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Bauhinia winitii Craib (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) is a woody climber which is currently included in endangered species list. B. winitii seeds are orthodox seeds in which it has hard coat morphologically. Therefore, B. winitii seeds often undergo physical dormancy which can be broken through immersion in certain liquid media. This study aimed to characterize the morphology of B. winitii seeds and determine the pre-sowing treatment method to accelerate the seeds germination of B. winitii . External morphological characterization was carried out by observing the seeds quantitative and qualitative parameters. Characterization of seeds internal morphology was conducted using a digital microscope. Physical dormancy breaking was carried out by immersion in warm and cold water for 24 hours. Morphological characterization data were analyzed descriptively, while seed germination data were analyzed quantitatively by using one-way ANOVA followed by LSD test (with confidence level of 95%). B. winitii has pod-shaped fruits with 2-6 seeds per pod, the seeds are 1.36 cm x 1 cm in size, 0.47 cm thick and weighed 0.5 g, oblong to conical in shape, smooth and shine surface, with light to dark brown in color. Seeds immersion treatment in warm water could break the physical dormancy of B. winitii seeds thus 63% of the seeds were able to germinate and it was significantly different compared to control and cold water immersion treatment. Technical to germinate B. winitii seed can be known from pre-sowing treatment. This study can be used as a reference for seed identification and germination technical of B. winitii seed.

Structures of BbKI, a recombinant Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor fromBauhinia bauhinioides, complexed with human kallikrein 4 (KLK4) were determined at medium-to-high resolution in four crystal forms (space groupsP3121,P6522,P21andP61). Although the fold of the protein was virtually identical in all of the crystals, some significant differences were observed in the conformation of Arg64 of BbKI, the residue that occupies the S1 pocket in KLK4. Whereas this residue exhibited two orientations in the highest resolution structure (P3121), making either a canonical trypsin-like interaction with Asp189 of KLK4 or an alternate interaction, only a single alternate orientation was observed in the other three structures. A neighboring disulfide, Cys191–Cys220, was partially or fully broken in all KLK4 structures. Four variants of BbKI in which Arg64 was replaced by Met, Phe, Ala and Asp were expressed and crystallized, and their structures were determined in complex with KLK4. Structures of the Phe and Met variants complexed with bovine trypsin and of the Phe variant complexed with α-chymotrypsin were also determined. Although the inhibitory potency of these variant forms of BbKI was lowered by up to four orders of magnitude, only small changes were seen in the vicinity of the mutated residues. Therefore, a totality of subtle differences in KLK4–BbKI interactions within the fully extended interface in the structures of these variants might be responsible for the observed effect. Screening of the BbKI variants against a panel of serine proteases revealed an altered pattern of inhibitory specificity, which was shifted towards that of chymotrypsin-like proteases for the hydrophobic Phe and Met P1 substitutions. This work reports the first structures of plant Kunitz inhibitors with S1-family serine proteases other than trypsin, as well as new insights into the specificity of inhibition of medically relevant kallikreins.

The classic works of I.P. Pavlov shows strong communication mechanisms between the two most important life-supporting systems of the body - the nervous and the digestive. The role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the occurrence of acute gastroduodenal erosions and ulcers has been proven [1]. The flow of sympathetic impulses causes an excessive release of mediators (catecholamines), which leads to disruption of tissue trophism. An important role in ulceration belongs to the parasympathetic nervous system.

The current study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer potential of ethanolic leaf extract of Bauhinia foveolata Dalzell. (EEBF) and its toluene, ethyl acetate and methanolic biofractions viz., TFBF, EFBF and MFBF. Phytoconstituents were screened by adopting established procedures. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were assessed spectrophotometrically. In vitro antioxidant activity was assayed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide as free radicals, whereas anticancer activity was evaluated using sulforhodamine B assay. EEBF showed maximum phenolic content of 49.12±0.31 mg GAE/g and flavonoidal content of 28.75±0.42 mg QUE/g, than its biofractions. EEBF showed considerable antioxidant activity with IC50=19.04±0.24 μg/mL and IC50=65.85±1.22 μg/mL when compared to the standards Ascorbic acid (IC50=12.06±0.05 μg/mL) and Gallic acid (IC50=64.65±0.72 μg/mL) in DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging assays, respectively. MFBF showed significant activity with IC50=26.76±0.75 μg/mL in hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay compared to the standard Gallic acid (IC50=76.60±1.31 μg/mL). TFBF showed favourable growth inhibition of MCF-7 cells with GI50=73.5±11.96 µg/mL when compared to other samples screened (GI50>80 μg/mL) as against the standard Adriamycin (GI50

Cardiovascular ailments result in a great rate of mortality all over the world. Myocardial infarction is a common presentation of cardiovascular disease. The current work aimed to investigate and c...

Lectinas são proteínas de origem não imune, capazes de se ligar a carboidratos e aglutinar células normais e cancerígenas ou precipitar polissacarídeos. Embora isoladas em maior número de plantas, principalmente de sementes de leguminosas, apresentam distribuição universal ocorrendo desde vírus até mamíferos. Neste trabalho demostramos a presença de lectinas nas sementes de duas espécies de leguminosas, Bauhinia subclavata Benth e Crotalaria spectabilis Roth, capazes de se ligarem de modo específico a receptores glicídicos presentes na superfície de eritrócitos humanos.

