and placebo formulations changed skin elasticity and erythema significantly ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: It is evident from the findings that the leaf extract of Ziziphus mauritiana possesses antiaging properties as well as exert skin lightening, moisturizing and viscoelastic effects on human skin. Keywords: Ziziphus mauritiana , Melanin, Erythema, Sebum, Skin-tlightening, Moistirizing, Anti-aging

Trust on traditional medicines in the treatment of ailment is at a halt and a lot of population, especially rural population, still believes on herbs due to their easy accessibility and cost effectiveness. Due to greater attentiveness concerning significance of conventional medicine in health care, research on medicinal plants would be valuable. The plants of genus Terminalia, comprising of 250 species, are widely distributed in tropical areas of the world. Fruits of Terminalia chebula (Family: Combretaceae) commonly known as black Myroblans in English and Harad in Hindi, are widely grown in Pakistan and India among many Asian and African countries and is a popular folk medicine. T. chebula has been studied for its homeostatic, antitussive, laxative, diuretic and cardiotonic activities. This article gives a vivid account of T. chebula as a natural product and aims to (i) to refresh the importance of T. chebula to the medicinal plant researchers and (ii) to presents new information such of T. chebula. Key words: Terminalia chebula, conventional treatment, mother of medicine.

Nematicidal activity of selected parts of medicinal plants including Acacia leucophloea(bark), Sphaeranthus indicus (flowers), Amaranthus spinuosus (whole plant), Semecarpus anacardium (fruit), Capparis deciduas (root), Saussurea lappa (rhizome) and Albizia lebbeck (seed, flower and bark) has been carried out to evaluate their potential toxicity against second stage juveniles of nematode Cephalobus litoralis and Helicotylenchus indicus. In vitro results showed that methanolic extract of these plants caused appreciable mortality of second stage juveniles of C. litoralis and H. indicus. Concentrations used were 2 and 1% and was found more effective and produced significant results as compared to 0.5%. The mortality rate increased with increasing exposure time and was highest after 72 h. Key word: Acacia leucophloea, Helicotylenchus indicus, pesticide.

Cassia fistula L. (Caesalpiniaceae) is used in folk medicine for abdomeninal cramps, glands, liver, stomach and throat cancer, carcinomata, impostumes of the uterus, aperient, astringent, laxative purgative and vermifuge, burns, constipation, convulsions, delirium, diarrhea, dysuria, epilepsy, gravel, hematuria, pimples and glandular tumors. Hippophae rhamniodes (Elaeagnaceae) is used for nutritional purposes. This study was designed for the preliminary phytochemical screening and acute toxicity tests of C. fistula and H. rhamniodes as there is a lack of acute toxicity data available so far for both of these plants, although, they are extensively used in folk medicine. Phytochemical investigation of plant samples determines that alkaloids, saponins, anthraquinones, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides were present in both plants except coumarins, which were absent inH. rhamniodes. The acute toxicity was studied in albino mice. Plant extracts at dose of 1, 3 and 10 g/kg to three test groups and normal saline at a dose of 10 ml/kg to a negative control group of albino mice were given. The extracts of both plants were found to be safe up to the dose of 10 g/kg. The results indicate that the studied plants presents potential for many pharmacological studies with high safety profile. Key words: Toxicity test, Cassia fistula, Hippophae rhamniodes.

Acacia nilotica Lam (Mimosaceae) indigenously known as ‘Babul’ or ‘Kikar’ is a proverbial, medium sized tree and is broadly scattered in tropical and subtropical countries. It has an inspiring range of medicinal uses with potential anti-oxidant activity. This plant contributes a number of groups among which are alkaloids, volatile essential oils, phenols and phenolic glycosides, resins, oleosins, steroids, tannins and terpenes. A. nilotica is a medicinal plant acknowledged to be rich in phenolics, consisting of condensed tannin and phlobatannin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, pyrocatechol, (+) -catechin, (-) epi- gallocatechin-7-gallate and (-) epigallocatechin-5, 7-digallate. Different parts of this plant such as the leaves, roots, seeds, bark, fruits, flowers, gum and immature pods act as anti-cancer, antimutagenic, spasmogenic, vasoconstrictor, anti-pyretic, anti-asthamatic, cytotoxic, anti-diabetic, anti-platelet agregatory, anti-plasmodial, molluscicidal, anti-fungal, inhibitory activity against Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-I and antioxidant activities, anti-bacterial, antihypertensive and anti-spasmodic activities, and are also engaged for the treatment of different ailments in the indigenous system of medicine. This review spotlights on the detailed phytochemical composition, medicinal uses, along with pharmacological properties of different parts of this multipurpose plant.

The aim of this study was to develop a stable cream from a local desert plant capable of producing Antisebum effects. Two creams (emulsions) were prepared, both of which were of w/o type. One was the formulation in which 5% extract obtained from the plant Capparis decidua was added during the preparation of the cream and the other was the base or control in which the extract was not added while other ingredients were the same as that of the formulation. Thirteen healthy male volunteers were selected and their initial sebum readings of both the cheeks were noted with the help of Sebumeter. The volunteers were given both the creams and asked to apply the creams on the face daily two times, the base on the right side and the formulation on the left side. The readings were taken every fifteen days for a period of three months. At the end of the study period, it was found that the formulation significantly decreased the sebum values on the left side. On the other hand, an increase in the sebum values was observed on the right side where the base was applied, although the increase was not significant statistically. The results showed that the cream prepared from the local desert plant C. decidua had the ability to produce Antisebum effects in the human volunteers. Key words: Antisebum, extract, Capparis decidua, Sebumeter, Sebum.