Medicinal plants are important part of traditional medication system. These plants are also the primary source of modern drugs. One such important medicinal plant is Bauhinia variegate (orchid tree) commonly called as Kanchanara in Hindi and Mountain Ebony in English. It belongs to Caesalpiniaceae family. It is one of the most common tree species found throughout the India. This tree is known for its beautiful scented and aesthetic white pinkish flowers. It is traditionally used in many folk cultures around the country for various kind of disorders. It is commonly used plant species in Indian cuisine. Its flower buds are commonly used as vegetables in many regions of India. It holds a significant place in Ayurveda for its curative and healing properties in many diseases especially cervical lymphadenitis, hemorrhage, rectal prolapse, menorrhagia, leukoderma etc. It is used in many Ayurvedic polyherbal formulations as a main ingredient like Kanchanara Guggulu, Ushirasava, Vidangarishta etc. It has diverse nature of phytochemical constituents present in it which are responsible for extraordinary therapeutic properties like anti-microbial, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, haemagglutination, anti-oxidant, antigoitrogenic, nephroprotective. The aim of present review is to provide information related to phytochemistry, traditional uses in Ayurveda and folk medicinal system and therapeutic properties of Bauhinia variegate.

The present study provides two naturally available sources for making adsorbents, waste tyres and Bauhinia purpurea leaves, for the removal of lead from effluents. Equilibrium isotherms, kinetic models and thermodynamic studies were applied to observe the suitability of these adsorbents. Response surface methodology was adopted to investigate the influence of different process variables in lead adsorption process using both the adsorbents. For all the process parameters, the square and linear model terms were having significant effect than interactive model terms of lead adsorption process for both the adsorbents. The interaction effects of the process variables of X1X2, X1X3, X2X3 and X2X4 were highly influenced by the percentage removal of lead by using activated carbons prepared from waste tyres. To study the interaction effects of the process variables of X1X2, X2X3 and X2X4 were highly influenced by the adsorption efficiency of lead by using activated carbons prepared from Bauhinia purpurea leaves. All the squared terms, X1, X2, X3 and X4 show a negative influence on the adsorption of lead on the two adsorbents. The interaction effect between process variables of X1X2 (p: 0.000, t: 9.243), X1X3 (p: 0.03, t: 2.36), X2X3 (p: 0.000, t: 4.75) and X2X4 (p: 0.02, t: 2.71), were found to be statistically significant and have positive effect on adsorption efficiency using ACWT as an adsorbent. The interaction effect between process variables of X1X2 (p: 0.000, t: 8.1049), X2X3 (t: 5.9657, p: 0.000) and X2X4 (t: 5.9657, p: 0.000) was found to be statistically significant and positive effect on adsorption efficiency of lead, whereas other interactions were insignificant and did not influence the adsorption efficiency of lead using activated carbons of Bauhinia purpurea leaves adsorbent. Based on the statistical approach, the experimental results were analysed by using ACWT and ACBPL adsorbents for the removal of lead and the optimum process conditions were as follows: pH: 4.98 and 4.77, Ci: 140.01 mg/L and 105.7 mg/L, w: 0.12 g and 0.123 g, T: 314.46 K and 305.31 K and maximum adsorption efficiency of 95.64% and 95.55%, respectively.

Visceral leishmaniasis is one of the ignored parasitic infection affecting millions of people globally. Currently, available treatment options are unsatisfactory because of high cost and side effects of the leishmanicidal drugs. Therefore, herbal medicines provide a promising choice for the detection of efficient and novel leishmanicidal therapeutics which can rejuvenate the immune response of the host with less adverse effects. The objective of the present study was to determine the in vitro and in vivo effect of hydroethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata (HEBV) against Leishmania donovani. The in vitro efficacy and cytotoxicity of HEBV was checked against L. donovani and THP1 human macrophages. Further HEBV (500 and 1000 mg/kg b.wt.) were given orally to inbred BALB/c mice infected with L. donovani for 2 weeks and euthanized on 14th post treatment day. Various parameters like parasite load, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, T cells, Th1/Th2 cytokines, histological and biochemical tests were investigated. HEBV showed marked antileishmanial activity with cell cycle arrest at sub-G0/G1 phase. HEBV was found to be more effective at higher dose in declining parasite concentration in the spleen as compared to the lower dose. Moreover, the extract augmented the DTH reaction and T cell responses in the infected mice. Oral administration of HEBV caused the enhancement of disease-suppressing Th1 cytokines and suppression of disease-progressing Th2 cytokines with no toxicities. Thus, HEBV showed the antileishmanial efficacy through the generation of pro-inflammatory immunity of the host which further suggests the mechanistic exploration of it as a leishmanicidal therapeutic.

Objective: To determine the syndrome of excessive bacterial growth in the small intestine (SIBO) in patients with insufficiency of the bauhinia valve (NBZ) and after its surgical correction. Methods of examination: Patients of the studied groups were examined using direct and indirect methods of diagnosis of SIBO. Bacteriological examination of ileal aspirate and other surgical material was performed. All patients underwent a hydrogen respiratory test with a load of lactulose and performed a qualitative reaction of urine to indican. Characteristics of the material: 50 patients were examined, of which 30 were included in the main group, who underwent surgical correction of NBZ - Bauginoplasty; 20 patients are included in the control group in which the ileocecal valve is consistent. Patients of the main group were examined before surgery and on the 7th and 45th day after Bauhinoplasty. Main results: All patients of the main group had SIBS of varying severity, in 80% of patients SIBS was localized in the distal small intestine. Patients with normal function of ileocecal valve syndrome of excessive bacterial growth did not suffer. Intraoperatively, 76% of patients showed signs of mesenteric mesentery of the small intestine, and the fact of bacterial translocation in SIBO was also confirmed. After 7 days after surgical correction of the Bauhinia valve, the normalization of peak and background excretion of hydrogen was observed in 37% of patients. For 45 days in all patients the hydrogen curve corresponded to the norm. Conclusions: the deficiency of the bauhinia valve is obligately accompanied by the syndrome of excessive bacterial growth in the small intestine, surgical correction is an effective method for correcting the syndrome of excessive bacterial growth in patients with NBD.

Characterization of plants with DNA markers is an ideal approach for identification of medicinal plant species as they provide objectively analyzable data for accurate and fast identification. There are many medicinal plants described in ancient literatures that have not been exploited for their medicinal values. A documented treasure of traditional knowledge of Kerala’s Ayurvedic and folklore practices is the ‘Hortus Malabaricus’. Description of various useful medicinal plants and their use as single drug can be seen in this ethnomedicinal compendium. The plants Justicia betonica Linn., Thottea siliquosa Lam., Memecylon edule Roxb., Pajanelia longifolia (Willd) K. Schum.) and Bauhinia accuminata Linn described in Hortus Malabaricus are considered to possess immense therapeutic potentials. As the Ayurveda industry as well as practitioners are facing severe scarcity of required medicinal plants, search for establishing the claimed pharmacologic values of hitherto unexplored plants is to be promoted. For this purpose, their proper identification and authentication is needed as a first step of scientific experiments. The molecular characterization including DNA isolation and sequencing provides fast and accurate identification of medicinal plant species. In this project, the molecular characterization of Justicia betonica, Thottea siliquosa, Memecylon edule, Pajanelia longifolia and Bauhinia accuminata, including DNA isolation and quantification, NCBI-BLAST analysis and DNA sequencing was done. The sequence analysis of Thottea siliquosa, Memecylon edule, Bauhinia accuminata and Justicia betonica by BLASTN (NCBI) is revealed 99 to 100 % nucleotide sequence homology with different database sequences enabling species level confirmation.

Phytotelmata is the part of a plant that can collect water and can be used as a natural breeding site for insects including mosquitoes. This research was conducted in August-December 2019 in the University of Lampung to find out the number of egg in phytotelmata and find the type and species of phytotelmata which are natural breeding site for Aedes sp. This study used an observatory method with a descriptive approach in the field. Analysis data was done using ANOVA and continued with the BNT test with 95% (a=5%) confidence. This research show that it found 3 types of phytotelmata like fruit hole, tree hole, axillary with six species of Phytotelmata such as Cocos nucifera, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bambusa sp., Bauhinia purpurea, Colocasia esculenta, and Musa paradisiaca. The most potential species of phytotelmata became the natural breeding site for Aedes sp. mosquito is a Cocos nucifera with an average of 16,33 eggs.

Lectins are a class of proteins with specific and reversible carbohydrate binding properties. Plant lectins constitute the group of these proteins most studied, placing emphasis on the legume family. The Caesalpinioideae subfamily is part of Leguminosae and second only to Papilionoideae with more published works on lectins. Classically, Caesalpinioideae is formed by 171 genera and 2250 species. It presents 13 genera with reports of lectins, featuring the Bauhinia genus with the greatest number of species having purified and characterized lectins. Comparing genera, the lectins in this subfamily do not have similar physicochemical or structural properties. Collectively, however, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer activities have been reported, as well as applications as biosensors and biomarkers. This review aims to summarize the available data on purified lectins from species of the Caesalpinioideae subfamily, demonstrating the characteristics of these molecules and the potential for their application in future studies of new lectins, as well as of application in several areas.

Aim: To evaluate the anti-amnesia effect of Bauhinia purpurea in Scopolamine induced amnesia in rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 rats were divided into 5 groups 6 rats in each. Group I considered as normal control. Group II served as negative control. Group III, IV and V were treated with Donepezil (3 mg/kg), ethanolic extract of Bauhinia purpurea 200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively for 14 consecutive days followed by single administration of Scopolamine (3 mg/kg) to all the groups except group I. Cognitive performance was assessed by the Morris water maze, elevated plus maze and passive avoidance paradigm. Acetyl cholinesterase enzyme level, biochemical markers such as lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione and β amyloid 1 42 level, Neurotransmitters including dopamine and serotonin and histopathological study of rat brain were estimated. Results: Bauhinia purpurea and Donepezil rats showed significant increase in escape latency, step-through latency and decreased transfer latency in respective cognitive models of the Morris water maze, passive avoidance test and elevated plus maze. Additionally, Bauhinia purpurea extract remarkably promoted the cholinergic neurotransmission, decreasing β amyloid protein and protected against the oxidative stress damage as indicated by, increasing reduced glutathione level, lowering the level of lipid peroxidation, restored dopamine and serotonin level in the brain. Furthermore, histopathological studies revealed the reversal of neuronal damage in the treatment group compared to Scopolamine treated rats. Conclusion: Bauhinia purpurea extract showed promising antiamnesia activity against scopolamine induced amnesia in rats. This could be attributed to its brain acetyl cholinesterase level, β amyloid level inhibition, antioxidant activity and alteration in neurotransmitters level. Key words: Bauhinia purpurea, Neuroprotective, Acetylcholinesterase, β amyloid protein, Scopolamine.