Cheaper and safer antioxidants of natural origin is the focus of research in recent times due to increased in safety concerns about synthetic antioxidants. The effects of four extracting solvents that is, ethanol, methanol, n-Hexane and pet ether and two extraction techniques that is, simple maceration and hot percolation (Soxhlet apparatus) were investigated on the antioxidant activity of pods, leaves, barks and flowers of Cassia fistula. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) was used as standard free radical while ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and Quarcetin were used as standard anti oxidants. Experiments revealed that extracts have solvent-dependent and technique-dependent antioxidant effects. Using the simple maceration technique, 70% methanolic v/v leaf extract showed 89% DPPH scavenging activity when ascorbic acid was taken as standard and 84.7% when quercetin was taken as standard. However, the percentage inhibition of a similar concentration of pods, barks and flowers extract were 66, 81 and 83.4%, respectively, using simple maceration and ascorbic acid as a standard. However, extraction carried out by Soxhlets apparatus showed less free radical scavenging activities. Key words: Cassia fistula, soxhlet apparatus, antioxidant activity.

This study was intended to explore the effects of a topical cream (w/o emulsion) of milk thistle(Silybum marianum) extract against its vehicle as control on skin erythma and skin melanin. Milk thistle extract was entrapped in the inner aqueous phase of w/o emulsion. The vehicle (base without extract) and the active formulation (containing 4% extract) were applied by volunteers (n = 11) for a period of 12 weeks. Skin erythma and melanin were measured fortnightly to determine any effect produced by these topical creams. Base showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase while active formulation showed significant decrease in skin melanin content. In the case of skin erythma, the base showed insignificant decrease (P ≥ 0.05), whereas the formulation showed statistically significant decrease. The study showed that active formulation containing extract of milk thistle reduced skin melanin due to the presence of silymarin flavonoids. The formulation also possessed anti-inflammatory effects and was found to be suitable for topical application. Key words: Silybum marianum, w/o emulsion, anti-erythmic, skin whitening, mexameter.

This study was designed to find out the effects of newly formulated topical cream (w/o emulsion) of basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) against its base as control on skin erythma and skin melanin. Concentrated basil extract was entrapped in the inner aqueous phase of w/o emulsion. Newly formulated and formerly evaluated base (containing no extract) and a formulation (containing 3% concentrated extract of basil) were applied. Both the base and formulation were applied to the cheeks of 11 healthy human volunteers for a period of 12 weeks. Skin erythma and melanin were determined every two weeks to measure any effect produced by these topical creams. The base showed insignificant (p ≥0.05) whereas the formulation showed statistically significant decrease in skin erythma. Skin melanin content was significantly (p ≤0.05) increased by the base but decreased by the formulation. The newly formulated cream of basil extract reduced skin melanin without causing any irritation and was found to be suitable for application on skin as determined by efficacy perception.

Purpose : This study was designed to formulate and evaluate the anti-sebum secretion effects of a topical skin-care cream (w/o emulsion) of sea buckthorn versus its vehicle (Base) as control. Materials and Methods : Concentrated sea buckthorn (H.rhamnoides) fruit extract was entrapped in the inner aqueous phase of w/o emulsion. Base containing no extract and a Formulation containing 1% concentrated extract of H.rhamnoides was formulated. Lemon oil was incorporated to the odor. Both the Base and the Formulation were stored at different storage conditions for a period of 4 weeks to predict their stability. Different stability parameters i.e.; physical stability, centrifugation, and pH were monitored at different time intervals. Both the Base and the Formulation were applied to the cheeks of 10 healthy human volunteers (n=10) for a period of 8 weeks. Result : The expected organoleptic stability of creams was achieved from 4 weeks in-vitro study period. Odor disappeared with the passage of time due to volatilization of lemon oil. The pH of the Formulation showed significant ( P = 0.0002) decline due to high concentration of organic acids present in sea buckthorn. Similarly the Formulation showed statistically significant ( P < 0.05) effects on skin sebum secretion. Conclusion : The in vitro results showed a good stability over 4 weeks of observation period of both the Base and Formulation and the Formulation has anti sebum secretion effects over 8 weeks of observation period.

This study aims to investigate the effects of a topical cream (emulsion) containing 4% extract of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on functional skin parameters like sebum content, skin melanin, and skin erythaema, using the base without fennel as a control. Fennel extract was entrapped in the inner aqueous phase of emulsion. The creams were applied to 11 healthy male volunteers for a period of 12 weeks. Skin parameters were measured fortnightly using a Mexameter MPA 5 and a Sebumeter MPA 5 to determine the effects produced. The base showed insignificant (p > 0.05) increase while the active formulation showed significant (p 6 0.05) decrease in skin melanin and sebum content, which can be attributed to the presence of linoleic acid and oleic acids in fennel. Analysis using a paired sample t-test showed that the base decreased skin erythaema insignificantly while the formulation exerted a significant decrease indicating that it possessed anti-erythaemic effects. The formulation can therefore be used safely for the treatment of acne and as a skin whitening agent in males.