The knowledge of cardinal temperatures is critical for understanding environmental tolerance limits for germinating plant species. However, this information is not readily available for Tylosema fassoglense [Family: Fabaceae]; despite its potential as a future crop to improve nutrition and enhance sustainable agriculture in Kenya. The objective of this study was to characterise seed germination responses to temperature and water potential of seed lots of T. fassoglenseseeds collected from three counties in Kenya; namely Busia, Migori and Siaya. Scarified seeds were germinated at a wide range of constant temperatures from 10 to 45 °C with intervals of 5 °C and water potentials from 0, -0.25, -0.5, -1.0, -1.5 Megepascal (MPa) at 25 °C. Seeds of T. fassoglense had a wide range of germination temperature of 20 °C (from 15 to 35 °C). Low (10 °C) and high (≥40 °C) temperatures significantly reduced germination in the three seed lots. Busia seed lot had the lowest final germination of 5% at 10 °C while germination was zero at 45 °C in all the seed lots tested. The calculated base, optimal and ceiling temperature (Tb, To and Tc) ranges were 4.05 - 8.0 °C; 33.61 - 35.75 °C; and 46.54 - 47.24 °C, respectively. Suboptimal and supraoptimal thermal time (θT(50)) ranged between 76.19 – 89.02 degree celcius days (°C d) and 30.3–41.89 °C d respectively. Water potential of -0.5 MPa significantly reduced final germination to less than 50% in all seed lots while germination was zero at both -1.0 and -1.5 MPa. The base water potential (Ψb) and hydro time (θH(20)) was between -0.92 to -0.97 MPa and 3.95–4.11 Megapascal days (MPad) respectively. The optimum temperature range for germination was 30–35 °C and seeds were tolerant to low water potential up to -0.5 MPa. However, further studies will need to be carried out on germination in the supraoptimal temperature range and water potential between 0 and -1.0 MPa. The findings in this study will be useful in future research contributing towards domestication of T. fassoglense.

Within the evaluation of the quality of forage resources, the main parameter that defines it is the digestibility of dry matter, which together with the amount of neutral and acidic detergent fibers and crude protein constitutes the basic information to assess forages which are supplied in the diet of the cattle. This research was carried out at the University of Los Llanos (Villavicencio, Colombia), and its objective was to determine the digestibility of three forages in cattle through three different in vitro techniques: inoculation with ruminal fluid and with feces and enzymatic digestibility technique, making the comparison with the in situ technique in order to validate the techniques and equipment that are being used for these procedures. The following species were evaluated: Pennisetum purpureum (PP), Tithonia diversifolia (TD), and Bauhinia variegata (BV), assessing the curve and rate of degradation of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total protein (TP) (0 to 72 h). A design of repeated measures was used, under which the analysis of variance was carried out to determine the ranges of deviation between the techniques and thus establish the trend of the data; the variables evaluated were the DM, NDF, and TP digestibilities of the three forages using the four techniques (three in vitro and one in situ). After verifying the differences between the variances of the digestibilities and checking the sphericity assumption with the Mauchly test, multiple comparisons were made with the Bonferroni test with a significance of 5%. The digestibility of DM, NDF, and TP varied between 38.62 and 44.22, 54.18 and 66.97, and 47.54 and 57.05%; 49.07 and 70.70, 72.52 and 75.44, and 62.61 and 74.02%; 29.93 and 34.84, 26.21 and 70.88, and 25.67 and 50.60% respectively in forages PP, TD, and BV, depending on the technique used for their estimation. Despite finding statistically significant differences between several of the comparisons made in the digestibility techniques, a high coefficient of determination and a high correlation between the in vitro estimations with respect to the in situ estimation were found; therefore, it is possible to use these techniques routinely thus avoiding the need to have cattle with fistulae to perform digestibility tests, with enzymatic digestibility technique being the most practical one.

Background: Natural products have been shown to be reliable sources of anticancer medicines although there is still a consistent demand for new therapeutic natural products for cancer treatment with minimal side-effects.Materials and Methods: In this study, six plant extracts (Grevillea robusta; Euphorbia millii; Euphorbia royleana; Aloe grandidentata; Bauhinia corniculate; and Cassia fistula) were screened for the presence of phytochemical metabolites as saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones and sterols, using qualitative tests. Antiproliferative screening assay was performed on a panel of three cancer cell-lines (HepG-2, HCT-116 and MCF-7) using MTT assay, and cytotoxicity was determined using WI-38 human fibroblast cell- line.Results: Some plant extracts reduced cellular growth for the selected cancerous cell-lines. For example, E. royleana and A. grandidentata extracts reduced HepG-2 cellular growth with IC50 of 0.42 and 0.53μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, A. grandidentata and C. fistula reduced cellular growth of MCF-7 with IC50 of 0.37 and 0.67 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: E. royleana, A. grandidentata and C. fistula showed significant anti-proliferative activity against HepG-2 and MCF-7 cell-lines with non-cytotoxic nature. This suggests their potential role as anticancer agents against these types of cancer. The presence of flavonoids, sterols and anthraquinones may suggest their enhanced anti-proliferative activities. Therefore, this study has shed light on the possible use of these extracts as potential sources of natural products-based therapy for cancer.

Bauhinia purpurea (B. purpurea) (family: Fabaceae) commonly called as butter fly tree has vast medicinal uses and remarkable pharmacological potential. Various phytoconstituents, extracts and parts of this plant were possess significant pharmacological activities such as cardiac activity, antifungal, wound healing, antidiabetic, antiulcer, antioxidant, antinociceptive, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, antimalarial, gastro protective and cytoprotective activity. The present study emphasizes the overview of recent studies and/or updates on pharmacological potential of B. purpurea.

Appropriate surface modifications are required to enhance the compatibility of natural fibers with polymer matrix to develop eco-friendly composites. One of such novel plant fibers is Bauhinia vahl...

Bauhinia includes about 150 species distributed across the tropics. Most Neotropical species belong to Bauhinia ser. Cansenia that includes unarmed trees and shrubs, mostly from areas under seasonally dry climate. A new species of this series is described here from the northeastern Brazilian states of Bahia and Sergipe. Bauhinia corifolia occurs in open vegetation on sandy soils of Restinga vegetation at the Atlantic coastal forests. It is morphologically similar to B. acuruana by sharing the entire and ovate leaflet with a retuse to emarginate apex and a cordate base, but differing by its tall shrub to treelet habit, larger leaves with a glabrous and glossy upper surface, shorter bracts, and longer flowers. We provide description, illustration and distribution map for the new species.

Nature has consistently been a healing source of ailments for living organisms from the millennium era. Even though nature comprises of diverse animals and plants of immense therapeutic potential, plants due to its easy accessibility play a predominant lead in this perspective. In this scenario, herbal medicine dawned on the treatment of various diseases and the suffering of mankind. Each plant has to be scientifically explored to validate its therapeutic potential. Bauhinia racemosa Lam. is a tree broadly distributed in the tropical climate regions of the earth. Bauhinia species are generally flowering trees found in the Caesalpiniaceae family. The plant, from its root to stem bark fibers, possesses curative properties. Ethnopharmacologically, various parts of the plant ranging from the bark of the plant to the gum obtained has been used in a wide spectrum of diseases such as Epilepsy, Diarrhoea, Leucoderma, etc. This plant, due to its wide distribution in the population, is still in use for many ailments among the tribal people. All the therapeutic properties of a plant are the perquisite of the phytoconstituents present in them. B. racemose is abundant in flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, and tannins. Many pharmacological actions of the plant have already been proved, which include anti-microbial, anthelmintic, antitumor, antidiabetic activity, etc. This review aims at emphasizing the pharmacological actions and phytochemistry of B. racemose.

The aim of this study was to screen plant extracts for antimitotic activity using Vigna radiata germination inhibition assay, followed by Allium cepa root tip assay and evaluation of their cytotoxic potential on colon carcinoma (HCT-116) cell lines.Aqueous extracts of Aconitum heterophyllum, Terminalia bellirica, Bauhinia variegata, Vanda roxburghii, and Cassia angustifolia were prepared by maceration method, and preliminary screening studies to check their antimitotic activity were done by V. radiata germination inhibition assay, followed by A. cepa root tip assay. Furthermore, cytotoxic actions were evaluated by cell proliferation assay. Effect of T. bellirica aqueous extract was analyzed to induce morphological changes, cell death, lactate dehydrogenase release, and cell survival of HCT-116 cells.The data represented were analyzed by Student's t-test using SigmaStat 2.0 statistical analysis software. The normality of data was tested by the Shapiro-Wilk test before the Student's t-test. P values *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, and ***P ≤ 0.001 were considered as statistically significant.All the plant extracts showed promising antimitotic activity. Out of all, T. bellirica was highly effective on HCT-116 cells and promising effect on cell proliferation assay and Annexin-propidium iodide staining revealed that T. bellirica efficiently induces apoptosis.T. bellirica inhibits cancer cell growth and induces apoptotic cell death. Collectively, it may hold potential for cancer therapeutics.

Background Bauhinia strychnifolia Craib is an herb in Thai traditional medicine. Its decoction is traditionally used as an anticancer, antidiarrheal, and hangover remedy for centuries. Several studies described bioactivities of its organic solvent extracts, however, only few demonstrated the usefulness of the decoction. Here, we aimed to determine the bioactivities of Bauhinia strychnifolia Craib root and stem aqueous extracts in gut and liver perspective. Methods To achieve the goal, we performed MTT test, microscopic analyses, disc diffusion assay, broth microdilution assay, free radicals scavenging assays, and LC-MS analysis. Results We found that the extracts inhibited the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cell lines. Moreover, they also inhibited the growth of gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus but not inhibited the growth of gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, the extracts exhibited moderate antioxidant activity and increased GSH production in HepG2 cell line when compared with untreated. Our LC-MS analysis confirmed the existence of anticancer and antioxidant; 3,5,7,3′,5′-pentahydroxyflavanonol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside and β-sitosterol, in the extracts. Conclusion The results from our study supported that the administration of Bauhinia strychnifolia Craib root and stem decoction would really aid colon or liver cancer patients and detoxify the alcoholic drunkard as it is claimed in Thai traditional medicine.

Several plants have been studied for their medicinal properties, especially concerning the management of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, aiming at a more accessible form of treatment. In this context, the aim of this study was to characterize plant proteins used in folk medicine as hypoglycemic agents for the treatment of diabetes, namely "abajerú" (Chrysobalanus icaco) and "cow's paw" (Bauhinia forficata and Bauhinia variegata). The species were differentiated by proteome characterization. Proteins were in-solution digested using trypsin by the filter-assisted sample preparation (FASP) method. Peptides were then analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for protein characterization. In total, 131 proteins were identified. The main biological functions of these proteins were cellular respiration, transport, metabolism and photosynthesis. Insulin-like proteins were not detected, but proteins involved in controlling glucose levels were. The results are of value in the proteomic characterization of phytotherapeutic plants, and may serve as baseline for the assessed species in Brazil, where a lack of knowledge in this regard is observed.

Two new species of the tribe Colomerini from China are described and illustrated. These species are Isoannulus baishaensis sp. nov. collected from Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps (Combretaceae), and Gammaphytoptus diaoluoshanensis sp. nov. found on Bauhinia sp. (Leguminosae). All are vagrants causing no damage to the host plants.

It is, so far, unclear whether lianas and trees differ in photosynthetic thermotolerance and response to high temperature and high light. Here, photosynthetic thermotolerance was compared in the leaves of Bauhinia brachycarpa (tree) and Bauhinia comosa (liana). Moreover, the combined treatments of four temperatures (25, 35, 40, and 45°C) and two light intensities [500 and 2,000 μmol(photon) m-2 s-1] were used to investigate the effects of high temperature and high light on PSII activity. The results showed that B. brachycarpa leaves exhibited higher photosynthetic thermotolerance, leaf mass per area, and Ca2+ concentration than those of B. comosa. As the temperature and light intensity increased, maximum quantum yield of PSII decreased significantly, particularly with greater declines in B. comosa than that in B. brachycarpa. Our results suggested that PSII was more sensitive to high temperature and high light in liana species B. comosa than in the congener tree species B. brachycarpa.

This study aimed to assess the seasonal and ecological variation of chemical and nutritional values of locally preferred fodders in Gandaki River Basin (GRB) areas. The study was conducted in four altitudinal gradients viz.

Background: Mammary gland tissue (left half) revealed the presence of excess proliferation of fibrous tissue with disorganization of alveolar structures and the right half showed extensive fibrous tissue proliferation of mammary gland following intramammary inoculation of 2000 c.f.u. of Staphylococcus aureus. However, oral dosing of Bauhinia variegata L. bark powder at 6 gm/kg for 7 days and 3 gm/kg for another 7 days exhibited reduction of fibrous tissue in chronic mastitis. Objective: The fibrolytic effect of one week oral dosing of Bauhinia purpurea L. bark powder was studied in chronic mastitis with induced fibrosis as Bauhinia variegate L. is rarely available in plain land. Methods: Chronic mastitis with fibrosis was induced by intramammary inoculation of coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus in group III and IV goats. Group I and III goats were injected with a single dose of ceftriaxone at 20 mg/kg intravenously, whereas group II and IV goats were orally administered Bauhinia purpurea L. bark powder at 6 g/kg for 7 days with a single dose of ceftriaxone at 20 mg/kg intravenously. Results: The t1/2β of ceftriaxone with Bauhinia purpurea L. stem bark powder in chronic mastitis increased significantly. Ceftizoxime was detected in plasma from 1 h to 48 h post dosing (pd) in group III and from 1 h to 96 h pd in group IV, respectively. Conclusion: Bark powder of Bauhinia purpurea L. at 6g/kg orally once daily increased the bioavailability of ceftriaxone and or ceftizoxime in milk due to its fibrolytic effect which was not reported earlier. Therefore, the Bauhinia purpurea L. bark powder having fibrolytic effect has the potential to reduce development of cancer.

Essential oils from the leaves of Bauhinia rufa and B. dumosa collected from the Cerrado biome in central Brazil were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC and GC/MS. Both oil...

Triterpenoids are widely distributed among plants of the legume family. However, most studies have focused on triterpenoids and their biosynthetic enzymes in model legumes. We evaluated the triterpenoid aglycones profile of the medicinal legume tree Bauhinia forficata by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Through transcriptome analyses, homology-based cloning, and heterologous expression, we discovered four oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) which are responsible for the diversity of triterpenols in B. forficata. We also investigated the effects of the unique motif TLCYCR on α-amyrin synthase activity. B. forficata highly accumulated α-amyrin. We discovered an OSC with a preponderant α-amyrin-producing activity, which accounted for at least 95% of the total triterpenols. We also discovered three other functional OSCs (BfOSC1, BfOSC2, and BfOSC4) that produce β-amyrin, germanicol, and cycloartenol. Furthermore, by replacing the unique motif TLCYCR from BfOSC3 with the MWCYCR motif, we altered the function of BfOSC3 such that it no longer produced α-amyrin. Our results provide new insights into OSC cyclization, which is responsible for the diversity of triterpenoid metabolites in B. forficata, a non-model legume plant.

Asystasia gangetica is one of the plantation weeds that grows under shading area and has potential use as forage. The aim of this experiment was to analyze the cutting stem of A. gangetica regrowth that immersed on growth promotor hormone under different plant shadding. The treatments were arranged A. gangetica plant in a Completely Randomized Block design that consisted of 2 hormone (auxin and cytokinin) and 5 shading (green house, open space, under Indigofera zollingeriana tree, under Bauhinia sp and Glyricidia sepium). The results showed that residual hormones have small effect on the number of A. gangetica primary branches only. Shading environment increased A. gangetica regrowth, especially on plant height, number of branches and ϐlower development, except Bauhinia shading. It concluded that A. gangetica has potential to develop as ruminant forage due to high regrowth capability.

The primary challenge of mineland revegetation is the establishment of species able to cope with low availability of nutrients, especially in steep slopes such as of mine pits. We evaluated plant growth response and nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of two promising native Fabaceae species (Dioclea apurensis—liana from metalliferous savannas; Bauhinia longipedicellata—tree from Amazon rainforest) from the Carajas Mineral Province, eastern Amazon-Brazil. Plants were grown separately in 2-kg pots filled with mining waste. Substrates were fertilized with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK), lime, and micronutrients. The results showed increments on growth of both species when nutrients were applied to the mining waste. D. apurensis showed increases in leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, and shoot dry mass production when NPK or NPK + micronutrients were applied, while B. longipedicelata was responsive to application of NPK + lime or NPK + lime + micronutrients. Further, D. apurensis showed higher NUE than B. longipedicelata, especially at the lowest doses of N, P and K. These findings may indicate a substantial advantage of D. apurensis for mineland revegetation, as this species may require lower nutrient inputs, being, therefore, a more sustainable way to revegetate degraded areas.

Research on “Carrying capacity of silvopastur in Insana Subdistrict, North Central Timor Regency, East Nusa Tenggara” has been carried out from April to June 2018. This study aims to identify the types and availability of animal feed to analyze the strategy of developing cattle basel carrying capacity of silvopastur in Insana Regency. This research was conducted using survei method on secondary data collection. The analysis used was descriptive analysis and SWOT analysis. The results showed that (1) the types of forages found in three villages are: grass includes; alang-alang grass (Imperata cylindrica), field grass (Axonopus compressus) (b) leguminosa consisting of shy daughters (Mimosa pudica), and feed from food crops in the form of rice straw, corn straw, sweet potatoes, banana stems. (c) and several types of forages from forestry plants in the form of how manikin (Bauhinia purpurea), Kabesak (Vachellia leucophloea). (2) The highest potential area for developing ruminants is Manunain B village as much as 800 999.84 animal unit, with an increasing population capacity of 18.53%, and followed by Tapenpah Village with 457 358.94 animal unit with an increase capacity by 51.12%, while Sekon Village is still can accommodate 423 501.18 animal unit with an increase capacity of 30.33%.

The genus Bauhinia belongs to the family Fabaceae and comprises about 18,000 known species in the world. In Brazil, approximately more than 60 native species of Bauhinia are found. Bauhinia leaves tea infusion or other preparations have been widely used in the Brazilian popular medicine for treatment of several illnesses. Therefore, this work aims to a better understanding of Bauhinia longifolia to provide a valuable database for its quality control, pharmacological and toxicological studies. For the chemical analysis, a liquid chromatography-high resolution quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometer method was applied to evaluate the chemical profile of Bauhinia longifolia ethanolic leaves extracts, allowing for the identification of 75 compounds comprising chemical classes of phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins, and O-glycosides flavonoids. Most polyphenols were identified for the first time in this specie. In addition, six compounds were isolated and fully identified by liquid chromatography hyphenate to solid phase extraction and nuclear magnetic resonance. Herein, myricitrin, juglanin, afzelin, and bauhiniastatin 2 are reported for the first time for Bauhinia longifolia. Bauhiniastatin 2 has been reported to display anticancer properties towards several cancer cell lines. The chemical profile herein described for the ethanolic leaves extract of Bauhinia longifolia provided essential information of this Brazilian native species.

Bauhinia purpurea L. is a leguminous plant moderate sized tree with multipurpose value. It is distributed in sub-Himalayan tracts. It has been cultivated in the plain region up to the elevation of 1350 m. Mature seeds of Bauhinia purpurea L. were cultured on half strength Murashige and Skoog (1962) (MS) medium. Nodal explants obtained from germinated seedlings were cultured on MS medium containing 0.5 M BAP produced multiple shoots which were used for experimental purposes. Nodal explants obtained from cultured were subcultured on different concentrations of N-Benzyl -9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl) (BPA) and Indole-3acetic acid (IAA). The best proliferation of nodes and shoots were observed on the MS medium supplemented with 0.5 M BPA and 0.1 M IAA. After 8 weeks of culture, the propagated plants were acclimatized and transferred to the sand box containing 1:1 soil and sand. Well rooted plants were then established in the field. All the data collected were worked out statistically with SPSS, a system of analytical procedure.

In this study, we describe the characterization of a new lectin, BfL-II, purified from the seeds of Bauhinia forficata, which is distinct, at sequence-level, from the previously reported lectin from the same specie (BfL). In addition, the gene for this lectin was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and its antiproliferative activity was evaluated against human breast and colorectal cancer cells (MCF-7 and HT-29, respectively). The treatment with 100 μg/μL of either native or recombinant BfL (nBfL or rBfL) significantly reduced the proliferation of both cancer cell lines (p

This study was taken up to assess the effect of supplementing tree leaves [Eucalyptus globules (Safeda), Populus tremula (Poplar), Ficus bengalensis (Banyan), Saraca asoca (Ashoka), Acacia nilotica (Kikar), Phoenix dactylifera (Khajoor), Aegle marmelos (Bael), Murraya koenigii (Curry), Cassia fistula (Amaltas), Bauhinia variegata (Kachnar), Mangifera indica (Mango) and Psidium guajava (Guava)] at 1–3% on fermentability and in vitro methane production from total mixed ration (TMR). The globulins content was highest in Aegle, while albumin was highest in Psidium leaves. Prolamin was highest in Ficus (17.3%), while glutelin was the highest in Phoenix (6.50%). Ficus (15.2%) and Psidium (10.7%) leaves contained highest level of condensed tannins. Eucalyptus and Mangifera leaves showed the highest antioxidant activity and flavonoid content respectively. Supplementation of TMR with leaves of Acacia, Psidium and Cassia resulted in higher (P

This study was designed to investigate the hepatoprotective activity and antioxidant enzymes of purified Bauhinia variegate leaves extract and purified flowers extract were administered (200 mg/kg, orally once daily) to reduce the effect of carbon tetrachloride-damage in rat's liver for three weeks. Thereafter, the levels of some serum biochemical factors such as alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and the activity of three different antioxidant enzymes (glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) were investigated. Liver homogenate can used to estimated antioxidant parameters: glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase. The purified Bauhinia variegate leaves and purified flowers significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the carbon tetrachloride-induced increase in alanine aminotransferase (149.0± 4.40 and 133.08±6.84) unit/L, aspartate aminotransferase (114±9.28 and 117.93±1.96) unit/L, alkaline phosphatase (3.60±0.28 and 2.43±0.11) unit/100 ml, levels at the tested doses, respectively after treatment. However, purified Bauhinia variegate leaves and purified flowers treatment noticeably improved the activity of antioxidant limitations: glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. The hepatoprotective activity can confirmed by histological finding. From these results it can be concluded that the Bauhinia variegate leaves and flowers extracts contain remarkable of flavonoid can be used as reducing oxidative stress.

For the effective use of native plants for mineland revegetation, an understanding of seed dormancy break and germination requirements, and seed storage tolerance is indispensable. In the present study, eight native species (Bauhinia pulchella, Bauhinia longipedicellata, Dioclea apurensis, Mimosa camporum, Mimosa acutistipula var. ferrea, Mimosa pudica, Parkia platycephala, and Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum) from the metalliferous savannas (cangas) and forests of Carajas Mineral Province, eastern Amazon-Brazil, were studied to determine seed size, seed quality (X-ray and tetrazolium tests), germination, and dormancy break requirements (boiling water, acid and mechanical scarification), and seed storage behavior. Our results showed considerable variation in seed size and percentage germination among the species. There was a strong relationship between seed size and germination, and the germination was greater for larger seeds from forests than smaller seeds from canga. All three scarification methods increased germination of M. camporum and M. acutistipula var. ferrea. Seeds of D. apurensis, M. acutistipula var. ferrea, M. pudica, and P. platycephala did not show a significant decline in germination after storage, indicating possible orthodox behavior. In contrast, B. pulchella, B. longipedicellata, M. camporum, and S. pulcherrimum showed behavior typical of recalcitrant or intermediate seeds since the germination of these species was reduced after storage. Further studies addressing seed dormancy break and seed storage in other native species are encouraged for a better use of native species in mineland revegetation.

Two novel medicinally important legume lectins from Bauhinia purpurea (BPL) and Wisteria floribunda (WFL) possessing extended sugar binding site were investigated for functional and conformational transitions using biochemical and biophysical techniques as well as bioinformatical tools. Homology model of BPL was constructed using the Schrodinger suite and docked with N-acetyl galactosamine and T-antigen disaccharide (Galβ1-3GalNAcαO-Me). The longer loop D in the structure of WFL compared to that in BPL was found to be responsible for its specificity to LacdiNac (β-D-GalNAc-[1 → 4]-DGlcNAc) over Galβ1-3GalNAc. BPL remained functionally stable up to 40 °C whereas WFL remained stable upto 70 °C indicating the strength of the sugar binding site geometry. Both the lectins showed intense but non-specific secondary structure in the range of 65–90 °C. WFL showed rapid aggregation above 80 °C as indicated by light scattering intensity. The lectins showed simultaneous dissociation and multistate unfolding in the vicinity of GdnHCl. At pH 1.0, both the lectins exhibited molten globule like structures, which were characterized further and were found to respond in a different way towards denaturants. The results have provided valuable insights into the molecular basis of the activity and stability of the two lectins.

Untreated industrial wastewater (IWW) creates a number of problems in ecosystem. This study highlights the possibility of using IWW for forest irrigation. Five tree species were selected for this study, Albizia lebbeck, Bauhinia purpurea, Dalbergia sissoo, Millettia peguensis, and Pongamia pinnata, and these species were grown in pots and were irrigated with different concentrations of IWW, rich in heavy metals. All the species showed positive results for fresh weight, plant height, and stem diameter. The maximum proline content was observed in B. purpurea (6.33), whereas the least quantity was observed in P. pinnata (3.89). Lead uptake (163.801 mg/day) by B. purpurea was promising. Uptake of Cr and Cu was slow in all species. Translocation factor of D. sissoo was maximum, that is 3.37. This study successfully combats wastewater problem. These five species are much tolerant in IWW and can be successfully used for phytoextraction processes. The chromium accumulation in stem is as follows: D. sissoo > A. lebbeck > M. peguensis > P. pinnata > B. purpurea. Metal Bioaccumulation in leaf and root was less. The idea is to utilize IWW to generate urban forests (in eco-friendly and sustainable way), which can reduce multiple problems such as IWW toxicity and air pollution through urban forestry.